Properties Of Constituents Research Articles

Isolation and Characterization of Irvingia gabonensis Seed Contents and the Tableting Properties of its Gum Component

This experimental work was designed to isolate, purify and estimate the fatty acids contents of Irvingia gabonensis seeds (IGS) and to evaluate the tableting properties of the gum constituent of the seed in metformin tablet. A known amount of the IGS was crushed and dispersed in purified water at a temperature of 80oC, Ethanol (90 %) was added, filtered and dried at 40oC. The fatty acid components were recovered using petroleum ether, while the gum was further purified with ethanol (90%). The fatty acid contents obtained were analyzed using an Agilent G1701 GC/MSD system. The gum content was evaluated using parameters such as: flow rate, angle of repose, bulk and tapped density and Carr’s index. The gum was granulated with other excipients and metformin powder dried at 40oC. The granules were evaluated as was done for the gum and tablet compression done at 2.0 KN on a single punch tablet machine fitted with 12.5 mm diameter die size. The GC-MS revealed bioactive compounds mainly fatty acids– lauric acid (36.82%), myristic acid (31.52%), benzyl dodecanoate (9.06%) and palmitic acid (4.03%), n-decanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-ethanediyl ester, tetradecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1,3-propanediyl ester, etc. The granule size distribution revealed size and compactness in the following order: Acacia gum > IGS-gum > Gelatin, and average granule size for the batches were found to be 500 μm. Evaluation of metformin tablets gave the following results: crushing strength, friability, and disintegration time for B7 and B8 (7.5 and 10 %w/v IGS-gum as binder) as 58 and 68 N, 1.03% and 1.01%, 20.00 and 26.00 min., respectively. B3and B4 (7.5 and 10 %w/v acacia were shown as gum as binder) 44 and 48 N, 1.10 and 1.03%, 20.00 and 23.50 min., respectively. It can be concluded that at 7.5 and 10 %w/v, IGS-gum proved to be a better binder than acacia in metformin tablets formulation. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(1): 53-62, 2024 (June)

Electrical conductivity of multifunctional cementitious composites reinforced by graphene derivatives: A finite element-based computational micromechanics model

Graphene derivatives (GDs) are known for their considerable conductivity and electron mobility, making them promising candidates for developing electrically conductive cementitious composites (CCs). Consequently, CCs reinforced with GDs (CRGDs) can serve a variety of applications in the construction industry. Despite several experimental studies on the conductivity of CRGDs, finite element (FE) models have rarely been developed to investigate the conductivity of CRGDs. Previous FE models primarily focused on one-dimensional fillers like carbon nanotubes within polymeric matrices, overlooking the distinctive anisotropic behaviour of GDs in cementitious matrices. This study introduces a computational micromechanics model (CMM), integrating the representative elementary volume (REV) concept with FE analysis, to investigate the electrical conductivity of CRGDs. This model is particularly noted for its computational efficiency, as it converts the problem dimensions from 3D to 2D while ensuring an acceptable degree of accuracy. The CMM captures the anisotropic conductivity of GDs and includes critical conductivity mechanisms such as conductive pathways, the tunnelling effect, and field emission. Subsequently, REV size sensitivity analysis is performed to ensure the statistical relevance of the REV, followed by the model's validation against experimental data from the literature. Afterwards, the model's sensitivity analysis clarifies how different parameters, including the constituent properties, influence prediction results. The sensitivity analysis results suggest that the aspect ratio of GDs has considerable impacts on the electrical conductivity and the percolation threshold of CRGDs. Ultimately, this study aims to provide insights into the optimization and design of electrically conductive CRGDs and lay the foundation for future research in this area.

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A comprehensive and critical review on cancer prevention and intervention

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical fruit with various health benefits. The objective of this study is to present a thorough analysis of the cancer preventive and anticancer therapeutic properties of litchi constituents and phytocompounds. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis criteria were followed in this work. Various litchi extracts and constituents were studied for their anticancer effects. In vitro studies showed that litchi-derived components reduced cell proliferation, induced cytotoxicity, and promoted autophagy via increased cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Based on in vivo studies, litchi flavonoids and other extracted constituents significantly reduced tumor size, number, volume, and metastasis. Major signaling pathways impacted by litchi constituents were shown to stimulate proapoptotic, antiproliferative, and antimetastatic activities. Despite promising antineoplastic activities, additional research, especially in vivo and clinical studies, is necessary before litchi-derived products and phytochemicals can be used for human cancer prevention and intervention.

Effective thermal and electromagnetic properties of composite materials containing ellipsoidal-coated fillers oriented randomly

This study aims to derive explicit solutions for the effective thermal and electromagnetic properties of composite materials containing coated fillers oriented randomly. In this study, the coated fillers are modeled as double inhomogeneous inclusions with anisotropic properties and ellipsoidal shapes, without loss of generality. This model is analyzed by combining the double inclusion method with the self-consistent method or the Mori–Tanaka method. The derived solutions for the effective properties are expressed in explicit form by the physical properties of constituents and the difference in shape between the inner and outer regions of the coated fillers, and confirmed to be consistent in the limit of no coating layer. In addition, the solutions of effective properties are also derived for composite materials containing many kinds of coated fillers with different shapes and physical properties. The solutions allow the prediction of thermal conductivity, permittivity, electrical conductivity, and magnetic permeability of a wide range of composite materials by analogy with thermal and electromagnetic properties. These solutions are applied to the following two composites: diamond fillers coated with TiC/Al, and Co fillers coated with Co 3 O 4/Mg. The effect of the thickness of the coating layer on the effective thermal conductivity of these materials is investigated. As a result, our analytical results for these composite materials generally agree with the experimental results. Moreover, from the viewpoint of maximizing the thermal conductivity of diamond fillers coated with TiC/Al, the optimal combinations of the thickness of the coating layer and the shape of the diamond fillers are identified. For Co coated with Co 3 O 4/Mg, we find that the shape of Co fillers should be long fibrous from the viewpoint of giving high magnetic permeability while maintaining high thermal conductivity due to Mg. Thus, the analytical solutions are demonstrated to be powerful tools for designing composite materials containing coated fillers.

Polyvinyl Butyral Loading with Combined Repellents Showed Effective Protection Against Leech Bites in Diverse Situations.

Background: Leech bites have long been a persistent problem for individuals engaged in outdoor activities, particularly in environments such as moors, jungles, and grasslands. Methods to prevent leech bites are anecdotal and individual, highlighting the need for the development of universal and effective repellent formulations. This study developed a novel approach for repelling leeches using combined repellent agents and a film-forming material (polyvinyl butyral), to enhance efficiency in multi-scenario applications. Material and methods: This study demonstrates that citronellal, icaridin and DDAC (didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) showcasing active avoidance and contact toxicity on leeches. the optimized repellent formulation (MSRS, containing citronellal, icaridin and DDAC as repellent agents) enables specific sustained release properties of constituents in both air and water conditions. Results: MSRS could effectively achieve the purposes of "proactive repelling", "contact repelling", and "bite detaching". The effectiveness could last for several hours. Additionally, the hydrophobic polyvinyl butyral membrane reduced the transdermal absorption of repellent agents. Moreover, the formulation is biocompatible and environmentally friendly. Conclusions: This study provides a new feasible strategy for the prevention and removal of leech bites.

Mechanical deformation in lithium-ion battery electrodes: modelling and experiment

Abstract Models that can accurately describe deformation and stress in lithium-ion batteries are required to inform new device designs that can better withstand mechanical fatigue. Developing such models is particularly challenging because (i) there is a need to capture several different materials including, active materials, binders, current collectors and separators, and (ii) the length scales of interest are highly disparate (ranging from a few microns, relevant to active material particles, up to centimeters, relevant to whole devices). In this study we present a continuum mechanical model that resolves individual active material particles of a nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide cathode, and predicts the mechanical response of the cathode coating as a whole. The model is validated by comparison with experimental tests which mimic industrial-scale electrode calendaring, and then a parametric study is conducted to provide insight into the roles of the material and geometric properties of the electrode's constituents on the cathode's overall behavior.

Size dependent scaling law of plastic flow in FCC nanolattices: A dislocation dynamics study

Micro- and nanolattices can achieve simultaneously both lightweight and ultra-high strength due to a combination of resilient architecture and enhanced mechanical properties of small-scale unit constituents. However, understanding the fundamental deformation mechanism for these novel materials remains intriguing due to the intricate interplay of various geometric characteristics and intrinsic microscopic defects. Here, we investigate the fundamental mechanism of plastic deformation in terms of dynamic evolution of defects and corresponding mechanical responses in aluminum nanolattices using a mesoscale defect dynamics model which couples three-dimensional dislocation dynamics and finite element method. Our concurrently coupled model could capture detailed dislocation motion under complex loading conditions and predict the plastic flow stress of the nanolattices. We demonstrate that the size of individual constituent beam plays a critical role in the properties of nanolattices through small-scale strengthening, showing the strength of the nanolattices increases with decreasing beam size with the scaling law of σ∝db−0.89. As a result, the scaling law of plastic yielding with material density drastically increases from the continuum prediction. In addition, our modeling could allow us to study the geometric effect with various nanolattices. These findings establish a foundation for the fundamental understanding of the governing mechanism of plastic deformation, allowing access to a new regime in designing optimal structures using nanolattices.

Comparative study between oxide/soft ferrite, oxide/hard ferrite, and soft/hard ferrite nanocomposites: structural, electrical, and magnetic properties

Three binary nanocomposites (NCs): (0.5NiO/0.5Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4), (0.5NiO/0.5BaFe12O19), and (0.5Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/0.5BaFe12O19) were prepared using the co-precipitation method followed by the wet ball-milling technique. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the production of NiO and Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 single phases, while the α-Fe2O3 secondary phase appeared in the BaFe12O19 and the 0.5Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4/0.5BaFe12O19 nanocomposite. The transmission electron microscopy investigation and the selected area electron diffraction demonstrated the presence of the nanocomposites’ constituent phases. x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy identified the oxidation states found in the prepared samples (Ba2+, Ni2+, Ni3+, Zn2+, Fe3+, and O2−). The bandgap values (Eg) of the nanocomposites are in the range between 2.79 and 3.66 eV, which indicates their semiconductor nature. The DC conductivity experiment confirmed the semiconducting nature of all samples, and the activation energies ( EaH ) and ( EaL ) at high and low-temperature regions, respectively, were calculated from the Arrhenius equation. According to the vibrating sample magnetometer, the NCs exhibited ferromagnetic (FM) as showed by the M-H loops. In the oxide/soft ferrite NC, the dM/dH curve indicated strong exchange coupling interactions, while the hard and the soft magnetic phases in the oxide/hard ferrite and the soft/hard ferrite NCs were weakly exchanged coupled. Significant uses had been found for each of the three nanocomposites according to their constituent phases and properties.

Hyperparameter inversion of well logs for the simultaneous estimation of volumetric and zone parameters

We develop a new alternative for the joint inversion of well logs to predict the volumetric and zone parameters in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Porosity, water saturation, shale content, kerogen, and matrix volumes are simultaneously estimated with the tool response function constants with a hyperparameter estimation assisted inversion of the total and spectral natural gamma-ray intensity, neutron porosity, and resistivity logs. We treat the zone parameters, i.e., the physical properties of rock matrix constituents, shale, kerogen, and porefluids, as well as some textural parameters, as hyperparameters and estimate them in a metaheuristic inversion procedure for the entire processing interval. The selection of inversion unknowns is based on parameter sensitivity tests, which indicate that the automated estimation of several zone parameters is favorable, and their possible range can also be specified in advance. In the outer loop of the inversion procedure, we use a real-coded genetic algorithm for the prediction of zone parameters, and we update the volumetric parameters in the inner loop in addition to the fixed values of the zone parameters estimated in the previous step. We apply a linearized inversion process in the inner loop, which allows for the quick prediction of volumetric parameters along with their estimation errors from point to point along a borehole. The derived parameters, such as hydrocarbon saturation and total organic content, indicate good agreement with core laboratory data. The significance of the inversion method is that the zone parameters are extracted directly from the wireline logs, which improves the solution of the forward problem and reduces the cost of core sampling and laboratory measurements. In a field study, we demonstrate the feasibility of the inversion method using real well logs collected from a Miocene tight gas formation situated in the Derecske Trough, Pannonian Basin, East Hungary.

Effects of phantom microstructure on their optical properties.

Developing stable, robust, and affordable tissue-mimicking phantoms is a prerequisite for any new clinical application within biomedical optics. To this end, a thorough understanding of the phantom structure and optical properties is paramount. We characterized the structural and optical properties of PlatSil SiliGlass phantoms using experimental and numerical approaches to examine the effects of phantom microstructure on their overall optical properties. We employed scanning electron microscope (SEM), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), and spectroscopy in combination with Mie theory modeling and inverse Monte Carlo to investigate the relationship between phantom constituent and overall phantom optical properties. SEM revealed that microspheres had a broad range of sizes with average and were also aggregated, which may affect overall optical properties and warrants careful preparation to minimize these effects. Spectroscopy was used to measure pigment and SiliGlass absorption coefficient in the VIS-NIR range. Size distribution was used to calculate scattering coefficients and observe the impact of phantom microstructure on scattering properties. The results were surmised in an inverse problem solution that enabled absolute determination of component volume fractions that agree with values obtained during preparation and explained experimentally observed spectral features. HSI microscopy revealed pronounced single-scattering effects that agree with single-scattering events. We show that knowledge of phantom microstructure enables absolute measurements of phantom constitution without prior calibration. Further, we show a connection across different length scales where knowledge of precise phantom component constitution can help understand macroscopically observable optical properties.

Antimicrobial Effect of Honey Phenolic Compounds against E. coli-An In Vitro Study.

Growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in chronic wound patients necessitates the exploration of alternative treatments from natural sources. This study suggests that honey's phenolic compounds may offer antimicrobial benefits, warranting further investigation for therapeutic development. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phenolic compounds and to determine the effects of their sub-inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli (E. coli). 3-phenyllactic acid (PLA), p-coumaric acid (PCA), and phloretin were tested against the bacterial strain of E. coli ATCC 25922. Comparison of the antimicrobial activity of honey constituents in vitro was performed using a broth culture assay. Measurement of the inhibitory properties of constituents in vitro was conducted using disc and well diffusion assays. The effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of PCA on the susceptibility of E. coli ATCC 25922 to penicillin-streptomycin were tested. The results demonstrated that PLA was the most efficient antimicrobial agent, followed by PCA, whereas phloretin, at lower (2 mg/mL) concentrations, led to an increase in the growth of E. coli. Various modifications of the agar diffusion assay did not reveal the antibacterial properties of the studied phytochemicals. The enhancing effect of a sub-inhibitory concentration of PCA in cooperation with penicillin-streptomycin was shown. These findings might be helpful for the further investigation and development of new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of skin infections and wounds.

Prediction of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of botanical constituents by computational models.

Botanicals contain complex mixtures of chemicals most of which lack pharmacokinetic data in humans. Since physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties dictate the in vivo exposure of botanical constituents, these parameters greatly impact the pharmacological and toxicological effects of botanicals in consumer products. This study sought to use computational (i.e., in silico) models, including quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, to predict properties of botanical constituents. One hundred and three major constituents (e.g., withanolides, mitragynine, and yohimbine) in 13 botanicals (e.g., ashwagandha, kratom, and yohimbe) were investigated. The predicted properties included biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) classes based on aqueous solubility and permeability, oral absorption, liver microsomal clearance, oral bioavailability, and others. Over half of these constituents fell into BCS classes I and II at dose levels no greater than 100 mg per day, indicating high permeability and absorption (%Fa > 75%) in the gastrointestinal tract. However, some constituents such as glycosides in ashwagandha and Asian ginseng showed low bioavailability after oral administration due to poor absorption (BCS classes III and IV, %Fa < 40%). These in silico results fill data gaps for botanical constituents and could guide future safety studies. For example, the predicted human plasma concentrations may help select concentrations for in vitro toxicity testing. Additionally, the in silico data could be used in tiered or batteries of assays to assess the safety of botanical products. For example, highly absorbed botanical constituents indicate potential high exposure in the body, which could lead to toxic effects.

A multiscale micromechanical progressive elastic-damage model for cementitious composites featuring superabsorbent polymer (SAP)

A multiscale micromechanics-based progressive damage model is developed to investigate the overall mechanical behavior and the interfacial microcrack evolutions of the cementitious composites featuring superabsorbent polymer (SAP) under uniaxial tension. Elastic properties, progressive damage process, and homogenization procedure of cementitious composites are systematically integrated in this model. The effective elastic moduli of the composites are determined based on a multiscale micromechanical framework. According to the small strain assumption, the total strain tensor and the elastic-damage compliance tensor are additively decomposed into elastic and damage-induced components. The damage-induced strains and compliances are then deduced from micromechanics. To characterize the progressive elastic-damage induced by microcracks, stages of microcrack propagation are identified from the interface contact stress and the matrix cleavage stress. The complex potentials and stress intensity factors for kinked interface cracks are derived from the distributed dislocations method. By implementing the homogenization process, the macroscopic mechanical behavior is obtained from the micro/mesoscale. The results indicate that the material parameters have clear mechanical significance. Different parameters, such as the SAP addition ratio, aggregate content, initial interfacial crack size, and initial interfacial crack location, are revealed to be influential in the overall mechanical behavior of the composites. The proposed model can be generalized to other particle-reinforced composites with different constituent properties, which can potentially contribute to the design and optimization of durable composites.

A Novel In Situ Sol-Gel Synthesis Method for PDMS Composites Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles.

The addition of nanostructures to polymeric materials allows for a direct interaction between polymeric chains and nanometric structures, resulting in a synergistic process through the physical (electrostatic forces) and chemical properties (bond formation) of constituents for the modification of their properties and potential cutting-edge materials. This study explores a novel in situ synthesis method for PDMS-%SiO2 nanoparticle composites with varying crosslinking degrees (PDMS:TEOS of 15:1, 10:1, and 5:1); particle concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%); and sol-gel catalysts (acidic and alkaline). This investigation delves into the distinct physical and chemical properties of silicon nanoparticles synthesized under acidic (SiO2-a) and alkaline (SiO2-b) conditions. A characterization through Raman, FT-IR, and XPS analyses confirms particle size and agglomeration differences between both the SiO2-a and SiO2-b particles. Similar chemical environments, with TEOS and ethanol by-products, were detected for both systems. The results on polymer composites elucidate the successful incorporation of SiO2 nanoparticles into the PDMS matrix without altering the PDMS's chemical structure. However, the presence of nanoparticles did affect the relative intensities of specific vibrational modes over composites from -35% to 24% (Raman) and from -14% to 59% (FT-IR). The XPS results validate the presence of Si, O, and C in all composites, with significant variations in atomic proportions (C/Si and O/Si) and Si and C component analyses through deconvolution techniques. This study demonstrates the successful in situ synthesis of PDMS-SiO2 composites with tunable properties by controlling the sol-gel and crosslinking synthesis parameters. The findings provide valuable insights into the in situ synthesis methods of polymeric composite materials and their potential integration with polymer nanocomposite processing techniques.

Predictive modeling of 3D textile composites using realistic micromechanical representations

An innovative and efficient progressive damage model, informed by coupon tests, and using minimal, readily available material parameters, is proposed in this paper to comprehensively predict the tensile, compressive and shear stress–strain response and strengths of a 3D woven angle interlock composite within 5% of test data. Realistic, high-fidelity microgeometries, with process-induced defects, and devoid of geometric assumptions, are constructed using the digital element approach. Excellent correlations with test micrographs are observed for yarn cross-section areas, aspect ratios and crimp ratios, that are on average within 5.5%, 1.9% and 1% of the micrograph measurements respectively. The mesoscale predictions capture the detailed failure mechanisms under each loading condition. Analytical stiffness expressions are derived in terms of the constituent material elastic properties and architecture geometry, which also predict the stiffnesses within 10% error margin. A robust workflow is established that combines the high-fidelity microgeometry generation, automated conformal finite element model creation and comprehensive property prediction capabilities to provide a holistic solution.

Hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship on the gas chromatographic retention index of plant essential oil constituents

The gas chromatography retention index (RI) is an important parameter for the identification of different types of compounds in the field of chromatographic analysis; however, the experimental collection of RI values is a extremely cumbersome process. Thus, there is an urgent need for the establishment of a simple, efficient, and accurate model for the prediction of the RI values of compounds. In this study, first, the experimental RI values for 60 plant essential oil constituents were obtained. Next, a model describing the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR) between the structural properties of the essential oil constituents and their RI values was investigated and constructed. The optimal HQSAR model was established by setting the model parameters "fragment size", "fragment distinction", "hologram length" and "principal components" to "1-4", "C, Ch", "199", and "4", respectively. Finally, the predictive ability of the model was verified using external test set validation and leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV). The experimental results were as follows, the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), predictive determination coefficient ([Formula: see text]), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and mean relative error (MRE) for external test set validation were 40.45, 0.984, 0.968, and 2.20%, respectively. Meanwhile, the root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) and MRE for LOO-CV were 72.56 and 4.17%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the established HQSAR model has a good predictive ability and can accurately predict the RI values of plant essential oil constituents. In addition, the molecular contribution maps of the HQSAR model revealed that the RI values of aromatic compounds increase when hydroxyl groups are connected to their alkyl chains. Aliphatic compounds feature long chain alkyl groups, which can lead to an increase in RI values. The above phenomena highlight the promising application prospects of HQSAR for studying the RI values of plant essential oil constituents. Therefore, this study provides a reliable theoretical basis for predicting the RI values of other essential oil constituents.

The reproduction process of Gram-positive protocells

Protocells are believed to have existed on early Earth prior to the emergence of prokaryotes. Due to their rudimentary nature, it is widely accepted that these protocells lacked intracellular mechanisms to regulate their reproduction, thereby relying heavily on environmental conditions. To understand protocell reproduction, we adopted a top–down approach of transforming a Gram-positive bacterium into a lipid-vesicle-like state. In this state, cells lacked intrinsic mechanisms to regulate their morphology or reproduction, resembling theoretical propositions on protocells. Subsequently, we grew these proxy-protocells under the environmental conditions of early Earth to understand their impact on protocell reproduction. Despite the lack of molecular biological coordination, cells in our study underwent reproduction in an organized manner. The method and the efficiency of their reproduction can be explained by an interplay between the physicochemical properties of cell constituents and environmental conditions. While the overall reproductive efficiency in these top-down modified cells was lower than their counterparts with a cell wall, the process always resulted in viable daughter cells. Given the simplicity and suitability of this reproduction method to early Earth environmental conditions, we propose that primitive protocells likely reproduced by a process like the one we described below.

Correlation gas chromatography and two-dimensional volatility basis methods to predict gas-particle partitioning for e-cigarette aerosols.

E-cigarette aerosols contain a complex mixture of harmful and potentially harmful chemicals. Once released into the environment, they evolve and become new sources of indoor air pollutants that could pose a significant threat to both users and non-users. However, current understanding of the physicochemical properties of e-cigarette aerosol constituents that govern gas-particle partitioning in the atmosphere is limited, making it difficult to estimate the health risks associated with exposure. Here, we used correlation gas chromatography (C-GC) and two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) methods to determine the vapor pressures and volatility for commonly reported toxic and irritating e-cigarette aerosol constituents. The vapor pressures of target compounds at 298 K were estimated from the Antoine-type linear relationship between the vapor pressure of reference standards and their retention times. Our C-GC results showed an overall positive correlation (R = 0.84) with estimates using the EPI (Estimation Programs Interface) Suite. The volatility calculated by 2D-VBS correlates well with the calculated vapor pressure from both C-GC (R = 0.82) and EPI Suite (R = 0.85). The volatility distribution also indicated fresh e-cigarette aerosol constituents are mainly more volatile organic compounds. Our case study revealed that low-vapor-pressure compounds (e.g., σ-dodecalactone, γ-decalactone, and maltol) become enriched in the e-cigarette aerosols within 2 hours following vaping emissions. Overall, these findings demonstrate the applicability of the C-GC and 2D-VBS methods for determining the physiochemical properties of e-cigarette aerosol constituents, which can aid in assessing the dynamic chemical composition of e-cigarette aerosols and exposures to vaping emissions in indoor environments.

Deciphering between enhanced light emission and absorption in multi-mode porphyrin cavity polariton samples

Abstract It remains unclear how the collective strong coupling of cavity-confined photons to the electronic transitions of molecular chromophore leverages the distinct properties of the polaritonic constituents for future technologies. In this study, we design, fabricate, and characterize multiple types of Fabry-Pérot (FP) mirco-resonators containing copper(II) tetraphenyl porphyrin (CuTPP) to show how cavity polariton formation affects radiative relaxation processes in the presence of substantial non-Condon vibronic coupling between two of this molecule’s excited electronic states. Unlike the prototypical enhancement of Q state radiative relaxation of CuTPP in a FP resonator incapable of forming polaritons, we find the light emission processes in multimode cavity polariton samples become enhanced for cavity-exciton energy differences near those of vibrations known to mediate non-Condon vibronic coupling. We propose the value of this detuning is consistent with radiative relaxation of Herzberg-Teller polaritons into collective molecular states coupled to the cavity photon coherently. We contrast the feature stemming from light emission from the HT polariton state with those that occur due to polariton-enhanced light absorption. Our results demonstrate the landscape of molecular and photonic interactions enabled by cavity polariton formation using complex chromophores and how researchers can design resonators to leverage these interactions to characterize and control polaritonic properties.

Recent Advances in 1D Photonic Crystals: Diverse Morphologies and Distinctive Structural Colors for Multifaceted Applications

Abstract1D photonic crystals (1DPCs) with hierarchically structured lamellar periodic frameworks that enable precise control of light‐matter interactions and contribute robust structural colors represent a groundbreaking advancement in optical materials. The microstructural characteristics and the constituent material properties of these photonic materials play pivotal roles in determining their optical performance and functionality. In recent years, a diverse array of novel 1D photonic structures crafted from various materials emerged, showcasing their tremendous potential in advanced applications. This article provides an in‐depth review of the recent developments in 1DPCs, emphasizing their morphological designs, fabrication strategies, and optical applications. In detail, 1DPCs featuring distinct geometrical morphologies, including lamellar, helical, fibrous, spherical, and nanochained structures are systematically introduced, highlighting the unique optical properties arising from their periodic microstructures. Then, various fabrication methods, involving some innovative techniques utilizing standing‐wave optics, UV dual photopolymerization, and inkjet printing, are succinctly summarized for constructing different photonic structures by using diverse building materials. Subsequently, some typical application examples of 1D photonic materials are listed and discussed involving visual sensing, intelligent displays, anti‐counterfeiting technology, photonic pigments, and optical devices. Finally, the passage addresses the current challenges and presents a forward‐looking perspective on the future fabrication and application of 1DPCs.