Properties Of Chlorophyll Research Articles

Comparative physiological activity and productivity of two local West Timor (Indonesia) maize in response to t'sen, row, and monoculture cropping patterns

Abstract. Dimu-Heo YH, Indradewa D, Putra ETS, Purwanto BH. 2024. Comparative physiological activity and productivity of two local West Timor (Indonesia) maize in response to t'sen, row, and monoculture cropping patterns. Biodiversitas 25: 1718-1728. T'sen is a traditional cropping pattern practiced in West Timor, where farmers plant maize, cowpeas, and pumpkins together in one hole. Field research was carried out to compare the productivity and physiological activity of maize grown in monoculture, t'sen, and row cropping patterns. The research followed a split-plot design with four replications. The main plot consisted of monoculture, t'sen, and row cropping patterns, while the subplots included local maize varieties: Kupang and TTS. The results showed that the t'sen cropping pattern did not cause any differences in stomatal activity, chlorophyll properties, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate, resulting in productivity that was not significantly different from monoculture. In contrast, the row cropping pattern led to an increase in the width of the stomatal opening but caused a decrease in the rate of transpiration and photosynthesis, resulting in lower productivity compared to monoculture. Additionally, the research found the productivity of the Kupang variety was higher than the TTS variety. Furthermore, both cropping patterns resulted in higher total protein yields due to cowpea and pumpkin fruit production compared to monoculture, with the t'sen showing significantly higher than the row cropping pattern.

Effect of foliar feeding with magnesium and manganese on some physiological traits of Faba bean (Vicia Faba L.)

During the winter of 2022–2023, a field experiment was conducted in the Al-Majd region of the Al–Muthanna Governorate. to investigate the impact of spraying Faba crop (Luz De Otono) cultivar with four different magnesium concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120 mg Mg l-1 ) and three different manganese concentrations (0, 20, 40 mg Mn l-1 ). The experiment was conducted using the R.C.B.D. randomize complete block design with three replications and the factorial experiments inside a split method. The main plots represented the manganese concentrations, while the sub-plots represented the magnesium concentrations. The outcomes demonstrated a considerable impact of magnesium spraying at a concentration of 120 mg Mg l -1 on the properties of chlorophyll a, leaf area and its index, and the relative rate of growth, with rates of increase of 31.53%, 36.51%, 36.41%, and 38.70% compared to the comparison treatment. The addition of the higher concentration of manganese led to a significant increase in leaf area, its index, and the relative rate of growth; it gave averages of 4347.25 cm2 , 2.31, and 0.41 g day-1 for traits, respectively, compared to the no-spray treatment. The interaction between magnesium and manganese showed a significant effect on the leaf area, as a combination (Mg3 x Mn2) gave the highest average in this trait, amounted to 5701.00 cm2 , and had a significant effect on the leaf area index, and the relative rate of growth, the combination of (Mg3 x Mn1) gave the highest average for the relative rate of growth was 0.56 g day-1 .

Chlorophylls as Natural Bioactive Compounds Existing in Food By-Products: A Critical Review.

Chlorophylls are a group of naturally occurring pigments that are responsible for the green color in plants. This pigment group could have numerous health benefits due to its high antioxidant activity, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity properties. Many food by-products contain a high level of chlorophyll content. These by-products are discarded and considered environmental pollutants if not used as a source of bioactive compounds. The recovery of chlorophylls from food by-products is an interesting approach for increasing the sustainability of food production. This paper provides insight into the properties of chlorophylls and the effect of different treatments on their stability, and then reviews the latest research on the extraction of chlorophylls from a sustainable perspective.

Properties of Chlorophyll Based Organic Dye Sensitizer Molecule Extracted in Various Solvents

Properties of Chlorophyll Based Organic Dye Sensitizer Molecule Extracted in Various Solvents

Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Pigments of Mediterranean Herbs and Spices as Affected by Different Extraction Methods.

This study examined the composition and properties of chlorophyll and carotenoid extracted from the leaves of several Mediterranean evergreen shrubs and subshrubs (Myrtus communis L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Thymus vulgaris L., Salvia officinalis L. and Laurus nobilis L.) commonly used as herbs and spices. In order to fully assess their composition over a wide polarity range, pigments were extracted by successive solvent extraction with hexane, 80% acetone and 96% ethanol. Agitation-assisted extraction (AAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were employed and compared regarding their effect on the pigments’ yield and composition. Individual chlorophylls and carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC-DAD, while the content of total pigments and the extracts’ antioxidant capacity were determined spectrophotometrically. Throughout the experiments, pheophytin a, b and b’ were dominant chlorophyll molecules, while lutein and β-carotene were dominant carotenoids. Overall, the extracted pigments were determined as being in the range of 73.84–127.60 mg 100 g−1 and were the lowest in T. vulgaris, with no significant differences between other species. M. communis and P. lentiscus had the highest antioxidant capacities, showing a moderate positive correlation with carotenoid and chlorophyll levels. Significant differences were found in the levels of individual pigments with most of them showing a medium level of polarity due to the dissolution in acetone as a medium polar solvent. AAE and PLE demonstrated similar efficacy in the extraction of both carotenoids and chlorophylls; however, preference can be given to PLE, being a novel method with numerous advantages, e.g., shorter extraction time and lower solvent consumption. The examined plant species certainly expressed great diversity and showed the potential for application in the production of various functional products.

Ameliorating effects of hydrogen sulfide on growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics of eggplant seedlings under salt stress

In this study, the effects of exogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) treatments on eggplant seedlings were examined under salt stress. This study was a pot study carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions with three salt levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) and four H2S doses (0, 25, 50 and 100 µM NaHS). Plant growth parameters, chlorophyll content, membrane permeability (MP), leaf relative water content (LWRC), photosynthetic properties, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), sucrose, and antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) activity, abscisic acid (ABA) and minerals content of eggplant seedling were examined. Plant growth properties were decreased with salinity. However, H2S application alleviated the effect of salt stress on these parameters. Membrane permeability increased with salt stress, but was lower in H2S treatments than non- H2S treatment. Salt stress significantly decreased LWRC, stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and chlorophyll properties. With H2S treatments, these decreasing were lower. Hydrogen peroxide, MDA, proline and sucrose content increased compared to the control, but H2O2, MDA, proline and sucrose content of eggplant seedlings decreased with H2S treatment under salt stress. Furthermore, CAT and SOD increased with different salt levels. However, CAT and SOD activity decreased with H2S treatments under salt stress. ABA content increased significantly with salinity, but ABA content decreased with H2S treatments under salt stress conditions. Similarly, the mineral content of leaf and root of eggplant seedlings were decreased under salt stress (except for Na and Cl), the decrease of mineral content was lower with H2S treatments. Effect in alleviating of the H2S on salt stress damage can explained by regulation of enzyme activity and mineral uptake, low level of ABA and the minimization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage by accumulation of osmolytes.

Investigation of the optical nonlinear properties of chlorophyll B using z-scan technique

Investigation of the optical nonlinear properties of chlorophyll B using z-scan technique

Fine Tuning of Chlorophyll Spectra by Protein‐Induced Ring Deformation

AbstractThe ability to tune the light‐absorption properties of chlorophylls by their protein environment is the key to the robustness and high efficiency of photosynthetic light‐harvesting proteins. Unfortunately, the intricacy of the natural complexes makes it very difficult to identify and isolate specific protein–pigment interactions that underlie the spectral‐tuning mechanisms. Herein we identify and demonstrate the tuning mechanism of chlorophyll spectra in type II water‐soluble chlorophyll binding proteins from Brassicaceae (WSCPs). By comparing the molecular structures of two natural WSCPs we correlate a shift in the chlorophyll red absorption band with deformation of its tetrapyrrole macrocycle that is induced by changing the position of a nearby tryptophan residue. We show by a set of reciprocal point mutations that this change accounts for up to 2/3 of the observed spectral shift between the two natural variants.

Effect of biogenic photochromic electron acceptors on chlorophyll fluorescence

It is shown that the photophysical properties of chlorophyll a (Chl) depend on the nature and relative amounts of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (MNQ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Photoinduced charge separation occurs in aqueous ethanol solutions of Chl (1 × 10−5 M) and NADP (5 × 10−6–5 × 10−4 M), resulting in the dynamic quenching of Chl fluorescence. Coordination interaction between Chl and NADP is established at an NADP concentration of ≥5 × 10−4 M. The nonlinear Stern-Volmer dependence in this range is due to the input from static quenching. It is shown that the quenching of Chl fluorescence in an MNQ solution at Chl and MNQ concentrations of 1 × 10−5 M and 6.7 × 10−5–1 × 10−4 M, respectively, is described by a linear dependence in the Stern-Volmer coordinates; no complex formation is observed for Chl and MNQ under these conditions, and electron transfer is of the dynamic type. Static or mixed-type energy transfer from MNQ to Chl dominates at elevated MNQ concentrations.

Hydrogen peroxide in artificial photosynthesizing systems

From the point of view of the concepts of hydrogen peroxide as a source of photosynthetic oxygen (hydrogen) coordination and photochemical properties of chlorophyll and its aggregates towards hydrogen peroxide were considered. The binding energy of H2O and H2O2 with chlorophyll and chlorophyllide depending on their form (monomers, dimers and trimers) was estimated by quantum chemical calculations. It is shown that at an increase of the degree of the pigment aggregation binding energy of H2O2 was more than the energy of H2O. Analysis of experimental results of the photochemical decomposition of hydrogen peroxide using chlorophyll was carried out. Estimates of the thermodynamic parameters (deltaG degrees and deltaH degrees) of the formation of organic compounds from CO2 with water and hydrogen peroxide were compared. The interaction of CO2 with H2O2 requires much less energy consumption than with water for all considered cases. The formation of organic products (formaldehyde, alcohols, carboxylic and carbonylic compounds) and simultaneous production of O2 under the influence of visible light in the systems of inorganic carbon--hydrogen peroxide--chlorophyll (phthalocyanine) is detected by GC/MS method, FTIR spectroscopy, and chemical analysis.

Antigenotoxic Properties of Chlorophyll b Against Cisplatin-Induced DNA Damage and its Relationship with Distribution of Platinum and Magnesium In Vivo

The chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (cDDP) is widely used to treat a variety of solid and hematological tumors. However, cDDP exerts severe side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and bone-marrow suppression. The use of some dietary compounds to protect organs that are not targets in association with chemotherapy has been encouraged. This study evaluated the protective effects of chlorophyll b (CLb) on DNA damage induced by cDDP by use of single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays. Further, this investigation also determined platinum (Pt) and magnesium (Mg) bioaccumulation in mice tissues after treatment with CLb alone and/or in association of cDDP (simultaneous treatment) by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). All parameters were studied in peripheral blood cells (PBC), kidneys, and liver of mice after administration of CLb (0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg of body weight [b.w.]), cDDP (6 mg/kg b.w.), and the combination CLb 0.2 plus cDDP or CLb 0.5 plus cDDP. Pt accumulation in liver and kidneys was higher than that found in PBC, while DNA damage was higher in kidneys and liver than in PBC. Further, treatment with CLb alone did not induce DNA damage. Evidence indicates that genotoxic effects produced by cDDP may not be related to Pt accumulation and distribution. In combined treatments, CLb decreased DNA damage in tissues, but the PT contents did not change and these treatments also showed that CLb may be an important source of Mg. Thus, our results indicate that consumption of CLb-rich foods may diminish the adverse health effects induced by cDDP exposure. We are grateful to Joana D'Arc Castania Darin and Mara Ribeiro de Almeida (FCFRP-USP) for their technical assistance. The authors would like to thank São Paulo Foundation Research (FAPESP 2005/59552-6, 2008/06793-4, and 2010/05096-8), the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Education Personnel (CAPES) for financial support.

Effects of sodium chloride on the properties of chlorophyll <italic>a</italic> submonolayer adsorbed onto hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces using broadband spectroscopy with single-mode integrated optical waveguides

In this work, we experimentally investigated the effects of sodium chloride on the molar absorptivity and surface density of a submonolayer of chlorophyll a adsorbed onto hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid/liquid interfaces. Those investigations were made possible by a broadband spectroscopic platform based on single-mode, integrated optical waveguides, which allows for extremely sensitive spectroscopic detection of analytes immobilized at submonolayer levels. Chlorophyll a with a constant bulk concentration (1.4 μM) was dissolved in phosphate buffer solutions (7 mM) of neutral pH, but with different sodium chloride concentrations. For a buffer solution of 1 mM of sodium chloride, the measured surface density of chlorophyll a was 0.209 pmol/cm2 for a hydrophilic and 0.125 pmol/cm2 for a hydrophobic surface. For a phosphate buffer solution of 10 mM of sodium chloride, the measured surface density of chlorophyll a was 0.528 pmol/cm2 for a hydrophilic and 0.337 pmol/cm2 for a hydrophobic surface. Additionally, a hypsochromic shift of the Soret band was observed for the adsorbed pigment in correlation with an increase in buffer ionic strength. The adsorption of chlorophyll a onto different surfaces can play an important role to elucidate several processes found in nature and provide a rationale for bio-inspired new material technologies.

Properties of Chlorophyll and Derivatives in Homogeneous and Microheterogeneous Systems

Chlorophyll (Mg-Chl) and its derivatives, zinc chlorophyll (Zn-Chl), copper chlorophyll (Cu-Chl), pheophytin (Pheo), pheophorbide (Pheid), and zinc chlorophyllide (Zn-Chld), were studied as to their acid-base equilibrium properties, hydrophobicity, stability, binding, and relative localization in neutral surfactant micellar systems. The stability order of metalochlorophyll (pH(M)) in acidic medium was found to be Cu-Chl > Zn-Chld > Zn-Chl > Mg-Chl. The apparent pK(a) for protonation of porphyrin ring nitrogens was around 1.0 for all derivatives. The pK(a) for protonation of carboxylate phorbide was 5.9 for Pheid and 2.4 for Zn-Chld. This difference was attributed to complexation of carboxylate with zinc. The hydrophobicity of chlorophyll in relation to the ability of partitioning the cell membrane lipid layer was estimated in the octanol/water biphasic system. Pheo, a more hydrophobic molecule, presented the highest partition coefficient (K(P)) in the organic phase, followed by Cu-Chl, Mg-Chl, Zn-Chl, Pheid, and Zn-Chld. The hydrophobic character was the key to relative drug location in the micellar systems. All studied derivatives interacted strongly with Tween 80 micellar systems, and particularly with P-123. For both surfactants, the order followed by binding constant (K(b)) was Zn-Chld > Pheo > Cu-Chl > Mg-Chl > Zn-Chl > Pheid, while binding constants estimated for the Chl containing the phytyl group correlated with K(P). Fluorescence quenching studies have shown that phorbides are located in a less hydrophobic region than the phytyl chain-containing derivatives, which are located preferentially in a deeper micellar microenvironment. Thus, the association of the chlorophylls with specific binding sites of micellar systems is strongly modulated by the presence of phytyl chains and metal coordinated to the porphyrinic ring.

Photo-Oxidative Stress on Model Membranes – Studies by Optical Methods

Photophysical studies on oxidative stress induced by illumination with ultraviolet (UV) light from artificial light sources, were performed on small unilamellar liposomes (SUVs) as models of biomembranes. Different liposoluble antioxidants were incorporated in the liposome bilayer during the lipid film preparation. The quercetin containing bilayers exhibited a high tolerance to photooxidative stress. The light-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) effects on liposomal membranes were monitored by optical methods: UV-VIS absorption, fluorescence and chemiluminescence (CL), exploiting the spectral properties of chlorophyll a (Chla) embedded into some liposome bilayers (Chla/lipid molar ratio = 1/100). The interaction between Chla and the other liposome components resulted in changes in their absorption and emission fluorescence properties.

The importance of a band at 709 nm for interpreting water-leaving spectral radiance

We present examples of spectra from ocean and coastal waters observed with the optical satellite imager MERIS (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer), which demonstrate the importance of a spectral band near 709 nm. For MERIS, this band has been shown to improve detection and study of a variety of intense, surface plankton blooms and was also instrumental in making the first satellite detection of pelagic Sargassum. The 709 nm band determines the maximum chlorophyll index (MCI), which can be used to detect a variety of features resulting from the absorption properties of chlorophyll a. A significant feature of the available spectral information is the "red edge" between 680 and 750 nm, characteristic of reflectance spectra of vegetation on land. The 709 nm band provides an observation close to the centre of this edge, helping to give a precise edge position. This paper discusses observations of Sargassum, of a variety of types of plankton bloom, and of blooms occurring in the high sediment concentrations characteristic of river plumes. We also discuss the extent to which the phytoplankton group of blooms can be distinguished using the MERIS data.

Monolayer properties of mixed chlorophyll a-digalactosyldiacylglycerol at the nitrogen–water interface

Surface pressure, surface potential, and ellipsometric–area isotherms have been measured to investigate the properties of chlorophyll a – digalactosyldiacylglycerol monolayers at the nitrogen – water interface. The surface pressure – area isotherms of the mixed film show a pronounced negative deviation with respect to ideality, whereas the surface potential isotherms follow the additivity law for mixed films. As the mole fraction of Chl a increases from 0.1 to 0.5, each of the corresponding ellipsometric isotherm is shifted towards more negative values in the liquid expanded region. As the mole fraction is increased above 0.5, the ellipsometric δΔ values become more positive, with this trend continuing throughout the 0.5 to 0.9 mole fraction range. The combined effects of anisotropy in both the refractive indices and the absorption coefficient can explain the turnover observed in the ellipsometric δΔ isotherms as the mole fraction of Chl a becomes larger than 0.5.Hydrophilic interactions have been ruled out on the basis of the agreement with the additivity law, which is observed for surface potentials of the mixed monolayers. The observed deviation exhibited in the π–A isotherms is interpreted in terms of the intermolecular cavity effect. Key words: chlorophyll a, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, mixed monolayer, ellipsometry.

The electrical and spectroscopic properties of planar asymmetrical membranes incorporating chlorophyll a and plastoquinone-9. Model of incorporation of chlorophyll a and plastoquinone-9

We have studied the incorporation of chlorophyll a and plastoquinone-9 in Montal-Mueller membranes. In particular, we have been interested by the influence of both the lipid : chlorophyll a ratio and the asymmetry of incorporation of the constituents on the electrical and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of the planar membranes built up from these constituents. The phospholipid matrix was made from phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. The monitoring of the fluorescence spectral properties of chlorophyll a incorporated in various concentrations leads to the conclusion that chlorophyll a is incorporated in the bilayers in monomeric form inside microdomains. It is shown that chlorophyll a is positioned in these microdomains in such a way that the porphyric ring is interacting with the polar head of the lipid molecules where the interface polarity shows a dielectric constant varying between 25 and 35. The phytyl chain is embedded in the bilayer core, serving as an anchor, running parallel to the aliphatic chains of the phospholipids. We have also monitored the position of the plastoquinone-9 molecules within the bilayer. We found that plastoquinone-9 is incorporated in the center plane of the bilayer, increasing the thickness of the bilayer. This result confirms evidence, gathered in the literature from monolayer and differential scanning calorimetry studies, that long chain quinones and especially plastoquinone-9 are embedded deeply within the hydrophobic core of the bilayer. We also show that when chlorophyll a and plastoquinone-9 are present together in the bilayer, the quinolic ring of the plastoquinone-9 molecule positions itself in the free volume created by the bulky porphyric ring of a chlorophyll a molecule.

Study of primary photochemical processes in halomethane solutions of chlorophyll a by kinetic absorption and EPR spectroscopy methods

The authors studied the primary photochemical processes and the electron donor-acceptor properties of chlorophyll a and carbon tetrachloride by using kinetic absorption and EPR spectroscopy. The induced absorption spectra were studied on lamp and laser pulsed photolysis systems. The EPR spectra were recorded on an E-12 radiospectrometer. The pulsed photoexcitation of chlorophyll a in carbon tetrachloride led to substantial changes in the absorption in the visible spectra.

Kinetics of the outer-sphere electrochemical reduction of chlorophyll adsorbed on a metal electrode reorganization of the solvent

Abstract The dependence of the redox properties of chlorophyll adsorbed at the metal-electrolyte interface on temperature is investigated. It is shown that chlorophyll adsorbed at a gold amalgam electrode surface does not undergo any changes in the temperature interval 7 to 31°C. The values of the activation energy (132 and 48 kJ/mole) characterizing this redox system have been obtained. The interpretation of this result is suggested in terms of the quantum-mechanical theory of chemical reactions.

Temperature Induced Spectral Changes of Chlorophyll in Micelles and Solution

Effects of temperature on the spectral properties of chlorophyll in solution and in micelles are reported. After correcting for the volume expansion coefficient of the solvent, it is observed that temperature has no detectable effects on the spectral properties of chlorophyll (between 14 °C to 35 °C). Solutions examined include acetone, chloroform and ethyl alcohol. It is concluded that the temperature induced change in refractive index, of the solvent, has no significant affect on the chlorophyll spec­trum. In micelles containing chlorophyll there are significant temperature induced spectral changes. Heating and cooling results in an irreversible redistribution of monomeric and oligomeric forms of chlorophyll.