Proper Site Selection Research Articles

Adverse impacts of wind power generation on collision behaviour of birds and anti-predator behaviour of squirrels

Summary Wind power is a fast-growing energy source for electricity production, and some environmental impacts (e.g. noise and bird collision) are pointed out. Despite extensive land use (2600–6000 m 2 /MW), it is said that most of these impacts have been resolved by technological development and proper site selection. The results in this paper suggest that: (i) wind farms kill millions of birds yearly around the world, and the high mortality of rare raptors is of particular concern; (ii) wind farms on migration routes are particularly dangerous, and it is difficult to find a wind power site away from migration routes because there is no guarantee that migration routes will not vary; (iii) according to the presented model of collision probability, the rotor speed does not make a significant difference in collision probability; the hub is the most dangerous part, and large birds (e.g. raptors) are at great risk; and, (iv) based on the field observation of squirrels’ vocalisation (i.e. anti-predator behaviour), there are behavioural differences between squirrels at the wind turbine site and those at the control site. Noise from wind turbines (when active) may interfere with the lives of animals beneath the wind turbines. US Government guidelines and the Bern Convention's report have described adverse impacts of wind energy facilities on wildlife and have put forward recommendations. In addition to these documents, the following points derived from the discussion in this paper should be noted for the purpose of harmonising wind power generation with wildlife conservation: (i) engineers need to develop a turbine form to reduce the collision risk at the hub; (ii) institute long-term monitoring, including a comparison between bird mortality before and after construction; and (iii) further evaluate impacts of turbine noise on anti-predator wildlife vocalisations.

Preoperative Considerations and Creation of Normal Ostomies

Stomas provide fecal diversion in emergent and elective settings. Preoperative planning and counseling are extremely important to the creation of an acceptable and functional ostomy for the surgeon and patient. Proper site selection will help decrease the incidence of postoperative complications. Ileostomy, colostomy, and cecostomy indications and techniques are discussed.

Monitoring air quality, objectives and design

Today's environmental information systems combine the latest sensor and monitor technologies with data transfer; data base developments, quality assurance, statistical and numerical models and advanced computer platforms for processing, distribution and presenting data and model results. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) are an important tool, particular for the presentation of data. An important part of the integrated air quality management system is the establishment of a monitoring programme for air quality. Once the objective of the air monitoring programme is well defined, a certain operational sequence has to be followed. The best possible definition of the air pollution problem, together with the analysis of the personnel, budget and equipment available, represent the basis for the final design. The specification of monitoring objectives, data quality objectives together with proper site selection, data quality assurance and well-defined data presentation and assessment are important elements in this process.

Early results from genetic trials on the growth of Spanish cedar and its susceptibility to the shoot borer moth in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Cedrela odorata (Spanish cedar) is a neotropical broadleaf tree species that is in high demand for furniture and interior fittings. In 1998, seed collections were made from Spanish cedar in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, for genetic conservation and tree improvement projects. Progeny from these collections were established in genetic trials at Bacalar, Noh Bec, and Zoh Laguna in the Yucatan. Survival at 2 years was 73.5% at Bacalar, 72% at Noh Bec, but only 20% after 6 months for several replicates at Zoh Laguna. Mean 2-year height, number of years of Hypsipyla attack on apical shoots (over 2 or 3 years) and total branching over 2 years, were 1.3 m, 0.04 years, and 2.5 branches at Bacalar, and 1.9 m, 0.35 years, and 1.6 branches at Noh Bec. Selection of the three best provenances (Escárcega, Bacalar, and Calakmul) would result in an estimated cross-site gain of 8.6% in 2-year height. Within-provenance, cross-site heritabilities for 2-year height, shoot borer attack, and branching were 0.1 ± 0.02, 0.0 ± 0.02, and 0.0 ± 0.02, respectively. Single-site heritabilities for height at 2 years, shoot borer attack, and branching were 0.09 ± 0.05, 0.02 ± 0.04, and 0.09 ± 0.05 at Bacalar and 0.16 ± 0.07, 0.0 ± 0.06, and 0.0 ± 0.07 at Noh Bec. Given the known advantage of rapid growth to avoid Hypsipyla damage over the long term and the stable performance of provenances across sites for growth traits, we recommend provenance selection over multiple trials to reduce the risk of serious damage by the insect. Good provenances and other suitable seed sources, as well as proper site selection and silvicultural practices, are important tools for increasing yields from plantations of C. odorata.

Value-based distributed generator placements for service quality improvements

Distributed generator (DG) resources are small, self-contained electric generating plants that can provide power to homes, businesses or industrial facilities in distribution feeders. They can be used to reduce power loss and improve service reliability. However, the values of DGs are largely dependent on their types, sizes and locations as they were installed in distribution feeders. A value-based method is proposed in this paper to enhance the reliability and obtain the benefits for DG placement. The benefits of DG placement described in this paper include power cost saving, power loss reduction, and reliability enhancement. The costs of DG placement include the investment, maintenance and operating costs. The proposed value-based method tries to find the best tradeoff between the costs and benefits of DG placement and then find the optimal types of DG and their corresponding locations and sizes in distribution feeders. The derived formulations are solved by a genetic algorithm based method. Test results show that with proper types, sizes and installation site selection, DG placement can be used to improve system reliability, reduce customer interruption costs and save power cost; as well as enabling electric utilities to obtain the maximal economical benefits.

Effect of Planting Depth, Planting Season, and Fungicide Treatment on Establishment of Black Cohosh in a Poorly Drained Soil

Black cohosh [Actaea racemosa L., Cimicifuga racemosa L. (Nutt)] is a perennial herb commonly used for treatment of menopausal symptoms in humans. The increasing demand for this plant is leading to serious over-harvesting from the wild and presents an opportunity for potentially profitable cultivation. The plant produces a large rhizome, the principal medicinal organ, which appears to be especially sensitive to heavy soil, and prone to fungal attack if soil water drainage is not adequate. After an earlier crop failure (attributed to a Phytophthora–Pythium disease complex) in an established black cohosh nursery bed, two experiments were conducted in the same soil to determine if certain horticultural approaches could help to avert fungal infection under less-than-ideal conditions. Treatments included single postplanting applications of the fungicide mefenoxam, transplantation in fall versus spring, and shallow (0.5 cm) versus deep (6.5 cm) placement of rhizomes. Shallow placement significantly improved long-term rhizome survival, but was still not able to compensate adequately for a poorly-drained soil. The horticultural approaches we studied do not appear to be reliable alternatives to proper site selection in the cultivation of black cohosh.

The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus subpenetrans, on ginseng (Panax ginseng) in Korea

Nematology , 2006, Vol. 8(4), 637-639 Short communication The root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus subpenetrans , on ginseng (Panax ginseng) in Korea Jeong Ho K I M 1 , 2 , Yong Ho J EON 1 , 3 , Hoon P ARK 4 , Byung-Dae L EE 5 , Dae-Hui C HO 3 , Byung-Yong P ARK 6 , Zakaullah K HAN 1 and Young Ho K I M 1 , ∗ Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), is a deciduous perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family and is cultivated mostly in Korea and China. Ginseng root is highly prized for its medicinal properties and, in addition to the root itself, is made into many different kinds of products, including powder, extracts, tablets, capsules, tea, tonic drinks and cosmetics. Ginseng is cultivated under shade for 4-6 years for commercial use, growing for about 1 year in the nursery and the remainder in the field. Initially, ginseng cultivation in Korea was exclusively confined to some mountainous areas where summer temperatures were cooler. However, cultivation has now been extended to lowland areas with the aid of improved cultural techniques such as growing the crop in raised beds. Today, ginseng is grown throughout Korea, the total area of ginseng production in South Korea being ca 13 000 ha (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2006). Contamination of soil with nematodes and other pests, together with physical and chemical properties of the land, need to be considered for proper site selection. In Korea there is limited information available regarding the nature and extent of nematode disease problems in ginseng. Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 and potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945 have been found occurring commonly in ginseng fields (Choi, 1976), the latter being responsible for the root-rot disease of ginseng (Ohh et al ., 1983). Although the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb, 1 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Breeding Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea 2 Korea Turfgrass Institute, Subsidiary of Korea Golf Course Business Association, Sungnam 463-840, Korea 3 Agro-tech Research Group, KTG revised: 22 May 2006 Accepted for publication: 23 May 2006 Keywords: histopathology, host record, plant-parasitic nematode, symptomatology. 1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941, has been found in Korean ginseng fields (Chung et al ., 2004), P. subpenetrans Taylor & Jenkins, 1957 has not previously been isolated from ginseng root and this species is reported herein for the first time from Korea. Severe root damage caused by P. subpenetrans was found on ginseng seedlings in beds (1-year-old ginseng fields) at Anseong and Punggi in Gyeonggi and Gyeong- buk provinces, respectively, the major ginseng cultivation areas of Korea. The disease incidence varied from field to field with from 50-100% plants infested by P. subpene- trans . The typical symptoms observed took the form of le- sions on the main root of 1-year-old seedlings, the lesions being sunken and the roots constricted in places (Fig. 1C, D). Sometimes, severe constrictions occurred at several sites on a single root, producing a bead-like appearance. The lower portion of severely rotted roots was sometimes missing. Initially, above-ground symptoms were not dis- tinct, but leaf discoloration was noticed around late June in fields with damaged plants (Fig. 1A, B). Slight wilting occurred in severely damaged plots. Pratylenchus subpenetrans was found in all the dis- eased root tissues (Fig. 2A, B). Sunken or constricted le- sions usually contained no nematodes, inner root tissues being necrotic but surrounded by the natural periderm layer (Fig. 2C, D). This suggests that secondary (lateral) growth had been inhibited by the nematode infection. In late autumn or early winter, hundreds of nematodes were © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2006 637 Also available online - www.brill.nl/nemy

Role of Site Selection for Left Ventriculoplasty to Treat Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Ventriculoplasty was introduced to treat patients with chronic progressive heart failure from end-stage non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, which was presumed to be a homogeneous disease. However ventriculoplasty is not commonly used today, because variable results follow using only lateral ventriculoplasty as the treatment tool. This report traces our evolution in surgical management, defines that the homogeneous disease concept is not correct, and centers upon the importance of site selection, appropriate timing, and methods of patient selection. Left ventriculoplasty by either partial left ventriculoplasty (PLV) or septal anterior ventricular exclusion (SAVE or Pacopexy) was performed in 96 high risk (44% NYHA Class III, and 56% Class IV) patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy over the past 8 years. Overall hospital mortality was 8% in elective operations and 57% in emergency operations. Hemodynamic and functional improvement was evident from ejection fraction rising from 20% to 31%, and improved NYHA Class 3.6 to 1.8. The global series showed 1, 5 and 7 year survival rate was 66.4, 44.7 and 41.3%, respectively. However surgical results improved as experience allowed development of a strategy for timing, and defining proper exclusion site selection. Non homogeneous ventricular disease was identified, and 69% 4 year survival resulted from our intraoperative definition of the most diseased segment (septum or lateral wall), and then exclusion of this site. This evolving experience indicates that left ventriculoplasty is effective treatment for patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy, provided proper patient selection, appropriate timing of the operation, and choice of procedure are used as keys to a successful outcome.

Shellfish and Public Health: A Swedish Perspective

Bivalves are ancient animals that feed by filtering large volumes of water. In this way, phytoplankton, bacteria and viruses from the water column are greatly concentrated in the mussels. The hazards associated with the consumption of mussels are thus dependent on the occurrence and composition of toxic algae and human microbial pathogens in the areas where shellfish are grown. Diarrheic shellfish toxins have occurred regularly in Sweden during the past 27 years. Peaks of toxins in mussels are mostly recorded from October to December, but the pattern can differ significantly due to location and year, making it hard to predict toxin levels in mussels. With an expansion of aquaculture and a subsequent increase in seafood consumption, better risk management is needed to minimize the effects on humans of algal toxins and human pathogens. New control strategies that have to be implemented are: i) proper site selection of culture installations; ii) regular and cost-efficient monitoring of algae, bacteria and viruses; iii) new indicators for fecal contamination, suitable for the specific locations where shellfish grow; iv) rapid dissemination of information to the industry and public, including risk assessment and advice on how to cope with the situation.

Site selection, site preparation, and weed control for Gmelina arborea in western Venezuela

Good site selection, site preparation, and weed control are some of the silvicultural practices that can lead to improved yields, reduced rotation lengths, and increased economic returns for plantations of Gmelina arborea Roxb. (gmelina). Site preparation is the major cost in developing a timber stand and its cost must be carried for the entire rotation. Therefore, it is important to select a cost-effective method that meets the needs of both the site and landowner. Proper site selection for field planting is important due to the influence it has on the development of the plantation. Some of the objectives of site preparation are the reduction of competition, improvement of adverse soil conditions, reduction of future fire hazard and increasing the availability of resources by improving the quality and/or quantity of soil volume exploited by tree roots. The objective of this paper is to review and summarize existing methods of site selection, site preparation and weed control for the establishment of gmelina plantations in west-central Venezuela.

The Ras/protein kinase A pathway acts in parallel with the Mob2/Cbk1 pathway to effect cell cycle progression and proper bud site selection.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ras proteins connect nutrient availability to cell growth through regulation of protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Ras proteins also have PKA-independent functions in mitosis and actin repolarization. We have found that mutations in MOB2 or CBK1 confer a slow-growth phenotype in a ras2Delta background. The slow-growth phenotype of mob2Delta ras2Delta cells results from a G1 delay that is accompanied by an increase in size, suggesting a G1/S role for Ras not previously described. In addition, mob2Delta strains have imprecise bud site selection, a defect exacerbated by deletion of RAS2. Mob2 and Cbk1 act to properly localize Ace2, a transcription factor that directs daughter cell-specific transcription of several genes. The growth and budding phenotypes of the double-deletion strains are Ace2 independent but are suppressed by overexpression of the PKA catalytic subunit, Tpk1. From these observations, we conclude that the PKA pathway and Mob2/Cbk1 act in parallel to determine bud site selection and promote cell cycle progression.

Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in obese patients: outcomes and technical considerations

Objectives To review our technique and experience with laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) in the obese patient population. Obesity has been considered a potential risk factor for poor outcomes in a variety of surgical procedures and has been considered a relative contraindication to laparoscopy. Since 1996, with increased experience and technical modifications, obesity has not been considered a contraindication for laparoscopy at our institution. Methods Retrospective data were obtained for all patients who underwent LRN from January 1997 to December 2000. A body mass index (Quetelet's index) greater than 30 was used to define obese patients. Technical modifications included slightly greater insufflation pressures and a lateral shift in trocar sites. The obese laparoscopic group was compared with the nonobese laparoscopic group. Results Of 101 patients who underwent LRN, 69 were not obese and 32 were obese. No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the analyzed operative data between the nonobese laparoscopic group and obese laparoscopic group, including a mean operative time of 220 and 242 minutes, respectively. Other factors assessed were the time to ambulation, length of hospital stay, conversion rate to an open procedure, and complication rate, which also demonstrated no statistically significant difference. Only one conversion to an open procedure was required in both the obese and the nonobese laparoscopic groups. Conclusions With minor technical modifications, LRN can be safely performed in obese patients. Proper trocar site selection and greater insufflation pressures were critical for success. The differences in the intraoperative and postoperative course of LRN in obese and nonobese patients were not statistically significant. Obesity should not be considered a contraindication to laparoscopic nephrectomy.

Assessing Consumer Knowledge and Use of Landscape Plant Health Care and Integrated Pest Management Practices through a Computer-based Interactive Survey

Attendees at the 2001 Philadelphia Flower Show participated in an interactive-quiz-formatted survey on touch-screen computers to determine their knowledge and use of plant health care (PHC) and integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Participants answered 15 questions in three categories: 1) PHC practices (criteria for proper plant selection, correct planting practices, and reasons for mulching and pruning); 2) IPM practices (insect identification, plant and pest monitoring, and maintenance of records on pests found and treatments applied to their landscape plants); and 3) demographic and sociographic questions to aid in characterizing the survey population. Over half of the participants (58%) were interested in gardening and a majority (77%) were interested in protecting the environment. Most participants (66%) were between 36 and 60 years of age with a mean age of 47 years, 76% lived in and owned a single-family home, and greater than half (56%) had never purchased professional landscape services. Most recognized PHC criteria for proper site selection, although not all environmental site characteristics were recognized as being equally important. Nearly half (49%) identified the correct planting practice among the choices offered; while an equal number of participants chose among the several improper practices listed. Although reasons for mulching were properly identified by the respondents, excess mulching around trees was considered a proper planting practice by over 39% of the participants. When questioned about IPM practices, a majority reported that they identify pests prior to treating them (71%) and that they scouted their landscapes (82%). However, only 21% kept records of the pests that they had found and the treatments that they applied for those pests. Participants' responses were further examined using cluster analysis in order to characterize the participants and identify meaningful consumer knowledge segments for targeting future extension programming. Three distinct segments were identified: 1) horticulturally savvy (69% of the participants), 2) part-time gardener (25% of the participants), and 3) horticulturally challenged (6%). At least 47% of the horticulturally savvy and part-time gardeners correctly answered plant health care questions (44% of the total survey participants). These two segments included more individuals who were interested in gardening and protecting the environment and are potential targets for future PHC and IPM extension education programs. In contrast the horticulturally challenged recorded no interest in or opinion on gardening or protecting the environment. It is apparent that a majority of consumers are learning and employing PHC and IPM concepts. Proper site selection, planting practices, and mulching along with record keep- ing and pest identification proficiency remain key educational areas to be developed. Although not all gardeners are well versed in all subject matter, a basic knowledge of PHC and IPM is being demonstrated.

Current trends in management practices for European larch in North America

European larch (Larix decidua Miller) was introduced to North America in the mid-19th century. Its rapid growth led to its use as a reforestation species in northeastern North America during the early part of the 20th century. Proper site selection and vegetation management are crucial to the successful establishment and productivity of this species. On comparable sites, yields of European larch commonly exceed those of native species. Management practices and applied research for this species in North America include the refinement of 1) site selection criteria, 2) growth and yield tables, and 3) optimal density management and stocking levels, 4) product utilization and marketing, and 5) the advancement of tree improvement programs. Key words: growth and yield, productivity, silviculture, tree improvement

Localization of the Rsr1/Bud1 GTPase Involved in Selection of a Proper Growth Site in Yeast

Yeast cells organize their actin cytoskeleton in a highly polarized manner during vegetative growth. The Ras-like GTPase Rsr1/Bud1 and its regulators are required for selection of a specific site for growth. Here we showed that Rsr1/Bud1 was broadly distributed on the plasma membrane and highly concentrated at the incipient bud site and polarized growth sites. We also showed that localization of Cdc24, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Cdc42 GTPase, to the proper bud site was dependent on Rsr1/Bud1. Surprisingly, Rsr1/Bud1 also localized to intracellular membranes. A mutation in the lysine repeat in the hypervariable region of Rsr1/Bud1 specifically abolished its plasma membrane localization, whereas a mutation at the CAAX motif eliminated both plasma membrane and internal membrane association of Rsr1/Bud1. Thus the lysine repeat and the CAAX motif of Rsr1/Bud1 are important for its localization to the plasma membrane and to the polarized growth sites. This localization of Rsr1/Bud1 is essential for its function in proper bud site selection because both mutations resulted in random bud site selection.

Environmental risk mapping approach: risk minimization tool for development of industrial growth centres in developing countries

‘Environmental risk minimization’ is a major issue of cleaner production objectives. Cleaner production is a concept that goes beyond simple pollution control and hence, its objectives cannot be ensured unless (a) risks of environmental threats (accidental chemical reactions, release of hazardous gases/contamination, and/or liquids/untreated effluents, etc.) triggered by a probable technological mishap or a natural calamity and (b) existing background level of pollution/contamination and ecological sensitivity are taken into account while selecting a suitable site for developing an industrial complex. Development of industrial growth centres (IGCs) has been initiated in India to accommodate a range of small and medium scale industries that are the major contributors to the economies in developing countries. Selection of safer sites for IGCs, thus, has become a serious concern because of synchronous activities, synergistic pollution effects and risks of accidental releases and discharges. The paper discusses the adverse effects of potential interaction between natural risk factors and industrial systems, highlights regional risk management issues and the role of proper site selection in establishing IGCs. Reviewing the current efforts of industrial siting and developmental planning, a new tool ‘environmental risk mapping’ to guide the planning process regarding the development of IGCs has been proposed and its operational framework has been delineated. Further planning issues for suggested IGC sites and the role of the proposed approach in regional environmental impact assessment and environmental management planning have also been analyzed while summarizing the expected benefits over the current practices. Although the proposed approach has been developed for application in India, its usefulness can be claimed in many developing countries as there predominates a diversity of geophysiographic features, as well as regional proneness to many natural and technological hazards.

Basic Issues in Locating and Developing Effective Church Facilities

ABSTRACT Proper site selection is critical to the effectiveness of the facilities churches use to serve their membership. This discussion covers a number of major considerations necessary in making good facility location decisions. Churches need to first identify who they are trying to serve with the facilities in question. Other major factors include the level of service to be offered; the number of facilities to be developed; various site-specific considerations such as affordability, area growth patterns, site accessibility, compatibility with neighboring buildings, neighborhood relationships and zoning, parking issues; and basic facility design issues.

RNA secondary structure: an important cis-element in rat calcitonin/CGRP pre-messenger RNA splicing.

The calcitonin/CGRP gene pre-mRNA is alternatively spliced in a tissue-specific manner resulting in the formation of calcitonin mRNA in thyroid C-cells and CGRP mRNA in neurons. Computer analysis of the RNA containing the 3' splice acceptor of the calcitonin-specific exon 4 predicts that this region has the potential to form a thermodynamically stable stem-loop. Data from CD spectroscopy and solution phase structure probing with single-strand specific and double-strand specific RNases indicates that RNA in this region is substantially double stranded. In vitro splicing of chimeric human beta-globin/calcitonin transcripts in HeLa nuclear extract was inhibited by base changes predicted to destabilize the stem, while compensatory base changes resulted in splicing at 50% of wild-type levels. Changing the residue opposite the AG dinucleotide adenosine in the stem from G to U, allowing the formation of an A-U basepair, abolished usage of this splice acceptor in vitro. These results indicate that a thermodynamically stable RNA stem-loop forms in vitro at the 3' splice acceptor of exon 4 of the calcitonin/CGRP gene transcript. This RNA secondary structure acts as a novel cis-element involved in proper splice site selection.

Site Selection for Clinical Trials

Site selection is highly critical to the success of any clinical trial and should be made with utmost care. Proper site selection can not only cut down on the financial and monitoring resources required by a trial but it can also help establish the credibility/acceptability of the data generated. Certain selection criteria should be applied to site selection of all clinical trials, though their relative importance may vary according to the type/phase of the trial, the trial objective(s), available funds/resources, and so forth. What cannot be ignored is the political/economic and regulatory climate/stability as these can vastly affect a site's ability to deliver over the course of a trial.

The Cdc42 GTPase-associated proteins Gic1 and Gic2 are required for polarized cell growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

BEM2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a Rho-type GTPase-activating protein that is required for proper bud site selection at 26 degrees C and for bud emergence at elevated temperatures. We show here that the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of bem2 mutant cells can be suppressed by increased dosage of the GIC1 gene. The Gic1 protein, together with its structural homolog Gic2, are required for cell size and shape control, bud site selection, bud emergence, actin cytoskeletal organization, mitotic spindle orientation/positioning, and mating projection formation in response to mating pheromone. Each protein contains a CRIB (Cdc42/Rac-interactive binding) motif and each interacts in the two-hybrid assay with the GTP-bound form of the Rho-type Cdc42 GTPase, a key regulator of polarized growth in yeast. The CRIB motif of Gic1 and the effector domain of Cdc42 are required for this association. Genetic experiments indicate that Gic1 and Gic2 play positive roles in the Cdc42 signal transduction pathway, probably as effectors of Cdc42. Subcellular localization studies with a functional green fluorescent protein-Gic1 fusion protein indicate that this protein is concentrated at the incipient bud site of unbudded cells, at the bud tip and mother-bud neck of budded cells, and at cortical sites on large-budded cells that may delimit future bud sites in the two progeny cells. The ability of Gic1 to associate with Cdc42 is important for its function but is apparently not essential for its subcellular localization.