Proper Sentence Research Articles

DIFFICULTIES OF TRANSLATING POLYSEMOUS LEXICAL ITEMS AND THE STRATEGIES ADOPTED: A CASE STUDY OF EFL LEARNERS AT SABER FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION – DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH - UNIVERSITY OF LAHIJ

This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of the undergraduate students in translating three Arabic polysemous lexical items into English in different contexts. The research aimed to assess the student's proficiency in giving the meaning of polysemous words and measure their ability to select appropriate equivalents as well as the strategies adopted. The study involved thirty students from the Department of English, Saber Faculty of Science and Education. The participants carried out a translation test that contextualized three Arabic lexical polysemous lexical items (ضرب - حصر- تخفيف) within fifteen sentences. Statistical analysis of the data revealed a lack of knowledge among undergraduate students as they faced difficulties in constructing proper sentence patterns and a lack of competence in finding the exact English equivalents, resulting in challenges in selecting words that formed coherent English sentences and violating the sentence structure. Consequently, their production of correct English sentences was compromised. Furthermore, the study identified that the students relied on various language strategies, including L1 transfer, synonymy, avoidance, and paraphrasing, to facilitate their translation process. However, these strategies led to unsatisfactory English translations.

An Error Analysis of Expository Essay Writing of English as Second Language (ESL) Undergraduate Learners in Pakistan

This study focuses on the expository essay writing of undergraduate of English as Second Language (ESL) learners in Pakistan. The study aims to identify the most common errors made by these students and analyze the reasons behind those. The study uses the quantitative method to conduct error analysis. To conduct error analysis, a sample of eight expository essays written by undergraduate second language learners of the selected college is analyzed, and the errors are identified and categorized. The data analysis identified the errors made by second language learners in expository essays, including grammatical, vocabulary, syntax and organization errors. The sample students also struggled with using the correct verb tense, forming proper sentence structure, or accurately using prepositions. The results of the study provided insights into the areas that need improvement in the learning of English as a second language in Pakistan, as well as the strategies to address the identified errors. Further research may include more areas of grammar.

Improving news headline text generation quality through frequent POS-Tag patterns analysis

Original synthetic content writing is one of the human abilities that algorithms aspire to emulate. The advent of sophisticated algorithms, especially based on neural networks has shown promising results in recent times. A watershed moment was witnessed when the attention mechanism was introduced which paved the way for transformers, a new exciting architecture in natural language processing. Recent sensations like GPT and BERT for synthetic text generation rely on NLP transformers. Although, GPT and BERT-based models are capable of generating creative text given they are properly trained on abundant data, however, the generated text suffers the quality aspect when limited data is available. This is especially an issue for low-resource languages where labeled data is still scarce. In such cases, the generated text, more often than not, lacks the proper sentence structure, thus unreadable. This study proposes a post-processing step in text generation that improves the quality of generated text through the GPT model. The proposed post-processing step is based on the analysis of POS tagging patterns in the original text and accepts only those generated sentences from GPT which satisfy POS patterns that are originally learned from the data. We exploit the GPT model to generate English headlines by utilizing Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) news dataset. Furthermore, for assessing the applicability of the model in low-resource languages, we also train the model on the Urdu news dataset for Urdu news headlines generation. The experiments presented in this paper on these datasets from high- and low-resource languages show that the performance of generated headlines has a significant improvement by using the proposed headline POS pattern extraction. We evaluate the performance through subjective evaluation as well as using text generation quality metrics like BLEU and ROUGE.

SIMPLE SENTENCE IN A·WE

A·we is the standard variety of the A·chik language also known as A·chikku which is also commonly known as the Garo language. The Garo language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Since Syntax involves arranging words to create logical phrases, clauses, and sentences, simple sentence is an important part of syntax and thus knowing about the simple sentence in A·we forms the basis of writing correct sentences in this variety of the Garo language. Noam Chomsky, the famous Linguist used the phrase, “ colorless green ideas sleep furiously’ in his book, Syntactic Structures (1957) as an example of a sentence which is syntactically and grammatically correct because it has the correct word order and the verb is consistent with the subject but is semantically incorrect. Chomsky (1957) thus illustrates that the rules governing syntax are different from the meaning conveyed by words. We can observe that there are subject and predicate in a simple sentence in language, which is the same for A·we. It is not essential that a simple sentence must be a short sentence and it is also possible to write a simple sentence if there is only one predicate used with a number of subjects to make a long sentence. Such sentences are still called a simple sentence. In this paper, we will discuss some classification of simple sentence in A·we which will further contribute to the study of syntax in A·we as well as aid in constructing proper sentences in the language.

Twilight of Human Judgment

Twilight of Human Judgment

Medical Text Classification Based on an Optimized Machine Learning and External Semantic Resource

Automatic classification of texts is a well-known topic in natural language processing (NLP), and it involves categorizing unstructured texts into specific groups. Classification algorithms for a given problem are searched for, as well as the appropriate features to use as input. These models have been used for analysis of data with a large number of sparse dimensions. In medical field, categorization of medical texts is a difficult task because these types of texts contain several terminologies that define medical ideas and words. Medical data also lack proper sentence structure and do not adhere to the standard rules of natural language grammar. The main problem in this classification task is to choose an appropriate representation as input. To solve the representation problem, we propose a new extension model for medical text personification. Our model starts with the preprocessing of medical text. Then, we use external terminology resources to expand the text. After that, we use a combination of different text vector representations. To speed up the process, we try to increase the accuracy while selecting the optimal classification parameters. In this topic, we use an adaptive particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to select the best parameters of a machine learning model. The PubMed, Hallmarks and AIM dataset were used to test our model. Our categorization text model outperforms the competition and provides much higher retrieval accuracy than previous models.

Implementing Error Correction Strategies to Enhance Arts & Science College Students’ Writing Skills

The purpose of the study is to implement error correction strategies to enhance arts & Science college students’ writing skills. Participants of the study were final year students of UG and PG from Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Arts and Science College for Women, Perambalur. An Online Google form and a survey questionnaire were administered in this study to collect data. Five point likert scale was incorporated in the questionnaire. Respondent’s size is two hundred and seventeen (217) female students. The problem statement of the study is that the female students of Arts and Science College struggle to frame a correct sentence with proper sentence structure. They are unable to frame a sentence with complete meaning. The hypothesis of the study is to enhance the arts and science female students' writing skills through the gallery walk technique and three error correction techniques. The objectives of the study are i) to enhance the writing skills of arts and science college female students, ii) To develop the ability of students to understand the importance of sentence making, iii) To bring awareness about the gallery walk technique, self, peer, and teacher correction, and its benefits. The research questions are i) Will the students develop their writing skills through self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies? ii) Will students enhance sentence structure and sentence pattern through the gallery walk technique? iii) Will students improve their language proficiency through texts and images? The collaborative theory is utilized in this study. The findings of the study are that through gallery walk and self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies, students have shown involvement and improvement.

Implementing Error Correction Strategies to Enhance Arts & Science College Students’ Writing Skills

The purpose of the study is to implement error correction strategies to enhance arts & Science college students’ writing skills. Participants of the study were final year students of UG and PG from Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Arts and Science College for Women, Perambalur. An Online Google form and a survey questionnaire were administered in this study to collect data. Five point likert scale was incorporated in the questionnaire. Respondent’s size is two hundred and seventeen (217) female students. The problem statement of the study is that the female students of Arts and Science College struggle to frame a correct sentence with proper sentence structure. They are unable to frame a sentence with complete meaning. The hypothesis of the study is to enhance the arts and science female students' writing skills through the gallery walk technique and three error correction techniques. The objectives of the study are i) to enhance the writing skills of arts and science college female students, ii) To develop the ability of students to understand the importance of sentence making, iii) To bring awareness about the gallery walk technique, self, peer, and teacher correction, and its benefits. The research questions are i) Will the students develop their writing skills through self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies? ii) Will students enhance sentence structure and sentence pattern through the gallery walk technique? iii) Will students improve their language proficiency through texts and images? The collaborative theory is utilized in this study. The findings of the study are that through gallery walk and self-correction, peer-correction, and teacher-correction strategies, students have shown involvement and improvement.

Sentencing Child Offender: Key principles and Substances that the Juvenile Court Needs to Consider in Tanzania

Children commit crimes and they are convicted daily in our courts. Once the court convicts the child as an offender, it must impose correctional measures immediately. The major rationale for handling down the child to correctional mechanisms is to rehabilitate the child offender. Thus, the Juvenile Court is obliged to maintain and strengthen family relationships, choose a least restrictive sentence which is proportionate to both offence and offender that makes a child offender change and accept his or her responsibilities towards the commission of the offence. The obligation of the juvenile court is well enshrined in international legal instruments which necessitated the introduction of the key principles to be considered in sentencing child offenders in Tanzania. The key principles introduced by the international instruments focus on: rehabilitation of the child offender; maintaining and strengthening family relationships; being least restrictive; be proportionate to the youthfulness of the child; consideration of the interest of the society; and enabling the offender to accept responsibilities over the offence committed. Based on this, the Child Act focuses more on non-custodial sentences; the key principles to consider when sentencing the child are not provided in the Act explicitly rather there presented in its Rules. The present article discusses Case Laws, Statutes provisions and international laws and the legal position in Tanzania regarding the key principles and substances to consider when sentencing a child offender. It further points out the gaps of laws and practices which normally emerge when considering proper sentence to a child offender. It is concluded that laws regarding sentencing child offenders should reflect the international instruments. The courts and other state organs should make sure their practice meets the purpose of sentencing children offenders.

한국인 중국어 학습자의 추측 어기부사 습득 양상 분석

초록·키워드 목차 오류제보하기 The purpose of this research paper is to understand the Pattern of Korean Chinese Learners" Acquisition of Modal Adverbs Denoting ‘Probable’ and to offer preliminary data for related education. As one of particular Chinese adverbs, Modal Adverbs expresses psychological states such as speakers" emotions or attitudes, which makes it hard to define a meaning into a single word. This adverb entails the position in a sentence and co-occurrence relations with different vocabulary. Taking it into account, Modal Adverbs is counted as one of the most difficult categories among Chinese grammar and vocabulary elements. In particular, Modal Adverbs Denoting ‘Probable’ is learned by learners, at a relatively early period, and thus, it needs to involve preliminary education research in relation to it. In this regard, this paper examined intermediate language corpus to understand how Korean learners acquaint themselves with the Chinese language Modal Adverbs Denoting ‘Probable’. Based on preliminary research, this research paper considered the basic meaning and feature of Modal Adverbs Denoting ‘Probable’, and then carried out an analysis of this adverb, built on "The HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus" of Beijing Language and Culture University. To do it, each 281 proper sentence and 67 improper sentence in corpus was collected to understand the status of acquisition of the language, based on those proper sentences. Error types are classified into five elements, substitution, abuse, ommission, word order, the Chinese Character to analyze contextual types and the cause of error occurrence. #Modal Adverbs Denoting ‘Probable’ #Acquisition #The HSK Dynamic Composition Corpus #Error Analysis #Chinese Education 1. 서론2. 이론적 배경3. 추측 어기부사 습득 양상4. 결론參考文獻ABSTRACT

Online EFL Teaching and Learning: Different Skills, Different Challenges

Online EFL teaching and learning has been described as a viable method of dealing with the pandemic. Only a few studies have focused on teachers' expectations as an important component of teaching effectiveness. As a result, the aim of this study is to ascertain teachers' perceptions of teaching English skills digitally, as well as their difficulties in dealing with them. The qualitative analysis approach was used in this sample, with three English teachers serving as respondents. It collects data through in-depth interviews. Data is compiled, transcribed, and sorted according to the primary topic of each sentence. The findings revealed that EFL teachers faced a number of difficulties when teaching English skills online.Teachers struggle to find adequate resources for listening, depend exclusively on YouTube, have difficulty recognizing students' comprehension, and do not consider last-year students to be relevant. In general, the internal network does not accept video conferences, there is a lack of feedback, and it is a time-consuming operation. Teachers find it difficult to monitor their students' reading activity, loss of reading abilities, more student-centered attitude, and poor attendance in class when it comes to reading. Finally, pupils are unable to write proper sentences, and teachers do not provide any critical thinking activities. It has also been discovered that the receptive abilities of listening and reading are the most difficult to develop in relation to online learning.

A semantic-pragmatic approach to sentence structure in advertising language

This article sheds light on the play and manipulation of sentence structure in advertising language and the normative use of syntactically ungrammatical sentences irrespective of the rules of normal grammar. These rules require, for instance, a sentence to include at least a verb or the grammatical requirement of a clause that needs a main sentence to be a proper sentence that can be interpreted on a semantic and pragmatic level. However, the genre of advertising language allows certain exceptions. At first glance, the syntax in advertising language might seem ungrammatical. Therefore, this research addresses the strategic manipulation of the norms of the syntax of standard sentence construction in English and Afrikaans advertisements in the South African print media to enhance possible audience involvement and to create the intended illocution. It investigates the syntactic patterning in advertising language, taking into consideration the functional effect of the violation of grammatical norms to create meaning. These violations are normative for the genre to communicate more with less (less text and fewer visuals). An advertising message is often presented in a radically reduced form and various contextual and textual variables have to be considered to convey the intended illocution.

Pragmalinguistic Aspect of Interrogative Speech Acts in Discourse of “Rig Veda”

The interrogative speech acts presented in the linguistic material of the “Rig Veda” — one of the most ancient and culturally significant works that were a manifestation of ritual and mythological discourse, are researched. The language of Vedic texts is considered from the standpoint of the functional approach as a pragmatic system for which such communicative characteristics as intentions and illocutionary power of utterances are relevant. The system of norms and ideas that govern speech activity in the Vedic ritual interaction is taken into account. It has been proven that interrogative speech acts are one of the most important pragmatic elements of this type of discourse. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that all the interrogative structures of the monument extracted as a result of a continuous sampling are studied for the first time from the point of view of pragmatics, taking into account communicative intentions. Various types of questions are described and analyzed, including interrogative constants, interrogative directives, including questions with secondary illocution, as well as proper interrogative sentences. The author comes to the conclusion that, in addition to non-specific pragmatics for a given linguistic material, interrogative sentences in the text of the Rig Veda contribute to the realization of the magic-incantatory function of speech. The results are valuable both for studying the named type of discourse and for clarifying the understanding of the text of the monument and Vedic culture as a whole.

Living With a Trifecta of Pain and Cancer With Personal Reflections of COVID-19.

The purpose of preparing this Feature Article was to explore and share my lived experience of living with multiple layers of chronic pain, with a diagnosis of advanced, aggressive and metastasized prostate cancer, and COVID-19. My exploration begins with the manifestations of chronic pain from a bicycling accident, psoriatic arthritis, with cancer treatments and the pain it creates during a panademic has added to the challenges of social distancing, isolation, and medical treatments. As with many patient experiences, we the person as patient outside of health care sometimes struggle to find the right words, the proper sentence structure and as Tamas writes about the expectation of others to provide, “Clean and reasonable scholarship about messy, unreasonable experiences is an exercise in alienation.” I write this while living with extreme chronic pain, continue cancer treatments while the threat and additional anxiety of COVID-19 looms over me. This is my story.

ANALISIS IQTIBĀS DALAM SYAIR IBNU JABIR AL ANDALUSIA

Al-Qur’an has the beautiful meaning and language style that can reach the soul of the listene From there Balāgah science appear that the suitability of fluent and proper sentence could be applied to the meaning of appropriate lafaz. In Balāgah science there are three own discussion namely: ilmu ma’āni, ilmu bayān, and ilmu badī’. Iqtibās is one of part ilmu badī’, which make many Arabic poets that cite Al-Qur’an, because of the sentences and the selection of lafaz which make the poets fascinated by the beauty of its language style. This research used a descriptive analsis of qualitative research on the poem of Ibnu Jabir Al Andalusia.

Developing Primary Students’ Spoken Interaction Skill through Communicative Language Teaching

The English language is taught as early as the preschool stage and regarded as the second language in Malaysia. However, there are still students who are struggling to utter proper sentences when they reached Year 6. Thus, this action research aims to identify the effectiveness of implementing Communicative Language Teaching activities such as real-world situations role-play, peer interview, information gap filling, and other group/pair works in developing spoken interaction among primary school students. 8 low achievers of the Year 2 ESL students from a rural school in Sarawak are selected as the participants. The data is collected through pre-test and post-test, classroom observation and semi-structured interviews. The findings have shown that most of the students responded positively towards the implementation of the CLT activities and the spoken interaction in English among them has progressed significantly. Further research on this topic could include more students from other schools of various language proficiency to increase the reliability and validity of the research.

Improving Sentence Representations via Component Focusing

The efficiency of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as text classification and information retrieval, can be significantly improved with proper sentence representations. Neural networks such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) are gradually applied to learn the representations of sentences and are suitable for processing sequences. Recently, bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) has attracted much attention because it achieves state-of-the-art performance on various NLP tasks. However, these standard models do not adequately address a general linguistic fact, that is, different sentence components serve diverse roles in the meaning of a sentence. In general, the subject, predicate, and object serve the most crucial roles as they represent the primary meaning of a sentence. Additionally, words in a sentence are also related to each other by syntactic relations. To emphasize on these issues, we propose a sentence representation model, a modification of the pre-trained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) network via component focusing (CF-BERT). The sentence representation consists of a basic part which refers to the complete sentence, and a component-enhanced part, which focuses on subject, predicate, object, and their relations. For the best performance, a weight factor is introduced to adjust the ratio of both parts. We evaluate CF-BERT on two different tasks: semantic textual similarity and entailment classification. Results show that CF-BERT yields a significant performance gain compared to other sentence representation methods.

Exploiting Text Matching Techniques for Knowledge-Grounded Conversation

Knowledge-grounded conversation models aim at generating informative responses for the given dialogue context, based on external knowledge. To generate an informative and context-coherent response, it is important to conjugate dialogue context and external knowledge in a balanced manner. However, existing studies have paid less attention to finding appropriate knowledge sentences from external knowledge sources than to generating proper sentences with correct dialogue acts. In this paper, we propose two knowledge selection strategies: 1) Reduce-Match and 2) Match-Reduce and explore several neural knowledge-grounded conversation models based on each strategy. Models based on Reduce-Match strategy first distill the whole dialogue context into a single vector with salient features preserved and then compare this context vector with the representation of knowledge sentences to predict a relevant knowledge sentence. Models based on Match-Reduce strategy first match every turn of the context with knowledge sentences to capture fine-grained interactions and aggregate them while minimizing information loss to predict the knowledge sentence. Experimental results show that conversation models using each of our knowledge selection strategies outperform the competitive baselines not only in terms of knowledge selection accuracy but also in response generation performance. Our best model based on Match-Reduce outperforms the baselines in the comparative studies with the Wizard of Wikipedia dataset. Also, our best model based on Reduce-Match outperforms them with the CMU Document Grounded Conversations dataset.

TEACHING DERIVATIONAL PROCESS TO COMPOSE PROPER SENTENCE

The title of this research is Teaching Derivational Process to Compose Proper Sentence. The objective of this study was to prove whether or not that Teaching Derivational Process influences students’ ability in using the proper words in constructing proper sentence. The group pre-test post-test design and quantitative method were used in this research. There were 26 students in this research to be entire population and they are from SMK Mohammad Toha Cimahi. This research used pre-test and post-test as the instruments. The data were collected by giving the instruments to the students, both pre-test (before giving the students treatment) and post-test (after giving the students treatment) and to analyze the data, the writer used t-test formula. The result of this study showed that the mean score of pre-test was 50,38, the mean score of post-test was 82,30, the t-obs was 10, 96, the t-table with degrees of freedom (df) was 25 and level significance at 5 % (0,05) was 1,71. From the data analysis, the writer concluded that the students’ understanding about derivational process influenced their ability in using the proper word in constructing proper sentence and it also meant that the t-observe was higher than t-table (10,96 > 1,71), so the alternative hypothesis was accepted.

What Happens When You Have A Speech Disorder?

For the first 3 years of life, the brain is hard at work trying to figure out how to speak and understand the language we hear. But for 1 in 12 children, this process does not work out so well and they develop a speech-language disorder. This means these children may have problems pronouncing words or problems making proper sentences. For example, they might say “sit on chair” instead of “sit on the chair,” or say “I wuve you” instead of “I love you.” These children then need to go to a therapist to practice saying the words properly or to learn how to make proper sentences. You probably have at least one friend who has problems with speaking. What has happened to that person? What is his or her life like? In this article, we want to talk about the process of speech therapy, when it is needed, and how it helps.