Proper Relationship Research Articles

“My Conscience is Clear” (1 Cor 4:4). The Potential Relevance of Paul’s Understanding of Conscience for Today’s Fundamental Moral Theology

The objective of this paper is to examine the Pauline understanding of conscience, with the view of gaining an inspiration from it for the contemporary discussion on the foundations of the Christian ethics. The meaning Paul attaches to it depends on the context (mainly in Rom and 1 and 2 Cor), ranging from the personal to the communal one. Conscience holds the secrets of human hearts, evaluates concrete circumstances, and discerns right from wrong. It enjoys special relationship with the Holy Spirit, who gives it credibility. Paul’s teaching on conscience extends beyond the personal to the communal. One of the most important inspirations we can draw from him is the one concerning the proper relationship between various members of the ecclesia: those appointed to hold authority, and those supposed to submit to it. How should we balance the communal demands and personal freedom of every baptized member of the community? What is common and what is personal? Despite a multitude of cultural differences and real-life problems in the world of Saint Paul and our own, a careful lecture of his writings may stimulate our debates on the foundations of Christian ethics in a positive way and ensure that they do remain the theological ones.

The history of international thought and International Relations theory: from context to interpretation

Over the past two decades, historians of international thought have markedly improved our understanding of the disciplinary history of International Relations (IR) and its wider intellectual history. During that period, ‘contextualism’ has become a leading approach in the field, as it has been for half a century in the history of political thought. This article argues that while the application of contextualism in IR has improved our understanding of its disciplinary history, its assumptions about the proper relationship between historians and theorists threaten to marginalise the history of international thought within IR. It argues that unless the inherent weaknesses in contextualism are recognised, the progress made in the field will go unrecognised by a discipline that sees little reason to engage with its history. It suggests that historians of international thought adopt an extensively modified version of contextualism that would allow them to rebuild bridges back into IR, especially IR theory.

Coasean versus Pigovian solutions to the problem of social cost: the role of common entitlements

This paper works towards drawing a proper relationship between the Coasean and Pigovian approaches that should be based on the distinction between individual/private and shared/common entitlements. Because of the specific goals of his work, Coase (1960) does not make an explicit distinction between the two types of property rights; however, there are basic differences in their management, so this distinction is essential. According to Coase, the definition of property rights facilitates the optimal allocation of private entitlements through Coasean bargaining and market transactions. This paper suggests that shared/common entitlements should also be taken into account. The shared/common entitlements alternative is so important that it should be explicitly outlined in Coase’s entitlement optimisation assumption. When resources are shared among members of groups and communities, Coasean bargaining and market deals may be carried out only after co-owners organize and collective management is established in order to negotiate the reallocation of entitlements. For Coasean bargaining to take place in these situations, centralized (i.e. Pigovian) rules and regulations should first be adopted by the groups/communities. Hence, in cases of common property rights, the Coasean and Pigovian approaches are complementary to one another. In such cases, Coasean bargaining is not a rejection of centralized Pigovian regulation but is a means to its improvement. And vice versa: relevant Pigovian rules adopted by the co-owners of entitlements are necessary institutional arrangements enabling Coasean market solutions.

TRANSHUMANISM, THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, AND MODERN BIOLOGICAL TAXONOMY

AbstractI examine the ways in which the theological and philosophical debate surrounding transhumanism might profit by a detailed engagement with contemporary biology, in particular with the mainline accounts of species and speciation. After a short introduction, I provide a very brief primer on species concepts and speciation in contemporary biological taxonomy. Then in a third section (titled “Implications for Technological Alteration of Species”) I draw out some implications for the prospects of our being able intentionally to intervene in human evolution for the production of new species out of Homo sapiens. In a fourth section (titled “How Does the Biological Conception of Homo sapiens Relate to a Philosophical (or Theological) Account of Human Nature? And Where Does This Leave Transhumanism?”) I bring in the debate over the proper relationship between biological and theological conceptions of human nature, laying out the major options available (in light of Ian Barbour's fourfold categorization schema) and considering their possible implications for our understanding of transhumanism. In a fifth section (titled “Potential Applications to Specific Subdisciplines of Theology”) several concrete examples are drawn out pertaining to particular subdisciplines within theology (hamartiology, soteriology, and eschatology). I conclude by briefly laying out some suggestions for future work, focusing on tasks that theologians specifically ought to pursue.

ANALISA KEPUASAN PELANGGAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PELAYANAN DI UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA

<p>The purpose of the research is to integrate relevant literature theory and develop a comprehensive research model of service quality to procure customer satisfaction. In this research, we present a holistic systems approach that utilizes total quality management decision in a seamless fashion to improve satisfaction and perception related to the service provided by Universitas Bunda Mulia to the students, students parents, other universities movement students, and other students. At the same time, other university departments’ important objectives, such as the implementation of an ongoing in-house procedure that supports its continuous improvement program, are taken into account. In this research, results that document the improved service quality system performance to procure customer satisfaction are further tested for their reliability and validity. Therefore, the result will be the proper and true relationship between customer satisfaction and perceived service quality that could be used either for Universitas Bunda Mulia or other universities and eduction institutions. Conceptual and managerial implications of the findings should be further discussed by Universitas Bunda Mulia to procure and achieve a much better performance in the next coming years.</p><p>Key Words- Customer, Satisfaction, and Quality</p>

Erasmus and Christian Humanist Latin

This essay looks at the quarrel of Ciceronianism among European Renaissance humanists from the perspective of Erasmus’s biblical scholarship and his evangelical understanding of the proper relationship between the mind and the speech of a Christian. These issues emerge from a contextual reading of his Dialogus Ciceronianus of 1528 that relies not only on the history of Renaissance debates over imitation but also and primarily on Erasmus’s understanding of human and divine logos as developed in his Lingua and particularly in the Paraphrases on the New Testament. Our reading will focus on some key metaphors that circulate among these Erasmian texts including the metaphor of the mirror and its implications for Christian identity.

Genomic Justice and Imagined Communities.

In this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Maya Sabatello and Paul Appelbaum explore the assumptions about community embedded in the U.S. Precision Medicine Initiative, which aims to recruit donor-partners who reflect the United States' racial and ethnic diversity. As Sabatello and Appelbaum discuss, the initiative is like other national biobanking efforts in bringing to life an imagined genetic community in need of critical attention, and given the public-private forms of partnership at the heart of the PMI, such efforts could become avenues to deepen existing inequalities rather than to alleviate them. The notion of justice has underwritten debates about genomic medicine, informed consent, citizenship, benefit sharing, and profit making since the first national biobanking project emerged at the dawn of the twenty-first century. In a paradigmatic case, the creation, by an Icelandic company, of the deCODE genomic biobank opened up fierce debates about the proper relationship between public good and private gain and became the first global example of the economic and political implications that imagined genetic communities could have in our shared future. In Mexico, in 2001, the Icelandic case fueled a policy agenda to deal with global health justice and the prospects of a future market-based colonialism predicated on the intimate knowledge of DNA.

Correlation between Mo mineralization and faults using geostatistical and fractal modeling in porphyry deposits of Kerman Magmatic Belt, SE Iran

Kerman Magmatic Belt (KMB) is located in the southern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt (UDMB), SE Iran. There are many Cu-Mo porphyry deposits which may have correlation with existing faults. The aim of this study is determination of correlation between Mo mineralization in the porphyry deposits of the KMB and faults based on fractal and geostatistical modeling. Fault density (FD) was calculated and classified by Concentration-Area (C-A) fractal model. Moreover, the Mo values in the porphyry deposits were classified by Concentration-Number (C-N) fractal model. However, the variograms and anisotropic ellipsoids for Mo, Cu and FD show that there is a proper relationship between Mo mineralization and FD trends. Consequently, the correlation between Mo mineralization and faults was calculated by logratio matrix. Based on the results derived via the fractal and geostatistical modeling, the Mo mineralization in Cu-Mo porphyry deposit have good correlation with faults in the KMB especially in the central part of the region including Sarcheshmeh mine and Nowchun deposit. Areas with extremely FD may be prospects for exploration of new porphyry deposits.

The nexus of macroprudential supervision, monetary policy, and financial stability

I discuss changes to bank supervision and regulation since the financial crisis. Microprudential supervision promotes the safety and soundness of individual institutions, while macroprudential supervision focuses on emerging risks to financial system stability. I highlight tools for implementing this macroprudential approach to promoting financial stability, and discuss the interactions and proper relationship between monetary policy and financial stability. While macroprudential tools should be the first line of defense against emerging financial imbalances, in cases where those tools proved to be inadequate to limit risks to financial stability, monetary policy should be considered as a possible defense.

Perspektywy rozwoju ekologicznej hermeneutyki Biblii

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest dostarczenie biblistom szerokiego spojrzenia na perspektywy rozwoju ekologicznej hermeneutyki Biblii, która obecnie cieszy się ogromną popularnością. Artykuł zbada, czy jest to jedynie zjawisko krótkotrwałe, czy też stanowi ważny trent w aktualnych badaniach. Współcześnie wyróżniamy trzy główne nurty tego podejścia interpretacyjnego. Ich teoretyczne i metodologiczne założenia różnią się punktem wyjścia i proponowanymi rezultatami w biblijnej interpretacji. Najbardziej rozpowszechniona forma apologetyczna często upraszcza i deformuje znaczenie tekstu nie dając przez to wiarygodnej odpowiedzi na pytania współczesnego czytelnika. Forma radykalna odchodzi od hermeneutyki w stronę dekonstrukcji Biblii i rekonstrukcji nowego, hipotetycznego tekstu. Forma neoortodoksyjna rokuje najlepsze nadzieję na dalszy rozwój tego podejścia. Pozwala odkrywać bogactwo samego tekstu i tradycji jego interpretacji oraz poszukiwać w tekście podstaw lepszego rozumienia właściwej relacji człowieka ze stworzonym światem w którym żyje i ma zostać zbawiony. Pozostaje mieć nadzieję, że proponowane studium poszerzy horyzonty badawcze w polskiej egzegezie.

The effect of substrate bonding on characterization of thin elastic layers: A finite element study

AbstractDepth‐sensing indentation tests are used to characterize non‐conventional materials, such as biomaterials, which normally require particular considerations in terms of specimen preparation. The force‐depth measurements during the test reveals valuable information about the material which can be used to obtain the elastic modulus of the sample. Analytical 2D formulas are available in the literature which incorporate a scale factor to establish a proper relationship between the elastic modulus and the force‐indentation data. Finite element analysis in 3D was used to simulate the indentation test results, propose a modified scale factor for the analytical solution, and to make a comparison between the modified and original scale factors. The numerical results revealed that the 2D formulation produces closer values to those of the 3D simulations at higher aspect ratios. Additionally, in order to consider the effects of the substrate, two extreme values for the scale factor are proposed.

Triple helix networks matching knowledge demand and supply in seven Dutch horticulture Greenport regions

This paper investigates the triple helix (industry, knowledge workers and governments) cooperation on knowledge co-production and valorisation for innovation, which took place in seven horticultural regions in the Netherlands. It thus provides more empirical insight into the functioning of this form of cooperation. Based on a secondary multiple case study analysis, this paper sets out to ascertain what enabled triple helix cooperation in the seven regions with respect to the organisation, the formulation and support for goals and action on knowledge co-production and valorisation. The results indicate that in order to stimulate innovation through triple helix cooperation, the different partners fi rst need to build a proper working relationship and a common language. In order to accomplish this, primary aims for innovation should not be formulated too ambitiously (i.e. too far beyond the entrepreneurs’ daily practice, in particular SMEs). Knowledge workers and policy makers often want to stimulate knowledge co-production and valorisation more radically and quickly. Hence, they have to temper their ambitions. Procedures regarding the cooperation should be rather simple and fl exible. Once a steady working relationship and a common language are developed, then the triple helix collaboration can focus on taking the innovation ambition to a higher level in order to realise more valuable change. At first, entrepreneurs have to experience how they can profit from the cooperation and learn to incorporate knowledge co-production and valorisation step-by-step in their business strategy, including fi nancial investments.

Simulation Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis for Additive Manufacturing

Objectives: To develop a mechanism for error detection and diagnosis in additive manufacturing system by analysing generated data for reducing manual efforts. Methods/Analysis: Data generated from the actual run is more and currently this data is analysed manually for error detection and diagnosis. We proposed developed a software tool which will help for sorting, filtering and analysing data for error detection and these data are fed to Bayesian network which help to find the cause of that error and help for error diagnosis. Bayesian network with probability reasoning is used and it requires historical data and experience person for efficient prediction. Findings: This mechanism is efficient compared to manual system. It takes lesser time to sort, filter and analyse the data for error detection. We get the idea about scenario and parameters which causes the error; hence we can limit those parameters and can resolve those issues quickly. As this mechanism helps to set a proper relationship between cause and error, hence it reduces the uncertainty of the system in fault finding. As this is automated process hence saves too much time of error detection and diagnosis, hence this proposal will speed up the fault detection and diagnosis and enable the developer to solve issue quicker and indirectly help to optimize the process and cost. Novelty: Statistical tool used for this is a Bayesian network with Probability Reasoning which has ability to infer and self-learning.

Natural Philosophy, Deduction, and Geometry in the Hobbes-Boyle Debate

This paper examines Hobbes’s criticisms of Robert Boyle’s air-pump experiments in light of Hobbes’s account in De Corpore and De Homine of the relationship of natural philosophy to geometry. I argue that Hobbes’s criticisms rely upon his understanding of what counts as “true physics.” Instead of seeing Hobbes as defending natural philosophy as “a causal enterprise … [that] as such, secured total and irrevocable assent,” 1 I argue that, in his disagreement with Boyle, Hobbes relied upon his understanding of natural philosophy as a mixed mathematical science. In a mixed mathematical science one can mix facts from experience (the ‘that’) with causal principles borrowed from geometry (the ‘why’). Hobbes’s harsh criticisms of Boyle’s philosophy, especially in the Dialogus Physicus, sive De natura aeris (1661; hereafter Dialogus Physicus), should thus be understood as Hobbes advancing his view of the proper relationship of natural philosophy to geometry in terms of mixing principles from geometry with facts from experience. Understood in this light, Hobbes need not be taken to reject or diminish the importance of experiment/experience; nor should Hobbes’s criticisms in Dialogus Physicus be understood as rejecting experimenting as ignoble and not befitting a philosopher. Instead, Hobbes’s viewpoint is that experiment/experience must be understood within its proper place – it establishes the ‘that’ for a mixed mathematical science explanation.

The human as capital? A contribution to the critique of the theory of human capital

In modern economic theories, human qualities are treated as autonomous production factors, which are called “human capital”. However, these theories provide no description of the relationship between human capital and the man who is its “bearer”, nor an explanation of the formation process of that capital. In the thesis, the author tries to justify it as follows: human qualities, including knowledge and skills, are an integral part of a human being, that is, they are involved in every human act. It is, therefore, wrong to analyse their economic significance in isolation from the whole structure of human activity. Through his or her action, man discovers the potential in things and relationships in the form of the possibility of using them for a particular purpose. Capital is thus realized by the human potential of things that form a system for transforming the world. In the first part of the article, a general description of human capital will be provided. In the second part, it will be criticized, while in the third part, there will be an attempt to show the proper relationship between man and capital from the perspective of personalism.

Achieving Aesthetic Results by Using Laser in Minimally Invasive Dentistry Approach

The preservation of healthy human body and function for every patient should be the goal of all health practitioners. Dentistry is not an exception to this philosophy. In past few decades, the improvements of scientific method and technology has led to a better understanding of oral microflora and dental materials resulted in the shifting of caries management method from G. V. Black’s “extension for prevention” to the modern “minimally invasive” approach in dentistry. The minimally invasive approach to dental caries establishes a proper doctor-patient relationship, thus empowering and educating the patient to take responsibility for their own dental health. The proper sequence of caries management should be the introduction of preventive strategies such as oral hygiene instructions, reminialization regiments, and risk assessments followed by minimal surgical interventions. Using the laser technology in the aspect of surgical intervention has many clinical advantages. Some of the clinical benefits include its selectivity for carious tissue, reduction of needs for local anesthesia, decontamination effect of preparation surfaces, minimal thermal stimulus to pulp chamber, increase in surface adhesion for composite materials, and other soft tissue applications. The combination of caries prevention program, disease control, risk assessment, and laser technology application on the surgical intervention significantly reduces the long-term restorative needs and thus preserves more healthy natural tooth structures, which complement the concept of minimally invasive dentistry. In cosmetic surgery, the same rules apply. The same laser types are used as well.

Fixed prosthetic treatment in patients with cleft lip and palate

Introduction. The prosthetic treatment of patients with cleft palate includes various treatment options such as fixed partial dentures, removable partial prosthesis, etc. The type of prosthetic appliance is determined by the oral health of each individual and the circumstances. We presented three adult patients with the cleft lip and palate subjected to prosthetic treatment. Case report. From the possible prosthetic solutions according to the conditions in the oral cavity and the circumstances, fixed partial dentures veneered with composite or ceramic were chosen. A proper relationship between the teeth was reached with the fixed partial dentures, and function established, the phonetics improved and satisfying aesthetics effect accomplished improving the profile appearance of the patient?s face. Plastic surgery of the nose was performed after that. Conclusion. Multidisclipinary treatment is necessary for favourable long-term outcome in cleft lip and palate patients.

The Infused Virtue of Simplicity: Saint Francis de Sales and Dietrich von Hildebrand

The Infused Virtue of SimplicitySaint Francis de Sales and Dietrich von Hildebrand Kevin Schemenauer (bio) Introduction Near the end of Veritatis Splendor, Pope Saint John Paul II describes a distinctive simplicity that flows from Christian faith: "Through the gift of new life, Jesus makes us sharers in his love and leads us to the Father in the Spirit. Such is the consoling certainty of Christian faith, the source of its profound humanity and extraordinary simplicity. . . . Christian morality consists, in the simplicity of the Gospel, in following Jesus Christ, in abandoning oneself to him, in letting oneself be transformed by his grace and renewed by his mercy, gifts which come to us in the living communion of his Church."1 John Paul highlights that a fundamental feature of the Christian faith is the radical commitment that this faith requires. Christ is the one thing necessary. He must receive absolute primacy in one's life. Accordingly, one must avoid getting caught up in the complexity of everyday life and thereby miss the extraordinary simplicity that Christ offers to us. The challenge, however, is that as an embodied being, one cannot merely withdraw from all things not Christ. As John Paul further explains, "this evangelical simplicity does not exempt one from [End Page 95] facing reality in its complexity; rather it can lead to a more genuine understanding of reality, inasmuch as following Christ will gradually bring out the distinctive character of authentic Christian morality, while providing the vital energy needed to carry it out."2 The Christian must seek to understand and live out the proper relationship between commitment to the one thing necessary and the complexity both of the created world and one's life. Withdrawal from various goods is necessary for Christian simplicity but not sufficient. I propose that true simplicity is a life united and integrated by love of Christ. While John Paul serves as a departure point, I develop this claim with the insights of seventeenth-century doctor of the Church, St. Francis de Sales, and twentieth-century Catholic convert and philosopher, Dietrich von Hildebrand. Both authors offer extended and insightful treatment of the extraordinary Christian simplicity of which John Paul speaks. Their works bear even greater fruit in conversation with one another. Von Hildebrand, the philosopher, clarifies the nature of simplicity, insightfully distinguishes between harmful and necessary forms of complexity, and diagnoses false forms of simplicity. De Sales, the pastor, encourages humble recognition of one's limitations and directs questions about the complexity of life to love of God from which Christian simplicity flows and to which Christian simplicity is ordered. The strength of each presentation helps to overcome what is missing in the other. De Sales does not provide the systematic framework, clear definition, or helpful distinctions one sees in the works of von Hildebrand, but he offers something von Hildebrand does not, namely, pastoral guidance concerning the real risks of complexity and the concrete steps one can take to grow toward Christian simplicity. After explaining in more detail why these two authors are uniquely qualified for speaking to the topic of simplicity, I will engage their analysis of Christian simplicity in three steps. I will integrate and add to their work to show why God must have ultimate primacy in one's life. I will describe why and how this commitment demands withdrawal [End Page 96] from various forms of complexity. Then, after clarifying why complexity is necessary in life, I will explain how one can integrate complexity in Christ. The Universal Call to Holiness St. Francis de Sales was a seventeenth-century bishop who provided spiritual direction to those who lived in the world. Recognizing the uniqueness of this ministry, he writes in the preface to his spiritual classic, Introduction to the Devout Life: Almost all those who have hitherto written about devotion have been concerned with instructing persons wholly withdrawn from the world or have at least taught a kind of devotion that leads to such complete retirement. My purpose is to instruct those who live in town, within families, or at court, and by their state of life are obliged to live an ordinary life as to outward...

The Irish Contribution to the Ideological Origins of the American Revolution: Nonimportation and the Reception of Jonathan Swift’s Irish Satires in Early America

The Irish Contribution to the Ideological Origins of the American RevolutionNonimportation and the Reception of Jonathan Swift’s Irish Satires in Early America Sean Moore (bio) When scholars study the literature and history of the eighteenth century, it is a commonplace to say that the American Revolution inspired similar Irish decolonizing events like the 1798 Rebellion of the United Irishmen or even the 1916 Easter Rising, the one hundredth anniversary of which we commemorated last year. A newly discovered document at Harvard’s Houghton Library, an original copy of a text discussed by T. H. Breen, however, reminds us that the pattern might have been the reverse (236). The 1767 Boston Nonimportation Agreement, a covenant signed by hundreds of Boston merchants to boycott British imports in the wake of the Townshend Acts—new taxes on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea—seems to have been inspired by Ireland’s similar idea in the 1720s. Led by satirist Jonathan Swift, this advocacy for an Irish boycott of British goods and the encouragement of domestic industry was targeted at the Declaratory Act of 1720, a measure that asserted the British Parliament’s right to levy taxes for Ireland without the Irish Parliament’s consent. This legislation, copied almost word-for-word when the British Parliament passed a similar Declaratory Act for the American colonies in 1766, was symptomatic of a greater centralization of the empire’s fiscal authority, generating much constitutional debate about the proper relationship between England and its external dominions (McIlwain 49–50, 50–51n2). Americans were inspired by this Irish debate because until the radical republican break with Britain in 1776, they were still attempting to make constitutional arguments within the tradition of anglophone political thought about their proper level of sovereignty vis-à-vis Britain. What both the [End Page 333] Anglo-Irish Swift and the Anglo-American Patriots were objecting to was the British fiscal-military state’s endless appetite for revenue, felt particularly keenly by the Americans in the wake of the Seven Years’ War (Brewer xvii). While the debt of the early Americans to the Irish political thought of the previous generations and centuries was well documented in the 1920s by Charles Howard McIlwain and more recently by Carla Mulford and Leo Lemay, little work has been done on literature’s place in articulating this thought. Further, though the Patriot and Loyalist receptions of Swift’s more English writings have been documented by many critics, much less work has been done on the reading and influence of Swift’s Irish satires in early America. This essay establishes that Swift’s advocacy for an Irish boycott, articulated in such literary works as A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture (1720), the Drapier’s Letters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), influenced British Americans to propose similar political and economic actions to protest what they saw as unconstitutional London measures. It contends that the Anglo-Irish, a colonial elite struggling to protect its assets from imperial confiscation, were a political model for the Anglo-Americans, who similarly found themselves underrepresented in legislative deliberation affecting their economy. What both groups were arguing for in asserting control over their fiscal affairs was a measure of sovereignty, in relation to the British Parliament, over the proceeds of colonialism. This essay argues that the prism of book history, and its focus on reader reception, promises to make visible the relationship of Anglo-American to Anglo-Irish political thinking. It does so by drawing on the work of Hugh Amory, David Hall, and James Raven on the transatlantic book trade—the vehicle for the dissemination of such ideas. There is evidence, I explain, particularly from the America’s Historical Newspapers database and from the catalogues and borrowing records of the Salem Social Library and Redwood Library of Newport, that American readers took Swift’s Irish writings to hand during the nonimportation era. The broader implications of this argument are that Irish writing’s role in the ideological origins of the Revolution not only is manifest in the nonimportation agreements but also is indicative of the fact that American Patriots, like the Anglo-Irish, were not exceptional in their confrontation with...

The Science of Literature: Essays on an Incalculable Difference by Helmut Müller-Sievers

Reviewed by: The Science of Literature: Essays on an Incalculable Difference by Helmut Müller-Sievers Joseph D. O'Neil Helmut Müller-Sievers. The Science of Literature: Essays on an Incalculable Difference. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2015. 270 pp. Helmut Müller-Sievers's essay collection covers the announced theme from several perspectives: literary studies as a science, representations of science in literature, and literature as science and technology. Divided into three major sections, these twelve essays and a substantial introduction address the conjunction of Literatur and Wissenschaft as their author has elaborated it since the mid-1990s, when his Epigenesis: Naturphilosophie im Sprachdenken Wilhelm von Humboldts (Schöningh, 1994) and its expanded version, Self-Generation: Biology, Literature, Philosophy around 1800 (Stanford University Press, 1997), appeared. Readers of his critique of epigenesis and Naturphilosophie will recognize in the present volume both the origins and subsequent development of this critical perspective. The first chapter recapitulates the insights of these early works. If Self-Generation admonished its readers to seek the mechanical, human-made underpinnings of organic models of biology and culture, against the perennial victories of autopoiesis, this volume insists in its entirety on the search for the suppressed or forgotten critical notion that will cast cultural and natural phenomena in a different light. The result is that the apparently disparate collection produces a series of differends that run through and beneath the collected essays, such that the "implied genitive" in Literaturwissenschaft is recast not as the plodding, Teutonic search for certainty or at least exhaustive documentation but as "the marker of irreducible conflict, preposterous confusion, or felicitous allegiance" between the literary artifact and the claims of science, literary or natural. In other words, the author argues that literature colludes in and is produced by the important scientific developments from circa 1800 to after 1850: the rise of epigenesis and developments in anatomy, physiology, and mechanics. The early work in reproductive biology, presented here in the first and second chapters, is complemented by two chapters on orientation, one on Kant's "orientation in thinking" and the other on Romantic geography (Erdkunde); the latter chapter seems to have something against maps in favor of subjective and [End Page 319] intuitive notions of place. While Müller-Sievers remains skeptical of Idealist and Romantic models and their successors throughout, his is not a critique that simply reduces Idealism or Romanticism to an aesthetic ideology or a forerunner of National Socialism; Müller-Sievers criticizes the a priori tendency to avoid "historical and textual specificity" in such readings, here in the case of Andrzej Warminski (156). This volume is shaped by close and careful readings of, for example, Nietzsche's philological work ("A Tremendous Chasm"), Kant's use of colons ("What Does It Mean to Orient Oneself in Thinking?"), and the relationship of Schelling's use of the term Deconstruktion to Derrida's deconstruction (with which Müller-Sievers has clear affinities). The revelation of the textual and ideological mechanism that propels the organism becomes a fascination with dynamic, nonorganic models, whether scientific or literary. For example, an analysis of the role of rhythm and accent in Greek poetry (and thus, by extension, functions of the body) reveals that Nietzsche's evocation of the Dionysian in the Birth of Tragedy is not that of a primal substance but of a decadent form of the Apollonian. Investigations of Büchner's work on the nervous system show that Büchner's language and compositional form resist both Naturphilosophie and the "hyper-Romantic expressivity" that his specialist critics attribute to him; by implication, then, Büchner also resists the critics' desire for an "intact, natural language that speaks … of the wholeness of the world in both science and literature" (89). Müller-Sievers's task throughout this collection is to resist this desire, focusing instead on formal, historical, and rhetorical detail without the pretension to explain once and for all a single, proper relationship among literature, criticism, and science. Whether it refers to the scientific character of literary studies or the relationship between literature and the natural sciences, Müller-Sievers's recasting of the literature-science relationship extends to new (and, true to his earlier...