It is an orthodoxy championed by Kripke that Frege’s theory of sense is an semantic theory. With Frege’s focus on abstract objects as examples, I point out that much can be learned from Kripke’s metaphysics and epistemology, but I disagree with him with my epistemological theory of sense. Abstract objects are the way they are necessarily, but concrete objects are often not; if sense is objective, is it then necessary? That Hesperus occupies a given position in the evening sky constitutes the sense of the proper name ‘Hesperus’, which, if one were to interact appropriately with others in a linguistic community using that name, one is to know, but Venus could have been knocked out of its course. If sense is modifiable, how is it still objective? Besides the exegetical contention that Frege’s theory of sense is epistemological, I will also develop a measure of objectivity along representation, or Vorstellung, which cuts across belief and knowledge. A representation reaching a given objectivity constitutes sense, and I explore whether objectivity is explained with justifiability thus. I propose a common ground conception of sense that is epistemological, which connects to the orthodoxy through linguistic conventionality.

INTRODUCTION . The euphemism “medved” (bear) was widely used as a proper noun, ultimately forming a complex and multi-layered system. The aim of the study is to identify the levels and stages of transonymization of the proper nouns associated with the specified lexeme. MATERIALS AND METHODS . The material for the study consisted of names recorded in 16th-century documents, onomastic lists and dictionaries, and topographic maps. Sampling methods, structuralsemantic, etymological, and word-formation methods were applied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . The first level of the onym system associated with the nomen “medved” (bear) includes Old Russian personal names and nicknames such as “Medved”, while the second level includes various folk forms derived from these names (“Mashutka”, “Medvedok”). At the third level, these names and forms transition into surnames (“Medvedev”, “Medvedkov”). Surnames, in turn, form the basis for the formation of toponyms (“Medvedevo”, “Medvedkovo”). They should be distinguished from geographical names that reflect a connection with bears: directly (the presence of the animal in the area) or indirectly (indicating the remoteness or taboo nature of the place: “Medvezhy Klyuch”, “Medvezhy Yar”). There are also names associated with geographical metaphors, reflecting the resemblance of mountains, slopes, and cliffs to this animal. From such toponyms, names of other types were formed (the elevation “Medvezhya Gora” – the city “Medvezhyegorsk”). CONCLUSION . Establishing all stages of transonymization allows us to correctly etymologize proper names, revealing both direct and indirect connections with the lexeme lexeme “medved” (bear). Further research may involve theoretical understanding of the relationship between calendar and traditional Russian names, local geographical terminology, transonymization.

The paper is devoted to the consideration of the category of Article in the German Language as a system means of individualization and categorising. The research thrives to reveal cognitively determined mechanisms governing classification of realia. The Research Methodology bases on the Class Theory implicating particular provisions of the Theory of Reference in order to provide a new linguistical consideration, which would not only prescribe the German Article a role of a solely grammatical indicator. This inflicts Key Statements, revealing Definite Article as a means of Individualization upon some unique feature of an object, whereas Indefinite Article is commonly used to categorise it as a class member by any common feature. The paper also offers a point of view, the status of “null article” as a type of syntactic null has wide discussion potential and hence considers revising. The offered Classification of Article Meanings is deemed scalable and allows for the conclusion, toponyms, oikonyms, astronyms, proper names, etc. can be used in order to create and provide content for object classes.

There is reason to think that the distinction between referential and attributive uses of definite descriptions is an instance of a general distinction that also applies to uses of proper names (Saul Kripke, “Speaker’s Reference and Semantic Reference,” Midwest Studies in Philosophy II 1977). This means that if, as many have argued (against Kripke), the referential-attributive distinction has semantic significance, then the reference of a proper name, as used on a given occasion, may depend on whether or not the name is used referentially on that occasion. The present paper aims to do two things. First, the paper generalizes the referential-attributive distinction in a way that is different from Kripke’s generalization, but still applies to proper names as well as to definite descriptions. This general distinction is between what I call targeted and untargeted uses of noun phrases, including both definite descriptions and proper names. Second, the paper aims to show that targeted uses of proper names are regular and standard, just as targeted (i.e., referential) uses of definite descriptions are. This is important because the most prominent argument for the semantic significance of the referential use of definite descriptions, known as the “Argument from Convention,” is based on the referential use being regular and standard. Having established that the targeted use of proper names is also regular and standard, we are in a position to make a similar argument for the semantic significance of the targeted use of proper names.

Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate that proper names serve as relevant elements for linguistic research. Latin nomina and cognomina and other onomastic aspects found in five epigraphic texts from the ager Olisiponensis , Lusitania will be studied. The adoption of the morphological process of creating names with Latin onymic suffixes -ius/-us among the local communities is interrelated with the presence of ‘onomastic fossils’ and concise epigraphic texts, with two given names in genitive. This adds new data about the cultural and linguistic influence of Italic migration flows to this region, namely the use and reinterpretation of onomastic elements.

This study aims to describe the use of existential presupposition in the comment section of the Instagram account @jakarta.keras on a post concerning the corruption case of PT Pertamina Patra Niaga dated February 25, 2025. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach from a pragmatic perspective. The data consist of utterances in the comment section that contain assumptions regarding the existence of particular entities. Data were collected using the observational method with the non-participatory observation technique, while data analysis was conducted using the pragmatic equivalent method through the Determining Element Sorting (Pilah Unsur Penentu/PUP) technique. The results indicate that existential presuppositions appear in various forms, which are classified into four categories: individual-based, group-based, social status–based, and ownership-relation–based existential presuppositions. These presuppositions are constructed through the use of definite noun phrases, proper names, plural forms, social status markers, and possessive markers. The findings demonstrate that Instagram comment sections function not only as a medium for expressing opinions but also as a space for constructing assumptions about the existence, identity, and social relations of actors involved in an event.

This paper aims to highlight the multiple nuances of diminutivized anthroponyms in modern European literature (19th century), focusing on the convergent and divergent aspects of the use of proper names across different cultural contexts. The diminutivization of anthroponyms transcends the linguistic sphere, becoming a complex tool for stylistic and identity construction, as well as a means of psychological characterization. The methodology of the present paper is characteristic to the field of onomastics, semantics, stylistics, theory of literary criticism and theory of literature. The corpus is excerpted from 19th century European literature.

The objective of this research was to propose an essentialized practice for the development of software assets based on reuse, in order to improve its understanding and application in software development contexts. The study addresses the limitations of traditional textual descriptions of practices, which are often ambiguous or difficult to interpret. To overcome this issue, the Model for Unified Definition of Practices in Software Engineering was applied to identify and structure the essential elements of the proposed practice, ensuring clarity and proper naming. The methodology included a review of conceptual references and a theoretical study on software asset reuse, followed by the construction of the practice using the essential practices approach. The practice was validated through expert consultation with Software Engineering professionals, who evaluated its clarity, usefulness, and applicability. The results show that essentialization supports clearer definition and effective application of the practice.

Aim. To determine the role of a female image in figurative language devices: phraseological units, proverbs, and sayings, which are defined by the term paroemia. Methodology. The subject of the study was the phraseological material, which consists of phraseological units, including phraseological expressions, catchphrases, and proverbs extracted from dictionaries of Russian phraseology, as well as dictionaries of proverbs and sayings. Such methods as observation, continuous sampling, statistical analysis, comparative analysis, as well as sociolinguistic, lexical-semantic, and historical-etymological analysis were used in both collection and analysis of the phraseological material. Results. Sociolinguistic, lexical-semantic, and historical-etymological analysis was used to identify the reasons for using female images as lexical components, the sources of their formation, etymology, and semantics when studying lexical components in the composition of phraseological units, paroemias, and catchphrases, that are similar to well-known female names. It was found that myths, biblical legends, literary works, colloquial speech, movies, and popular television series are the main sources of female images in the lexical composition of phraseological units, as well as the origin of catchphrases. It has been noted that some female images have become common nouns with a metaphorical meaning. The semantics of phraseological units and proverbs containing female names as lexical components, as well as female names that have become catchphrases, is determined by various characteristics of women: appearance, personality traits, behavior in different situations, and their place and role in society. Research implications. The studied phraseological units, catchphrases, and paroemias containing female onyms, which are recorded in dictionaries and reference books of the Russian language, enrich the theory of linguoculturology and sociolinguistics, and also outline the prospects for a systematic study of similar linguistic units in synchrony and diachrony in order to identify trends the formation of new words and meanings, catchphrases, idioms, and proverbs. Such linguistic units allow us to determine the role of proper names in enriching the vocabulary and phraseology of the modern Russian literary language, and they are also of great importance for lexicography.

This study is devoted to the investigation of Ukrainian anthroponyms ending in -аш, -ашко from the 17th century, which are attested in the little-known Turkish historical source Defter Mufassal 1681 The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure and formative bases of proper names in Defter Mufassal 1681, which were formed using the suffixes -аш, -ашко. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set: 1) to identify Ukrainian anthroponyms of the 17th century from the Defter Mufassal 1681 that contain the formants -аш, -ашко; 2) to analyze proper names of people and compare them with the modern Ukrainian anthroponymicon; 3) to identify those onyms that are not recorded at the present stage. The article uses descriptive methods and methods of analysis, systematization, and comparison. This study is a continuation of a series of studies by the author. The study found that the analyzed fragment of anthroponymy from the Deftera Mufassala 1681 indicates that the system of Ukrainian proper names is historically and territorially unified. Proper names ending in -аш, -ашко already in the 17th century showed that such anthroponyms are unique identifiers of Ukrainians in Podillia, which is confirmed at the present stage. This study has restored an anthroponymicon that has been lost today, but thanks to a Turkish monument, a fragment of historical anthroponymy has been recreated. The isolated proper names ending in -аш, -ашко confirm that in the 17th century there was an extensive register of borrowed proper names that were adapted to the Ukrainian language and became the basis for surnames of these types. The motivational bases for anthroponyms ending in -аш and -ашко were mainly Christian names. The adaptation of canonical nouns took place through suffixation. It is promising that the newly discovered historical proper names of various types expand the database of Ukrainian anthroponymy in diachrony, which is of great importance for the development of Slavic onomastics, in particular anthroponymy.

This paper studies the names used in NoViolet Bulawayo’s novel We Need New Names through textual analysis and literary onomastics. It also examines the significance of names and tries to understand how naming is used as a technique for narrating the story and analyses the absence of proper names for addressing the protagonist’s language and the country. Names are indisputably essential elements in the formation of a person’s identity, especially the given name and the place name. Names have the primary function of distinguishing one from other. Therefore, human beings give prime importance to naming as we can see in many naming ceremonies across the world, making it a universal process. The role names perceive in literature is studied by many like Iraida Gerus-Tarnawecky, Martyna Gibka, Esther Igwenyi, Kyallo Wadi Wamitila, et al. Many have also shown their interest in studying the meanings of names and the different types of meanings like David Blair, Livingstone Makondo, and Staffan Nyström. This paper reveals the role perceived by names and their meaning in the novel We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo.

The article is devoted to a review of more than 20 years of work by the academic staff of the Department of Ukrainian Applied Linguistics at Ivan Franko National University of Lviv in the field of educational lexicography – specifically, the work on the “Linguocultural Dictionary of Ukrainian Proper Names” (2005–2025). It describes all currently available volumes of the Dictionary, each presenting a distinct thematic group of onymic lexis. The progress of work on the Dictionary is documented with precision ‒ from the inception of the idea (in late 2001) to the 2020 publication of a modern-format edition (Ivanna Fetsko’s linguocultural dictionary-handbook on the museums of Lviv). A detailed analysis has been conducted on the theoretical developments in educational linguocultural lexicography, as well as the practical achievements of the authors of various volumes of the Dictionary. It has been established that, in light of changes in extralinguistic reality, it would be advisable to adjust the wordlist and the content of certain dictionary entries in the already published volumes. Furthermore, there is a need to expand the coverage of other thematic groups of onymic lexis that have not been previously addressed from a linguocultural perspective. Based on the analysis of a wide range of scientific studies regarding the importance of using texts in linguodidactics, the article emphasizes the expediency of compiling an additional volume ‒ a reader (chrestomathy) ‒ that would contain a selection of texts of various styles and genres in which the onymic lexis described in the Dictionary is actualized. In conclusion, the general concept for a consolidated collective “Linguocultural Dictionary of Ukrainian Proper Names” is outlined, and it is proposed to publish the already issued thematic groups of the Dictionary on the website of the Department of Ukrainian Applied Linguistics. Furthermore, the idea of implementing the Department’s collective lexicographical work into electronic corpora of the Ukrainian language (e.g., GRAC) is considered appropriate to make these resources accessible to a wider audience.

This article examines the creation and circulation of denominal verbs derived from the proper names of political figures in Colombian digital discourse, based on a corpus of posts published on X (formerly Twitter) between 2021 and 2022. Drawing on an approach that combines verbal morphology, discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, the study shows that the suffix -ear constitutes a highly productive mechanism for verbalizing proper names in Colombian Spanish. Far from being mere instances of playful lexical creativity, these formations function as full-fledged discursive operators. They condense accusation, evaluative judgment and political criticism, while facilitating rapid circulation and collective memorization within the digital public sphere. A detailed analysis of the verb abudinear and its extensions (jeniferear, duquear, carrasquillear) reveals the gradual shift from punctual morphological innovations to stabilized discursive formulascarrying a strong axiological load. The article thus demonstrates that morphological innovation on X plays an active role in processes of political delegitimation and polarization in contemporary Colombia, offering a valuable lens through which to examine the interplay between language, political conflict and digital media.

The article analyzes the issue of registration and translation of Indonesian mononyms-single-element personal proper names—within the legal and linguistic systems of Poland and the European Union. The aim of the paper is to highlight the technical, legal, and translation-related challenges that arise from the collision between the single-name model and the European two-element naming standard (given name + surname). The author provides defi nitions of key onomastic concepts and classifies the various anthroponymic models functioning in Indonesia. The article also examines administrative practices (using examples from the Netherlands and Poland) and Indonesian legal reforms aimed at standardizing name registration. The text includes proposals for legislative and terminological changes to facilitate the transcultural ad-aptation of personal names in population registration systems. From the perspective of legal linguistics and certified translation practice, the need is emphasized for introducing neutral terminology and adapting digital systems to cultural diversity.

ABSTRACT Metalinguistic views of proper names are often written off on the ground that they are ‘blatantly circular’ (Saul Kripke, Naming and Necessity, 72). This article exonerates metalinguistic views from the charge of circularity. I begin by distinguishing a word from its associated form: while words have semantic properties, forms – which are types of sounds, inscriptions, or gestures – do not. Quotation marks can be used to form a quote-name of either a word or its associated form. I argue that the impression of circularity in metalinguistic views results from the decision to resolve the ambiguity of quotation in the metalinguistic specification of the meaning of a proper name in one way rather than the other – i.e. by taking quotation as forming quote-names of words. Metalinguistic views, however, are not committed to this understanding of quotation. On the contrary, I argue that a plausible and charitable reading of metalinguistic views should take the quotation (in the metalinguistic specification of the meaning of a proper name) to be a quote-name of a form. When metalinguistic views are thus understood, the circularity worry does not even arise.

The commissive speech acts help manage situations where linguistics form does not fully reflect the intended meaning. Consequently, translating commissive speech acts in films requires particular care and consideration. Therefore, this research objective is to analyse the application of subtitling strategies in the translation of commissive speech act dialogues in the series Wednesday Episode 1, based on Gottlieb’s (1992) theoretical framework. Subtitling, as a form of audio-visual translation, requires linguistic and technical adjustments so that messages can be conveyed accurately within the constraints of space and time. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with documentation techniques as the basis for data collection. A total of seven data items were obtained, consisting of utterances taken from the source script and their translations. The findings reveal that several subtitling strategies were used: paraphrase (2 data), transfer (1 datum), imitation (2 data), decimation (1 datum), and deletion (1 datum). Paraphrase strategy was the most frequently used strategy due to its flexibility in handling expressions without direct Indonesian equivalents. Transfer strategy was applied when meanings could be conveyed directly, while imitation strategy used for proper and place names. Decimation and deletion strategies used to address technical constraints like rapid dialogue and limited subtitle space. Overall, this study concludes that subtitling strategies are chosen contextually to maintain the accuracy, naturalness, and readability of subtitles for the audience.

Review of the book: Katermina V. V. Proper Name in a Literary Text (Based on the Russian and English Languages). Moscow, 2020. 100 p. (in Russ.). The review commends V.V. Katermina’s monograph as a work that contributes significantly to the development of the theory of onomastics. It is emphasized that the reviewed study goes beyond traditional onomastics, offering a holistic perspective on the functioning of the proper name as an element of the artistic worldview. The anthropocentric approach allows Katermina to consider the proper name as a phenomenon that enables us to “read” individuals, their cultures, national traditions and mental models. The novelty of the monograph lies in viewing the proper name as a special artistic sign that has the ability to enhance the aesthetic value of a text and create, or assign, additional meanings.

Humans use proper names as vocal labels to identify and communicate with and about social agents. The comprehension of spoken proper names requires the ability to interpret socially specific verbal signals, or social vocal labels, and use cross-modal perception to identify and discriminate between group members. Individuals that recognize and comprehend familiar proper names can use these labels to identify and discriminate between groupmates, gain third-party knowledge, and guide decision-making. Use of vocal labels for conspecifics is noticeably rare in the animal kingdom, and has only been found in species (dolphins, elephants, and marmosets) that are phylogenetically distant from humans. We therefore investigated the phylogenetic trajectory of this capacity by studying our closest living primate relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus). We implemented a cross-modal non-invasive eye-tracking and playback study with multiple populations of apes (N = 24) living in zoos and sanctuaries, none of whom were specifically language-trained. We tested whether chimpanzees and bonobos spontaneously attend toward an image of a groupmate whose name has been called by a human caretaker. We found limited evidence that apes link the caretaker-given names of their groupmates to images on a screen, and therefore cannot make strong conclusions about apes’ comprehension of these social vocal labels. Our playback and eye-tracking paradigm offers a novel tool for studying cross-modal perception and knowledge of vocal labels. Future work will be critical to identify the sociocognitive foundations underlying socially specific referential communication and the evolution of language.

Abstract In this essay, I subject Frege’s line of argument in the opening passage of ‘Über Sinn und Bedeutung’ to critical scrutiny, reveal its weaknesses and show what someone might nonetheless learn from it if pondering over the nature of identity and the cognitive value of identity statements. I argue that (a) Frege’s epistemological argument against the metalinguistic view of identity is inconclusive, (b) he fails to argue for the plausibility and strength of the objectual view of identity, (c) any acknowledgement by Frege that, in general, the cognitive value of true statements of the form “ $$a = b$$ a = b ” is not negatively affected by the arbitrariness of the name-object relation would have amounted to a concession that the metalinguistic view of identity statements is epistemologically on a par with the objectual view, i.e. that both views allow a plausible explanation of the fact that such statements, unlike statements of the form “ $$a = a$$ a = a ”, often contain a piece of valuable knowledge. I argue that in his mature period after 1892, Frege was right in calling into question the “coincidence view of (ordinary) proper names” according to which the sense of a proper name coincides with the sense of a “privileged” coreferential definite description. I also comment on the sense of a concept-script proper name as well as on Frege’s transformation of a metalinguistic, but non-definitional stipulation of coreferentiality into an objectual identity in Grundgesetze I. In the penultimate section, I discuss the question of whether the objectual view of identity was a conditio sine qua non for Frege’s attempt to establish the analyticity of (true) non-trivial arithmetical equations.

How should revolutionaries mourn the dead? What distinguishes a communist practice of mourning from that oriented toward the preservation of the capitalist state form? This article seeks to answer these questions via an examination of the responses of early members of the Chinese Communist Party to the deaths of major revolutionary figures, above all that of Lenin in 1924. It argues that Lenin’s death became a vital site of cultural politics under the conditions of the First United Front. Chinese communists sought to resist the reduction of Lenin to an individuated, heroic figure whose political work could be limited to the political form of the disciplined party organization and instead situated Lenin on an internationalist horizon, as a figure to be emulated by communists globally, alongside other deceased figures such as Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.