Proper Authentication Research Articles

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F.

Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f. is a large bush or small tree belonging to the family Verbenaceae. The present study deals with the pharmacognostical and phytochemical study of leaf including chromatographic evaluation. Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f. leaf is rhomboid ovate, acute at apex crenate-dentate at margin, sub-cordate at base and velvety in texture. Leaf of the plant can be identified microscopically by the presence of hooked trichomes, glandular sessile trichomes, starch grains, oil globules, Anomocytic type of stomata and rhomboidal and prismatic crystal. Preliminary analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, steroid, alkaloids, tannin and phenol. HPTLC study of alkaloid showed the presence of two spots in short and three spots in long UV rays. The information generated by this study provides relevant Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical data needed for proper identification and authentication of leaf of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn.f.

On Controls in Ancient Microbiome Studies, and Microbial Resilience in Ancient Samples.

In the following comment, we reply to Eisenhofer and Weyrich’s letter “Proper authentication of ancient DNA is still essential” responding to the article “Gut Microbiome and Putative Resistome of Inca and Italian Nobility Mummies” by Santiago-Rodriguez et al. One of the concerns raised was the possibility that the patterns noted in the gut microbiome of pre-Inca/Inca and Italian nobility mummies were due to contamination of the blank control. When examining the blank controls and filtering the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in the blank controls, and further performing in-silico contamination analyses, we noticed very similar patterns as those previously reported. We also discuss controls in ancient microbiome studies, and aspects of microbial resilience in ancient samples.

A Systematic Review of Finger Vein Recognition Techniques

Biometric identification is the study of physiological and behavioral attributes of an individual to overcome security problems. Finger vein recognition is a biometric technique used to analyze finger vein patterns of persons for proper authentication. This paper presents a detailed review on finger vein recognition algorithms. Such tools include image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction and matching methods to extract and analyze object patterns. In addition, we list some novel findings after the critical comparative analysis of the highlighted techniques. The comparative studies indicate that the accuracy of finger vein identification methods is up to the mark.

An enhanced security-aware dynamic packet scheduling scheme for wireless networks using intelligent time slice-based krill herd algorithm

ABSTRACTWireless networks perform computing on grouped users together through networks that suffer with improper scheduling and less security awareness results in terms of bandwidth, increase in error rate, power constraints, authentication problem, etc. In order to tackle these problems, an enhanced security-aware dynamic packet scheduling is implemented by utilizing integrated speed packet scheduling which utilizes node distribution by the krill herd algorithm and packet evaluation by intelligent time slice, and reducing the dimensionality of packets with some evolutionary techniques for transmission. To protect these packets from attacks during transmission, the packets are secured by identifying the malicious node and protecting them with proper authentication by PKI (public key infrastructure) with the handshake of secure exchange of distributed signatures. The experimental execution in NS-3 simulator outcomes shows that the proposed system is more efficient in the packet delivery ratio and security than other existing techniques.

Publicly verifiable watermarking scheme for intellectual property protection using quantum Chaos and bit plane complexity slicing

Intellectual Property such as music, painting, videos and other similar works being broadcasted on web need to be protected against copyright infringement to ensure the rights of their legitimate owners. Moreover, their users must also be sure of the originality of these artefacts. Both these problems can be solved through proper authentication on behalf of the creator. For this purpose, various publicly verifiable watermarking schemes have been available in literature. Recent proposal, in this domain, is based on chaos theory and Secured Hashing Algorithms SHA-2. Due to tremendous growth in the availability of Intellectual Property on the web and associated breaches it becomes a mandatory requirement to update these authenticating schemes. This paper proposes the usage of some more secure, reliable and efficient components in watermarking schemes than being used at present. Proposed changes include the deployment of encryption scheme based on Quantum Logistic maps instead of current Chaos encryption based on peter de-jong map, in order to optimise randomness, correlation and time complexity. For better security and efficiency in hardware implementation SHA-3 is a better choice than SHA-2. Data embedding can be done in regions where imperceptibility is quite high. The proposed changes can result in the creation of more reliable and efficient system. To test the hypothesis, proposed mechanism has been implemented in MATLAB-16a and various performance metrics such as correlation coefficient, PSNR, UIQI, SSIM have been measured. The results show that proposed scheme outperforms its counterpart in terms of all the performance metrics.

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL GENETIC BARCODING AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ON LEAVES OF DALBERGIA VOLUBILIS ROXB.–AN EXTRA PHARMACOPOEIAL DRUG

Objective: The leaves of Biraskala have been reported for its ethnomedicinal claims for the management of aphthae, heart pain, menorrhagia and post-partum problem. Botanically it has been identified as Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. This research article overcomes the lacuna and explores the anatomical, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) barcoding and preliminary phytochemical analysis including High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC).Methods: After proper authentication, leaves were exposed to macroscopy, microscopy and micrometric analysis and physicochemical, qualitative, quantitative and HPTLC study as per of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API). DNA barcoding of the fresh tender leaves samples were carried out following standard methods.Results: Macroscopically leaves are compound, unipinnate, imparipinnate, rachis base pulvinus, leaflets 11-13. Microscopy of T. S. of rachis resembles anatomical structure of stem. Schematic outline of T. S. of petiolule is circular in shape with single layer epidermis is followed by ground tissue and centrally located vascular bundle. Schematic outline of T. S. of leaflet is bulged in the center and the extending arms of lamina are linear. Surface study reveals stomatal index to be 33.33. The genetic barcoding confirms the species D. volubilis. Loss on drying was found to be 8.78±0.57. HPTLC results shows 6 peaks and 7 peaks at 254 and 366 nm.Conclusion: D. volubilis, is a woody climbing unarmed inland shrub with stipules modified into hook and imparipinnately unipinnate compound leaves, are the key field identification character of the plant. Typical microscopical characteristic are presence of solitary crystal mostly embedded in sheath surrounding the vascular bundle and paracyctic type of stomata.

Proper Authentication of Ancient DNA Is Still Essential.

Santiago-Rodriguez et al. [1] report on the putative gut microbiome and resistome of Inca and Italian mummies, and find that Italian mummies exhibit higher bacterial diversity compared to the Inca mummies.[...].

Foliar Micromorphological Evaluation of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. – An Important Medicinal Climber

Background:Due to non-availability or short supply of original medicinal plants the crude drugs from the plants are adulterated by similarly resembling plants. Micromorphological studies of leaves could help in the identification and authentication of the original medicinal plant from the crude drug materials.Objective:To investigate the qualitative and quantitative micromorphological parameters of the leaves ofCardiospermum halicacabum.Method:The foliar micromorphological parameters such as orientation, stomatal types and morphology; density, distribution of trichomes and stomata; stomatal index and trichome types, paradermal sections were obtained manually by the standard method. The leaves were excised and fixed primarily in formalin, acetic acid and ethyl alcohol solution; cleared in 70% ethanol, bleached with 5% NaOH and rinsed in distilled water. The cleared leaves were used for the study of venation pattern, vein-islets, veinlet terminations and arrangement of crystals.Results:The microscopic examinations revealed the presence of anomocytic and anisocytic types of stomata with the abaxial epidermis of leaves. The stomatal density was 72 and stomatal index reported as 33.1. Glandular trichomes were few with uniseriate stalk, capitate multiseriate and multicellular head. Non-glandular trichomes frequent which were unicellular, uniseriate and bristle in nature. The density of vein islets and veinlet termination was observed as 18 and 13 respectively.Conclusion:The foliar micromorphological (stomata, vein clearing etc.) findings could be used in the proper identification and authentication ofC. halicacabumfrom the crude plant materials which is essential in quality control measures.

A multi-class classification MCLP model with particle swarm optimization for network intrusion detection

The critical data we share through computer network gets stolen by unethical means. This unethical way of accessing one’s data without proper authentication becomes intrusion. To solve this issue, in this paper we propose a new network intrusion detection method, Multi-Class Classification Multiple Criteria Linear Programming (MCC-MCLP) model. MCLP is a mathematical classification technique that is used widely to solve real-time data mining problems. So far, the literature discusses only about binary classification MCLP. But in this paper we propose a Multi-Class Classification MCLP model. We use PSO for fine-tuning the parameters of MCC-MCLP. KDD CUP 99 data set is used for performance evaluation of the proposed method. Our MCC-MCLP method classifies the data better and helps in fine-tuning the parameters with the help of PSO. The results clearly show that the proposed model performs better in terms of detection rate, false alarm rate and accuracy.

Analysis of Medical Errors: A Case Study

Analysis of Medical Errors: A Case Study

Pharmacognostical Standardisation and Cytotoxicity Screening of Bridelia retusa Spreng

Bridelia retusa is an indigenous medicinal plants belonging to family Euphorbiaceae and are used in the treatment of various disorders such as inflammation, kidney stones, urinary disorders, diarrhoea and dysentery. The stem bark of Bridelia retusa was subjected for macro and microscopical analysis, various physico chemical standardisation parameters and phytochemical studies according to Indian Pharmacopoeia. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated using standard procedures. Cytotoxicity screening of methanol extract of Bridelia retusa was performed in Vero cells by sulforhodamine assay. The present study provides standardisation parameters for Bridelia retusa which will aid in the proper identification and authentication of the plant. Further, results of cytotoxicity screening revealed that plant exhibits no toxicity even at higher concentration and IC50 was found to be 430.6 μg/ml.

Data Refining and Transforming via CloudTechnology through Local Desktop

Objectives: To fulfil the FeRAM and Cloud infrastructure for the avoidance of external Storage and for IAAS methods. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this method, we approach with the Eucalyptus Technique and we use node controller to manipulate the exact performance. For interacting with the Device like FeRAM (Ferro Electric RAM) we used Euca2ools for performance statistics. This can be done from the analysis of Cloud Services with the reliable Cloud Controller. Findings: This model deals about the features that can be adopted in the Cloud computing environment along with the Usage of FeRAM's advantages. Our proposal is to adopt all values inside the FeRAM without the usage of Hard Disk. As the storage controller would be having all the patterns to conclude load balancer which simulates our workload along with the scaling listener, it maps with the additionally stored FeRAM. At this point, we would be integration the mechanism involved in the cloud controller and with the FeRAM as this would add more efficient with our works. In future, there will be a need for avoidance of external storage for storing large data. Applications: In this perspective, a novel optimization model has been proposed in which the cloud architecture is redefined with new RAM (FeRAM) and other external resources. Through Internet Connectivity, we make proper authentication and services with secured password protection manner (OTP) or email verification for every login transitions and thus we propose a model OUT_OF_HARDDRIVE method. The resources are provided to the user in the form of connecting bridge as virtual servers and are possibly distributed, running in cloud environment via Internet.

Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Raw and Shodhita (Processed) Danti [Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg] Root

ABSTRACT Introduction Danti, Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh [Syn. Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell. Arg], of family Euphorbiaceae is an important herbal drug in the Ayurveda pharmacopoeia of India. In Ayurveda, Samskara (processing) has been shown to increase the efficacy of various drugs. Shodhana (purificatory measures/processing) is one of the steps involved in Samskara. The Charaka samhita describes the Shodhana (processing) of Danti by applying the fruit powder of Pippali (Piper longum L.) along with honey, wrapping it with Kusha (Desmostachya bippinnata Stapf.), and then fomenting it. The root thus obtained is dried under sunrays and then stored for further use. The exact pharmacognostical changes that transpire through Samskara (classical processing technique) remain to be explored scientifically. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate the pharmacognostical changes in Danti root, including its powder microscopy. Materials and methods Roots of raw Danti (RD) were collected from its natural habitat (Odisha) after proper botanical authentication. The roots were subjected to Shodhana and four groups of Danti root—RD, classically processed Danti root (CPDR), Kusha-processed Danti root (KPDR), and water-classically processed Danti root (WPDR)—were obtained. The raw and classically processed Danti roots were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic characters while RD, CPDR, KPDR, and WPDR were subjected to powder microscopy. The macroscopic powder images of the respective Danti samples was carried out by L*a*b*color-based image segmentation for identification. Results Transverse sections (TS) of CPDR show characteristic features with multilayered, ruptured reddish cork cells and presence of black debris of Pippali adhering to cork cells. Powder microscopy reveals Pippali with stone cells and dark-brownish oleoresin content in the CPDR group. WPDR reveals more swollen sclereids compared with the KPDR group. Macroscopic imaging showed distinct L*a*b* color-based segmentation. Conclusion Pharmacognostical findings of raw and shodhita Danti root will serve as a reference material for future scientific investigation. How to cite this article Rout SP, Harisha CR, Acharya R. Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Raw and Shodhita (Processed) Danti [Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Muell.-Arg] Root. J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci 2017;2(3):164-174.

Standardization of Stamens of Mesua ferrea Linn.

India has a rich culture of medicinal herbs and spices, which includes Ayurvedic, Unani, Siddha and other traditional medicines but only very few have been studied chemically and pharmacognostically evaluated for their potential medicinal value. According to the World Health Organization, most populations still rely on traditional medicines for their psychological and physical health requirements. Nagkesar is a very famous ayurvedic herb used in treating fever, vomiting, urinary tract disorders, migraine and also used to preparation of several compound formulation viz. Candanabalalaksadi Taila, Kumaryasava, Nagakesaradi Curna, Kankasava, Eladi curna, Jatiphaladi curna and Karpuradi churna etc. The present paper provides a detailed account of the scientific evaluation of Mesua ferrea stamens. The study includes macro and microscopic characters, powder microscopic characteristics, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography fingerprint profile, preliminary phytochemical screening and physicochemical parameters. The information generated by this particulars study provides relevant pharmacognostical and physicochemical data needed for proper identification and authentication of Mesua ferrea stamens.

A User Anonymous Mutual Authentication Protocol

Widespread use of wireless networks has drawn attention to ascertain confidential communication and proper authentication of an entity before granting access to services over insecure channels. Recently, Truong et al. proposed a modified dynamic ID-based authentication scheme which they claimed to resist smart-card-theft attack. Nevertheless, we find that their scheme is prone to smart-card-theft attack contrary to the author’s claim. Besides, anyone can impersonate the user as well as service provider server and can breach the confidentiality of communication by merely eavesdropping the login request and server’s reply message from the network. We also notice that the scheme does not impart user anonymity and forward secrecy. Therefore, we present another authentication scheme keeping apart the threats encountered in the design of Truong et al.’s scheme. We also prove the security of the proposed scheme with the help of widespread BAN (Burrows, Abadi and Needham) Logic.

BANDWIDTH PARAMETER EVALUATION OF PROTOCOLS BOUNDED BY DISTANCEANDSECURELY VERIFIEDIN PROXIMITY OF TWO-HOP NEIGHBOURS

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) implemented across a large campus can provide advanced levels of monitoring and control, and authenticated access, over the complete dynamic environment. Access to these WSNs should be controlled and proper authentication schemes designed to prevent unauthorized access. Where access route to a device is not directly available, the authentication scheme must perform effectively over multiple hops. With Distance bounding (DB) protocols, the physical proximity of 2 or more parties is detected and verified. Modification of these protocols allows for extension of the verification to multi hop neighbours. This paper evaluates the performance of the network when routing is done using common wireless protocols and the nodes are under attack. This approach will allow for increased accuracy, while having minimal or no impact on the other transmission parameters.

A Novel Chaotic Maps-Based User Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Multi-server Environments with Provable Security

The widespread popularity of the computer networks has triggered concerns about information security. Password-based user authentication with key agreement protocols have drawn attentions since it provides proper authentication of a user before granting access right to services, and then ensure secure communication over insecure channels. Recently, Lee et al. pointed out different security flaws on Tsaur et al.'s multi-server user authentication protocol, and they further proposed an extended chaotic maps-based user authentication with key agreement protocol for multi-server environments. However, we observed that Lee et al.'s protocol has some functionality and security flaws, i.e., it is inefficient in detection of unauthorized login and it does not support password change mechanism. Besides, their protocol is vulnerable to registration center spoofing attack and server spoofing attack. In order to remedy the aforementioned flaws, we proposed a novel chaotic maps-based user authentication with key agreement protocol for multi-server environments. The proposed protocol is provably secure in the random oracle model under the chaotic-maps based computational Diffie-Hellman assumption. In addition, we analyzed our protocol using BAN logic model. We also compared our protocol with Lee et al.'s protocol in aspects of computation cost, functionalities and securities.

Toward Proper Authentication Methods in Electronic Medical Record Access Compliant to HIPAA and C.I.A. Triangle.

This paper examines various methods encompassing the authentication of users in accessing Electronic Medical Records (EMRs). From a methodological perspective, multiple authentication methods have been researched from both a desktop and mobile accessibility perspective. Each method is investigated at a high level, along with comparative analyses, as well as real world examples. The projected outcome of this examination is a better understanding of the sophistication required in protecting the vital privacy constraints of an individual's Protected Health Information (PHI). In understanding the implications of protecting healthcare data in today's technological world, the scope of this paper is to grasp an overview of confidentiality as it pertains to information security. In addressing this topic, a high level overview of the three goals of information security are examined; in particular, the goal of confidentiality is the primary focus. Expanding upon the goal of confidentiality, healthcare accessibility legal aspects are considered, with a focus upon the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). With the primary focus of this examination being access to EMRs, the paper will consider two types of accessibility of concern: access from a physician, or group of physicians; and access from an individual patient.

Authentication through Presence in Wireless Networks

Background/Objectives: In this study, we present Integrity Regions (IRegions), as a new security measure which can ensure proper authentication of messages exchange in a wireless network without using recertified or reestablished keys. This objective will be achieved by time-of-arrival ranging techniques to verify the location of target entity. Despite the vulnerability of ultrasonic ranging to distance modification attacks, it can be used to implement this method soundly and efficiently. Methods: Verification of presence is the solution implanted into Integrity regions (IRegions) to protect against MITM attacks mounted on wireless connections. Findings: This method can efficiently use range measurements to protect the system against attacks mounted by intercepting messages exchanged in the connection for each received message. This technique forces devices to verify each received message by checking that whether its source is located in an expected range (i.e., within the area called integrity region). Once the source of message is proved to be within the expected (safe) range, it will be accepted as authentic. This method therefore does not allow an MITM attack to be mounted from distance. In the case of suspicion of MITM attack, visually checking the area in the vicinity of device is enough to make sure that whether connection is safe or there is a chance that connection security is compromised. Application/Improvements: Both radio time of arrival and ultrasonic ranging methods can be used to realize IRegions; but using ultrasonic ranging because of its lower hardware requirements is the preferred course of action.

Cryptanalysis and an Improvement of New Remote Mutual Authentication Scheme using Smart Cards

In this paper, the security of a remote user mutual authentication scheme using smart cards proposed by Rajaram et al., [Rajaram R, Amutha Prabakar M, New Remote Mutual Authentication Scheme using Smart Cards, Transactions on Data Privacy, 2(2009): 141--152] is analysed. We show that Rajaram et al., scheme is still vulnerable to user impersonation attacks, off-line password guessing attacks and time synchronization problem. Moreover, the scheme does not provide an option to change or update the password and efficient login, and lacks proper mutual authentication. We also propose a password-based remote user mutual authentication scheme which provides the remedy for the vulnerabilities of Rajaram et al., scheme. Furthermore, performance analysis shows that compared with Rajaram et al., authentication scheme, our proposed scheme is simple and secure.