Recent decades have seen a dramatic increase in destructive rainfall events, leading to concerns regarding the uniqueness and severity of these events. The literature does not provide an accepted definition for “patterns” for assessing rainfall severity. Hence, the main challenge lies in utilizing flexible patterns that can effectively reflect variations within annual rainfall datasets and suitable for diverse seasons and climate contexts. This study aimed to address the severity of annual rainfall records and investigate how they vary between lenient and intense years in Wajima City, Japan. For this, a clustering-based framework was proposed. The framework comprises two key approaches: (i) pentad precipitation integrated with hierarchical clustering, and (ii) information-complexity analysis integrated with partitional clustering. Pentad analysis could provide a comprehensive image of key patterns at sub-monthly scales. As a result, it was found that heavy-rainfall incidents were intense mainly during the autumn rain front. Importantly, this study offered an innovative application of information and complexity analysis, which may provide a new perspective for the assessment of hydrological systems and diverse environmental systems. The findings demonstrated that information and complexity metrics can be used as deductive indicators to capture hidden patterns in annual rainfall incidents, such as the frequency and persistence of major rainfall events. As the mean information gain increased, the number of days that exceeded the daily rainfall threshold increased, and vice versa. In addition, a higher effective complexity was associated with more prolonged rain incidents. Overall, the findings provide an important reference for rainfall assessments.

Abstract When a landslide occurs, the landscape is radically transformed; a pristine, unexplored geography emerges, with new morphogenetic processes. When the event also affects human settlements, it is crucial to understand all the physical and geographic factors that explain it and all its multiple social implications. In September 2011, a landslide occurred in the Mitlatongo Valley, rendering more than 400 homes unusable and forcing the displacement of more than 1,500 people living there. The trigger was intense and prolonged rains that saturated the soil in a geologically unstable area. Despite the significance of the event, very little documentation is available. This information is not only limited to the landslide but also to the historical background of Mitlatongo, as it is a settlement with pre-Hispanic origins. For this reason, this work presents a geohistorical analysis based on a detailed geomorphological and geological map, which documents the transformations of the landscape before and after the disaster. To this end, the study integrates multiple sources of information (historical aerial photographs, archival documentation, local testimonies, and drone photogrammetry), processed and analyzed using GIS to reconstruct the geomorphological dynamics before and after the event. The geomorphological map reveals the complexity of the landslide, distinguishing three sectors: scarp areas, accumulation zones, and pre-existing fractures. Five main units were identified within the landslide, with ground displacements of up to 225 meters. Geological mapping highlights the interaction between tectonic structures, such as the Tres Lagunas-Santa Cruz fault and the Pueblo Viejo syncline, and the processes of erosion and soil saturation. Taken together, they provide a comprehensive perspective on the event and its impact on ground dynamics. This paper also highlights the social impact of the landslide, which resulted in an ineffective government response, leaving the community in precarious conditions.

This study examines how weather patterns, climate shifts, and seasonal rainfall variations shape the sales volume and revenue stability of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), with a focused case on Kulit Lumpia Bunga Terate in Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta. The inquiry departs from the premise that small food-based enterprises operate within fragile ecological and market environments, where fluctuating humidity, temperature, and rainfall subtly influence production quality, consumer traffic, and operational continuity. A qualitative approach was chosen to capture these lived realities in a manner that quantitative measures alone cannot express. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with owners, production workers, and local suppliers, supported by field observations during both dry and rainy periods. All qualitative materials were processed and analyzed using NVivo, allowing systematic coding and thematic patterning. The NVivo outputs highlighted three interlinked thematic domains moisture-sensitive production challenge, where humidity and rainfall affected dough consistency, drying time, and defect rates; consumer flow fluctuations, driven by changes in foot traffic, weather-related mobility, and shifting consumption habits during prolonged rains; and adaptive economic responses, including informal inventory strategies, flexible pricing, and selective product diversification to buffer revenue drops. The synthesis of these themes suggests that the enterprise’s economic resilience is strongly tied to its capacity to anticipate and adapt to environmental variability. The findings underscore that climate-responsive production practices, paired with context-specific marketing adjustments, play a crucial role in sustaining MSME performance amid increasingly unpredictable weather conditions.

Abstract. The impacts of climate change manifest heterogeneously across regions, and in Khovd City, a semi-arid area in Western Mongolia, the escalating threat of flooding is evident through the occurrence of 10 flash floods in the last 30 years. The risk zone, encompassing rivers and flash floods, endangers ca. 32 000 residents, with 750–1800 traditional nomadic dwellings (gers) located on the floodplain of the Buyant River during the summer. Furthermore, prolonged rains pose a flash flood risk to households in the province's center. Therefore, flood disaster prevention strategies must be tailored to semi-arid regions, as they differ significantly from those employed for river flooding in humid areas. In Khovd, residential areas are limited, and land use is not highly dense. In addition, since flood water levels are not high, knowledge of the location and direction of flood flow paths and places where water is likely to be collected in advance is essential for disaster risk reduction. Under these conditions, mapping using detailed DEM and identifying the extent of past floods using satellite images are important. We measured by Real-Time Kinematic on 22 Ground Control Points and collected 15 206 aerial photos for drone mapping under Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Khovd City. This is an example of how to create a hazard map for a remote area based on a topographical analysis of detailed Digital Elevation Model, and discusses a methodology for using this map to help prevent flooding disasters. The resulting flood hazard map identified four flood risk areas based on flood flow direction and topographical features.

Corn is one of the most widespread agricultural crops in the world. It is grown on all continents on an area of over 200 million hectares annually. Grain production of this crop is concentrated in 10 major countries. The leading countries in corn production are China and the United States of America, where over 44 and 35 million hectares are occupied under it respectively, and the average grain yield is 6.5 and 11.0 t/ha. Ukraine has all the necessary conditions for corn production, including fertile soils, a favorable climate, and modern agricultural technologies. Thanks to these advantages, the country is among the world’s leading producers and exporters of corn. Ukraine exports significant volumes of corn annually, supplying more than 30 % of the countries of Europe, Asia, and North Africa with the product. According to 2024 data, corn exports exceeded 28 million tons per year, making Ukraine one of the key players in the global grain market. Corn is a raw material for the processing industry, a valuable food and the most important forage crop. To obtain high yields and improve grain quality of this crop, it is necessary to implement effective agricultural technologies, including optimization of the plant nutrition and protection system, soil cultivation etc. A special role in increasing corn productivity is played by the correct selection of hybrids adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the region. The choice of hybrids with high yield potential, resistance to diseases, pests and adverse weather factors is the key to obtaining high yields. At the same time, it is important to observe the optimal sowing dates, because timely sowing contributes to the formation of a powerful root system, uniform shoots and optimal plant development. Untimely sowing can lead to a decrease in yield due to the negative impact of drought, prolonged rains, the spread of diseases etc. Therefore, scientific research related to improving agricultural technology for growing new corn hybrids, in particular determining the optimal time for sowing them, is quite relevant now. Key words: yield, biometric indicators, maturity groups, FAO, seed moisture, duration of the growing season.

The article discusses the potential for improving potato farming techniques in the northern region of Kazakhstan. It emphasizes the need to adapt farming methods to local climate conditions. As part of this study, nine Chinese potato varieties were tested to determine their suitability for the region. The study also explores the benefits of high-yield and stress-resistant varieties to increase production, improve product quality, and lower costs. These efforts contribute to the sustainable development of agriculture and food security in the region. According to data from 2024, Kazakhstan's potato harvest totaled approximately 310,000 tons, with the northern regions experiencing similar production levels despite challenging weather conditions, such as floods and prolonged rain at the end of August.. However, the total yield in the northern regions of Kazakhstan was at the level of 200-250 quintals per hectare, which is a good result for the area. The yield from the experimental potato plot was 395.7 quintals per hectare, an excellent indicator. The average number of tubers per plant was 7, and the average weight of each tuber was 1,142 kilograms. These numbers significantly exceed the average for the region and demonstrate the potential of Chinese potato varieties in northern Kazakhstan. These results emphasize the importance of choosing the right variety and using modern farming techniques for potato production.

Introduction. The article examines etymologies and semantics of wind-related terms in the Mongolic languages. Goals. The study primarily seeks to identify some etymological and semantic–typological features inherent to the specified thematic group of the general Mongolian lexicon. The concept of wind is included in the basic vocabulary and, in particular, can be traced in most languages of the world. Materials and methods. The work investigates a variety of Mongolic dictionaries, these be supplemented with etymological insights into the Mongolian vocabulary and certain dictionaries of other Altaic languages, field data of expeditions aimed at compiling context-based Swadesh lists for dialects of Mongolic languages. Results. The paper indentifies a total of 25 wind names in the Mongolic languages. The analysis shows there are a significant number of proto-Mongolic terms for wind and their varieties. All of them are authentic (i.e., essentially Mongolic) and have reliable Altaic parallels. The six lexemes — kei ‘air, wind’, *sal-kïn ‘wind, air’, *kuyï(n) ‘whirlwind, tornado’, *sïhurgan ‘blizzard, snowstorm’, *boruhan ‘storm with snow or rain’, *serihün ‘coolness; cool; fresh breeze’ — are reconstructed only from proto-Mongolic stems. Meanwhile, such lexical units as *kabsur-ga ‘cold dry wind’, *ǰïbar ‘coolness, freshness; wind’, ǰüse ‘strong, sudden wind; prolonged rain’; *simarga ‘snowstorm with sleet’, *sebsihen ‘fresh, light breeze’, *sense ‘light breeze’ are probably proto-Northern Mongolian neologisms. The words formed in some Mongolic languages from verbs expressing similar concepts (‘to fan’, ‘to wave’, ‘to be cool’) have also been traced.

Objective: The general objective of this research was to evaluate the adaptation of hop plants in the Campos de Cima da Serra region – RS - Brazil. Theoretical Framework: Although small cultivations of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are already occurring in Brazil, there is little information about production, quality and factors faced by producers. Method: The methodology was organized by hop management, vegetative evaluations and post-harvest analysis. Results and Discussion: The plants showed very slow vegetative growth, several deaths and little production, probably due to excessive rainfall, which caused several problems for the cultivars, compromising their health and development. Excess precipitation caused the soil to become waterlogged, resulting in a decrease in the amount of oxygen available to the plant roots, which may have caused their death. There were also numerous episodes of pests and diseases. Thus, among all the varieties analyzed, we found that the Northern Brewer and Mapuche cultivars were the ones that best adapted to the climatic conditions and pests in the region. Research Implications: Therefore, it is expected that this work will be a contribution to the development of this culture in the study region. Originality/Value: The cultivars analyzed are in their third year of production, they have not yet expressed their full potential, some factors were observed such as intense and prolonged rains during the period of plant development and some pests and diseases, which may have caused this low productivity and performance.

The paper aimed to determine the relationship between water discharge and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen compounds in a river during spring and rainfall floods. The study was carried out in a small experimental catchment of the Boguslavka River in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, most of which is used for agricultural production. Analysing the hysteresis of nitrate compounds (hysteresis is the phenomenon of lagging system response to the action of a factor associated with the «memory» of its previous action) allowed us to obtain new information about the patterns of nitrate nitrogen compounds inflow during runoff-forming phenomena. During the spring flood, the highest concentrations of nitrate compounds in water were observed before the snowmelt began. A sharp increase in water discharge led to a decrease in the N–NO3-content,which began to increase on the downward limb of the runoff hydrograph. During the spring floods of 2017-2018, a counterclockwise hysteresis was formed, indicating that the main supply of nitrate compounds came from remote sources. In 2017, the frozen topsoil did not contribute to the flow, whereas in 2018, prolonged flooding led to the washing of the coastal zone soils. During the summer floods, N–NO3- concentrations in the river water during the decline phase of the hydrograph were caused by significant nitrogen emissions and exceeded the concentrations before the event. The hysteresis loop was directed clockwise, indicating a higher concentration of nitrate compounds in the coastal zone. During the rain with wet preliminary conditions, the hysteresis shape was complex and resembled an 8-like shape. In this case, the increase in concentrations in the stream began at the limb of the hydrograph rise. When snowmelt was combined with rainfall or prolonged rains in the summer, a two-peak hydrograph was formed, and the hysteresis index of the second one was much lower than the first. The area of the hysteresis loop was significantly affected by the conditions of preliminary moistening.

ABSTRACTAimOngoing climate changes represent a major determinant of demographic processes in many organisms worldwide. Birds, and especially long‐distance migrants, are particularly sensitive to such changes. To better understand these impacts on long‐distance migrants' breeding productivity, we tested three hypotheses focused on (i) the shape of the relationships with different climate variables, including previously rarely tested quadratic responses, and on regional differences in these relationships predicted by (ii) mean climatic conditions and (iii) by the rate of climate change in respective regions ranging from Spain to Finland.LocationEurope.Time Period2004–2021.Major Taxa StudiedLong‐distance migratory passerine birds.MethodsWe calculated breeding productivity from constant effort ringing sites from 11 European countries covering 34° of latitude, and extracted temperature‐ and precipitation‐related climate variables from E‐OBS and NASA MODIS datasets. To test our hypotheses, we fitted GLMM and Bayesian meta‐analytic models.ResultsWe revealed hump‐shaped responses of productivity to temperature, growing degree‐days, green‐up onset date, and precipitation anomaly, and negative responses to intense and prolonged rains across the regions. The effects of March temperature and April growing degree‐days were more negative in cold than in warm regions, except for the region with the highest accumulated heat, whereas increasing June precipitation anomalies were associated with higher productivity in both dry and wet regions. Productivity responses to climate were unrelated to the rate of climate warming.Main ConclusionsThe influence of climate on bird productivity proved to be frequently nonlinear, as expected by ecological theory. The rate of climate change is less important than regional interannual variability in climate (which is predicted to increase), but this may change with the progression of climate change in the future. Productivity declines in long‐distance migratory songbirds are particularly expected if out‐of‐norm water excess increases in frequency or strength.

The genus Passiflora, commonly known as passion fruit, originated in South America, is an economically important horticulture crop and widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. edulis) are the two most planted species (Santos-Jiménez et al., 2022), which have been largely cultivated in southern China. The average annual production reaches 600,000 tons, of which yellow fruit accounts for more than 70% (Zhou et al., 2022). In 2022 to 2023, a disease caused flower rot severely in passion fruit plantations. The incidence rate was generally 10% in purple passion fruit, with an incidence up to 60% in yellow passion fruit 'Qinmi No. 9'. Flower rot occurs mainly in the rainy season, especially during periods of prolonged rain. Infected flowers had black patches that were water-soaked on the interior of the flower bud. The patches covered the entire flower bud, and fluffy mycelium and sporangia developed, which caused the flower bud rotten and abscised easily. Five symptomatic flowers from Wuhua, Guangdong (23°23'N, 115°18'E) and 8 symptomatic flowers from Shangsi, Guangxi (21°15'N, 107°98'E) of 'Qinmi No. 9' were collected during flowering period in 2022 and 2023. Diseased flower pieces were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 2 to 3 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water 3 times, and placed on PDA medium at 25℃ in darkness. Four and 6 fungal isolates with similar morphology were isolated from the infected samples of Wuhua and Shangsi, respectively. Two isolates, PRFJ01 from Wuhua and PRGX02 from Shangsi, were randomly selected for further study. Purified fungal colonies at the age of 3 days accompany with diffuse cottony mycelia, turned white to gray later. The mycelia were hyaline and aseptate. Sporangiophores with 0.56 (0.22~1.10) mm in length and 6.1 (3.18~10.87) μm in width (n=100) were erect, light brown, and had rhizoids and stolons at their bases. Sporangia with 48.0 (23.45~92.85) μm in diameter (n=100) were dark-colored, near spherical and having dark ovoid sporangiospores with 3.56 (2.34~6.39) μm × 2.82 (1.73~4.70) μm (n=100). The morphology of the fungus were identical to Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.) Vuill (Haque et al. 2023). The two isolates were molecularly identified using genomic regions of 28S large ribosomal subunit (LSU) with NL1 and LR3 primers (Cruz-Lachica et al., 2018). The phylogenetic trees revealed the sequences of PRFJ01 (OR801560.1) and PRGX02 (OR801561.1) were 100% and 99% identical to R. stolonifer (MK705761.1 and KC412868.1), respectively. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy flowers and leaves of 5-month-old grafted 'Qinmi No. 9' plants. Mycelial plugs with 5-mm diameter were placed on the flowers and leaves. Three plants were performed for each of the isolates, and the test was repeated twice. The inoculated plants were moisturized with plastic bags. Healthy flowers and leaves inoculated with sterile PDA plugs were used as control. Typical symptoms were observed on inoculated plants after 2 days. The dark grey mycelia and sporangia covered the entire flower after 4 days inoculation. The flower bud became putrid and the flower stalk split off. Lesions on leaves expanded accompany with numerous aerial mycelium. However, the controls were symptomless. R. stolonifer was reisolated from inoculated tissues. Previously, flower rot on passion fruit caused by R. stolonifer has only been recorded in Brazil (Ploetz, 2003). To our knowledge, this is the first report of R. stolonifer causing flower rot on passion fruit in China.

On the necessity of new hydrophobic treatment after repointing of water repellent masonry

Research on the anatomical and physiological characteristics of bees (the state of fat body, hypopharyngeal glands) in connection with changes in natural and climatic conditions (soil composition, prolonged droughts, prolonged rains, cold weather, environmental disasters) impoverishment of fodder base for bees due to the decrease of sown areas of honey crops leading to the use of bees’ feeding, is relevant. The research aims to study the influence of food protein on the development of hypopharyngeal glands, fat body and life expectancy of honeybees. The zootechnical (the setting of the scientific research, the feeding of the bee families, the power of the bee families, productivity), ethological (orientation in the bee-entrance area), micrometrical (physiological and morphological characteristics of the parts of the bee’s body), microscopic (analysis of hypopharyngeal glands and fat body of bees) and statistical (biometric data processing) methods were used in the study. The significant difference in their degree of development depending on the carbohydrate or protein feeding was identified. After feeding sugar syrup to bees, signs of protein malnutrition and the state of development of hypopharyngeal glands corresponding to the І-ІІ degrees were noted. Alveoli of hypopharyngeal glands were reduced, and underdeveloped, with marked spaces, whereas after feeding protein food in the form of sugar syrup with bee pollen the bees had well-developed hypopharyngeal glands. The alveoli of the hypopharyngeal glands of the researched bees filled out, grew milky, with no space between them, and were able to produce larval food. Such a state of the glands’ development corresponds to the ІV degree of the development of hypopharyngeal glands. The research results indicate that the development of the fat body of bees happens at a young age when bees consume protein food the most. It has been proven that protein feeding of the bee colonies of experimental groups contributed to the better development of hypopharyngeal glands in both old and young bees, which resulted in better provision of food for larvae and more active development of the bee colonies. Protein feeding of bees in early spring under conditions of limited supply of protein food contributes to the production of larger larvae, which in turn contributes to the production of more complete bees

To date, a number of mathematical models of plant growth, developed by domestic and foreign scientists, are known. However, the issues of determining the bifurcation points that arise during the functioning of “soil-plant-air” system have not been sufficiently considered. In relation to the issues considered in the article, the bifurcation point is a critical state of the “plant” subsystem, at which it becomes unstable with respect to fluctuations in natural and climatic conditions (drought, frost, prolonged rains, etc.) and there is uncertainty in the development of plants (further growth or their death), as well as the intensive growth of plants as a result of the corresponding technological operations. For control and operational management of the formation of agricultural crops, it is desirable to know the bifurcation points determined by the biological time of plant growth and extreme weather situations. Therefore, the main goal of research is the analytical determination of bifurcation points observed during the vegetation of plants. The “plant” subsystem at the bifurcation point can be simultaneously in two or more states. As a result of the analysis of the obtained analytical dependences of various possible states of “soil-plant-air” system, it is proposed to subdivide bifurcations into negative and positive ones. A method has been obtained for determining bifurcation points during the functioning of “soil-plant-air” system. Under natural and climatic conditions, critical situations can arise with insufficient incoming substances to “soil-plant-air” system, such as light supply, moisture supply, heat supply, food supply and gas supply of plants. As a result of analytical studies, bifurcation points were determined in “soil-plant-air” system, depending on the radiation balance (R) formed on the underlying surface, slopes of different exposure and steepness, and coefficients characterizing light, moisture, heat, food and gas supply plants.

El Maestrazgo is a karstic aquifer of more than 2,400 km2 that occupies the northern half of the province of Castellón. Its main discharge area is in the coastal mountains of Irta. One of the most important springs in the system is the Font de Dins of Peñíscola, which is characterized by its fresh water channeled through preferential circulation channels without contact with sea water. After intense rainfall events, both on a local and regional scale, the usual hydrochemistry of these waters changes almost immediately and remains altered for days or weeks, being able to present stages of marked turbidity. This fact is due to the rapid influx to this upwelling of infiltrated waters in different sectors of the aquifer that significantly increase its flow. This article analyzes the cause-effect relationship of the turbidity peaks that sporadically occur in the Font de Dins spring with very intense or prolonged rains in the area. Once the relationship has been verified, a space-time study allows turbidity to be used as a natural tracer and to establish transit periods, groundwater flow velocities and recharge areas.

A change in agricultural policy in the European Union aims, among other things, to halve the use of pesticides and increase the share of organic farming to 25% by 2030. One of the challenges associated with this target will be the control of plant fungal diseases. The key methods in organic farming include the selection of less susceptible crop varieties. In order to test this method, a long-term trial of organic farming in Eastern Poland was established. In total, 41 different winter wheat varieties were grown from 2018 to 2022 and their resistance to fungal leaf diseases was monitored. Brown rust was found to be the disease causing the highest infestation towards the end of vegetation, often exceeding 80% of the flag leaf area. However, yield reductions were mainly related to the severe occurrence of leaf Septoria. Other leaf diseases such as tan spot, yellow rust, powdery mildew, and fusariosis were of little importance and only occurred at low infestations of Septoria and brown rust. The course of the weather was found to have a significant effect on disease incidence. Drought occurring in May and June significantly increased the incidence of brown rust and Septoria, while prolonged rains increased tan spot and Fusarium infestation. Greater overall infestation occurred in years with high average temperatures. Ten varieties with high resistance to foliar fungal diseases were selected and can be recommended for organic farming.

Миграция хищных птиц через Западный Кавказ в осенний период

Studies of peat stratigraphy in the upper reaches of the Milogradovka River made it possible to restore changes in humidity as a source of moisture in the middle Sikhote-Alin over the last 3400 years. High-resolution reconstructions were based on the data from biostratigraphic analyses (botanical and diatom); the ash content of peat was also studied. Radiocarbon dating of the events was performed using an age-depth model. In the upper part of the section, the B-Tm cryptotephra of the Baitoushan caldera-forming volcano was found, which was identified by the volcanic glass chemical composition. Prolonged rains are assumed to cause a massive landslide with the formation of a dam and a shallow reservoir turning the river valley into a swamp. Bioindicators of changes in humidity in the river valley and the occurrence of floods were identified. Events were correlated with the data for the main watershed of the Sikhote-Alin, mountainous plateaus, lakes on the slopes of the ancient Solontsovsky volcano and the eastern Primorye coast. The peat section in the valley is shown to record in more detail the hydrological changes associated with the nature of cyclogenesis. A relationship was revealed between paleoevents and anomalies of large-scale atmospheric circulation. Long dry phases occurred during global cooling and were accompanied by aridization in East Asia, caused by a decrease in the intensity of the East Asian summer monsoon. Studies show that floods occurred in the summer to autumn season even in dry phases. The phases of flooding were associated with the activation of the summer monsoon, as well as more intense cyclogenesis. The most complex climate rhythm was established for the last 1340 years.

Storms and floods are the most frequent natural disaster in western and central Europe. Due to climate change, intensive storms with prolonged rain episodes will continue to cause even more destructive flooding. The good understanding and forecasting of such events are thus of uttermost importance. One of the ways to improve weather forecasts is the assimilation of external data, such as the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). In this study, a preparation of the multi-GNSS tropospheric products—zenith total delays, tropospheric gradients and slant total delays—for future operational assimilation is shown. For a severe precipitation event in July 2021 in Germany, the GNSS parameters from three systems—GPS, GLONASS and Galileo—are compared to three Numerical Weather Models (NWMs)—ERA5 reanalysis of ECMWF, ICON run by the German Weather Service and GFS run by the US Weather Service. The flood that followed the rainfall was the deadliest natural disaster in Germany since 1962. The results show that all considered GNSS solutions have a similar level of agreement with the NWMs. However, for the flood region in western Germany, the biases from the multi-GNSS solutions are smaller compared to the GPS-only solution. From the models, ICON has the highest agreement with the GNSS data for all considered tropospheric parameters. The best agreement with the ICON is probably due to its high horizontal resolution and, thus, low representative errors and the fine tuning of DWD’s regional model for the specific region (Germany).

The article is devoted to the study of images of patrons of harvest and fertility in the mythological poetry of Ossetians. It pays great attention to the theoretical understanding of the concept under study, which is considered in the context of the mythological thinking of the ethnos. The relevance of the article is due to the insufficient elaboration of the problem being raised. In this study, for the first time, its comprehensive understanding is carried out, since until now only its individual aspects have been reflected. In the Ossetian mythological pantheon, the patrons of harvest and fertility among the Ossetians-Ironians are Wasilla, among the Ossetians–Digorians - Khuareldar and Borkhuarali. The patron saint of Wasilla has been deeply revered in Ossetia since ancient times. Shrines dedicated to this deity were built in many villages, sacred trees were planted, festivals were held, and rituals were performed. The celebration dedicated to Wasilla was popularly called “Chori bon” (“Harvest Festival”). In some settlements of Ossetia, Wasilla was endowed not only with the functions of the deity of harvest and fertility, but also the patron of various natural phenomena – lightning and thunder. In order to save the harvest from prolonged rains or, conversely, a long drought, as well as other weather disasters, a holiday was held in honor of Wasilla, accompanied by a variety of magical actions. Numerous songs extolling the patron saint of the harvest testify to the worship of the Ossetians of Wasilla. As noted above, the Ossetians-Digor patrons of the harvest are Khuareldar and Borkhuarali. The named patrons of the harvest in the mythological poetry of the Ossetians are endowed with almost the same features as Wasilla. In various folklore sources, Huareldar and Borhuarali often act as father and son. In the view of the ancestors of Ossetians, Huareldar and Borhuarali, like Wasilla, were powerful patrons close to the people. Hence, in mythological poetry, they are endowed with both the features of the celestials and the earthly man, they provide and help people in carrying out agricultural work: they act as ploughmen, then sowers, then guides, etc.