L-tryptophan (TRP), the precursor to serotonin (5-HT), modulates stress responsiveness and social behaviour in vertebrates. In cleaner fish such as lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus ), these traits are integral to sea lice control in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) farming. We tested whether a TRP-enriched diet attenuates the stress response during commercial sea transfer and affects early cohabitation performance. Lumpfish were fed a control (5.2 g kg −1 ) or TRP-enriched diet (24 g kg −1 , 4.6× control TRP) for 7 d, fasted for 2 d before transport, and then fed for 14 d after deployment in commercial net pens. Post-transfer stress was assessed using plasma cortisol concentrations. Telencephalic 5-HT neurochemistry was quantified as [5-HT], its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid [5-HIAA], and 5-HIAA/5-HT. Performance was evaluated based on growth, stomach content, and survival. TRP feeding increased 5-HIAA/5-HT after the pre-transfer phase, indicating increased serotonergic turnover, and reduced post-transport plasma cortisol, consistent with reduced HPI-axis reactivity. During 16 d of salmon cohabitation, TRP-fed fish showed a higher proportion of empty stomachs and slightly reduced growth, while cumulative survival did not differ between treatments. By the end of cohabitation, telencephalic 5-HIAA had converged back to similar means, while 5-HT remained significantly elevated in the TRP group. Overall, short-term dietary TRP enrichment reduced acute handling and transport stress in lumpfish without compromising survival, but prolonged exposure was associated with reduced feeding and growth. Dietary TRP enrichment thus appears promising as a pre-conditioning strategy to enhance lumpfish robustness during critical husbandry stages, although potential trade-offs with feeding motivation, growth, and cleaning behaviour require further study. • Seven days of TRP feeding increased telencephalon serotonergic activity. • TRP-fed lumpfish showed a clear reduction in transport-induced cortisol. • Extended TRP exposure during cohabitation lowered growth despite elevated 5-HT. • TRP-treated fish displayed signs of altered feeding motivation at sea. • Short-term TRP supplementation appears promising to build stress resilience

Corrosion mechanism and oxide scale evolution of austenitic stainless steels in supercritical CO2

This study investigated the potential of developing long-acting injectable (LAI) formulations of the next-generation diarylquinoline antibacterial compounds TBAJ-587 and TBAJ-876, which have the potential to impact the tuberculosis (TB) treatment by providing an extended treatment option. The performance of these compounds, formulated as LAIs, were evaluated based on particle size stability, drug loading capacity, and in vivo pharmacokinetics in rats. The data showed that particularly high drug loadings could be obtained in aqueous suspensions using the salt forms of TBAJ-587 and TBAJ-876, with concentrations up to 750mg/mL TBAJ-587 fumarate and 650mg/mL TBAJ-876 tartrate, expressed as the equivalent concentration of free base. A long-term stability study of the TBAJ-876 tartrate formulation suggested that a relatively stable suspension was defined when stored at both ambient temperature and at 40°C. In contrast, the TBAJ-587 fumarate suspension formulation showed significant particle size growth as a function of time, indicating physical instability in the colloidal system. Analysis of both compounds by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) revealed no major changes in the crystal structure following milling or after 24weeks of storage at 40°C. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats showed that the suspensions containing either TBAJ-587 fumarate or TBAJ-876 tartrate offered a promising LAI option for the prolonged treatment of TB, as all formulations achieved prolonged drug plasma exposure for at least three months following administration.

Influence of prolonged high-temperature exposure on corrosion resistance of CMT clad Ni-Cr-Mo alloy in NaCl-KCl molten salt environments

Talc fits the framework of poorly soluble low-toxicity particles - implications for hazard classification.

Intranasal rosmarinic acid reduces cognitive and hippocampal damage from repeated neonatal isoflurane exposure by regulating apoptotic/oxidative/inflammatory responses, and heat-shock and 14-3-3 proteins.

The goal of this study was to examine the cost-effectiveness of evidence-based psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy, by comparing four delivery modalities: home-based telehealth (patient in home), office-based telehealth (patient in one office, provider in another), in-home in-person, and in-office in-person. Pooled data from 268 veterans enrolled in two harmonized PTSD clinical trials were used to examine costs related to personnel, travel mileage, and office space. Cost-effectiveness was calculated using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio that included unadjusted medians of cost differences between modalities and percent change in clinical outcomes. K-sample equality of medians tests were used to ascertain statistical significance in differences across treatment modalities for the total cohort, as well as for cohorts based on greater baseline PTSD severity (baseline Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, score ≥39 points), for the half of participants who did not respond as well to therapy, and for those who experienced reliable change in PTSD symptoms. The median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was -$81 across all treatment modalities, -$92 for in-office in-person, -$92 for home-based telehealth, -$131 for office-based telehealth, and -$55 for in-home in-person. Sensitivity analyses examining baseline PTSD severity and responder status are also presented. Cost-effectiveness differed across treatment modalities, but only for those who were considered treatment responders. Shared decision making can help clinicians determine the best therapy delivery approach for each patient suffering from PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The widespread use of digital platforms has increased exposure to violent online video content, raising concerns about its mental health implications. This study examined the association between daily viewing time of violent online videos and generalized anxiety symptoms in adults and identified a viewing-time threshold associated with elevated risk. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the 2024 Mental Health Perception Survey in South Korea using proportional quota sampling. The sample included 389 adults aged 20-69years who reported violent content as their primary online video preference. Anxiety symptoms were assessed using the GAD-7. Multivariable logistic regression and item-level generalized ordered logit models were applied, adjusting for demographic and psychological covariates. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine an optimal viewing-time cutoff. Longer daily viewing time was significantly associated with higher odds of anxiety symptoms (adjusted OR=1.358, 95% CI=1.069-1.727), particularly symptoms of nervousness and anticipatory fear. ROC analysis showed high discriminatory ability (AUC=0.8914), identifying daily viewing time of ≥2h as the threshold beyond which anxiety risk increased. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to violent online video content is associated with specific anxiety symptoms and that a two-hour daily viewing threshold may serve as a practical benchmark for early screening and public health guidance.

This study evaluated the effect of chlorinated water on the color stability of different resin composites, simulating prolonged exposure experienced by frequent swimmers. Sixty disk-shaped samples of microhybrid (Arabesk Top), nanohybrid (Grandio) and Ormocer-based (Admira Fusion) composites (n = 20) were prepared. Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups, immersed in either chlorinated (≈3.5 ppm) or distilled water. Spectral reflectance was measured at baseline, 2 weeks, and 2 months using a Datacolor 600 spectrophotometer, and CIE L*a*b* coordinates were calculated using the 2° standard observer. Color stability was assessed with CIEDE2000 (ΔE 00) and the Whiteness Index for Dentistry (WID). Two-way MANOVA analyzed the effects of composite type, storage medium, and their interaction with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc tests (α = 0.05). All ΔE 00 and ΔWID values were below the acceptability thresholds, though several exceeded perceptibility. Composite type and storage medium significantly influenced ΔE 00 and ΔWID (p < 0.05) with interactions. Overall, at 2 weeks, Admira (p < 0.001) and Grandio (p = 0.008) showed greater ΔE 00 in chlorine; Admira exhibited higher ΔWID in chlorine than control (0-2 m p = 0.001; 2 w-2 m p < 0.001). Chlorinated water caused greater short-term discoloration in the Ormocer-based composite, whereas the nanohybrid showed superior long-term stability. The microhybrid composite presented progressive ΔE 00 increase with highest ΔWID.

The neuroimmune system is known to be pathologically activated after nerve injury and prolonged exposure to opioids. Whereas previous studies have predominantly focused on the involvement of individual chemokine receptors in this phenomenon, dual CCR2/CCR5 blockade with cenicriviroc represents a novel therapeutic strategy towards greater efficacy in alleviating hypersensitivity. In this study, the expression of opioid (MOR, DOR) and chemokine (CCR2, CCR5) receptors in the spinal cord was assessed by immunohistochemistry after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. Analgesic effects of cenicriviroc were evaluated following intraperitoneal administration of cenicriviroc in behavioral tests (von Frey, cold plate) after single (both sexes) and repeated treatment (alone or with morphine in males). Motor coordination and spontaneous locomotor activity were also tested. Spinal protein levels (p-MOR^S363, p-DOR^S363, CCR2, CCR5, IBA1, GFAP) were analyzed by Western blot. Immunostaining showed that CCR5 and MOR were expressed exclusively by neurons, whereas CCR2 colocalized with neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and/or macrophages, and DOR with neurons and astrocytes. A single intraperitoneal cenicriviroc administration alleviated hypersensitivity in CCI-subjected mice. Unlike morphine, cenicriviroc did not induce tolerance over 16 days of repeated treatment. Moreover, cenicriviroc attenuated nerve injury-induced upregulation of IBA1 at all examined time points and reduced GFAP expression at day 16, which was accompanied by a decrease in CCR2 levels. Cenicriviroc exerts sustained analgesia by simultaneously blocking CCR2 and CCR5 - particularly CCR2 signaling in neurons and glia - which appears to be key to its efficacy. These findings highlight cenicriviroc as a promising, translational candidate for neuropathic pain therapy.

Stress is a physiological response mechanism that enables humans to react to perceived threats through a fight-or-flight response. While beneficial in acute situations, prolonged exposure to stress can lead to significant physical and mental health issues, making early and reliable detection essential. Although many existing approaches achieve high accuracy by relying on numerous physiological signals and features, such solutions are often unsuitable for Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) applications that increasingly rely on edge computing paradigms. In these scenarios, stress detection models must operate directly on resource-constrained devices with limited computational and energy budgets. Therefore, this work proposes a lightweight and efficient methodological framework for stress detection, specifically designed for edge-based IoMT deployment. Eight supervised Machine Learning (ML) algorithms were evaluated: Random Forest (RF), LightGBM, CatBoost, XGBoost, Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). All models were trained using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and respiratory features extracted from the WESAD dataset. The proposed framework combines population-level training with subject-specific adaptation and evaluates model performance under progressive dimensionality reduction using subsets of 15, 10, 8, 6, and 4 features. The proposed two-stage framework demonstrates that subject-specific adaptation significantly improves stress detection performance. XGBoost achieved the highest balanced accuracy (95.1% ± 4.7%) using 10 features, outperforming the configuration with all 15 variables. Crucially, the study identifies a reduced set of 6 features as the optimal deployment configuration; despite its further reduced feature set, it showed no statistically significant performance loss compared to the 10-feature model (95% CI: -0.0078, 0.0068) and maintained a 99.6% probability of outperforming the best models from all other architectures evaluated. The results show that accurate and personalized stress detection is feasible using reduced feature sets, enabling efficient, interpretable, and real-time deployment of ML models in wearable and IoMT-based monitoring systems.

Introduction: Circadian rhythms play a key role in regulating hormonal secretion, immune function, metabolism, and cell-cycle control. Disruption of these rhythms due to artificial light at night (ALAN), sleep disturbances, and shift work has been increasingly implicated in breast cancer risk, particularly among working women. Objective: This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the association between circadian rhythm disruption, sleep disturbances, and breast cancer, with emphasis on biological mechanisms and public health relevance. Methods: A narrative review of English-language literature published between 2015 and 2025 was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies examining ALAN exposure, shift work, sleep characteristics, circadian misalignment, and breast cancer outcomes were included. Results: Most epidemiological studies report a positive association between night shift work, prolonged ALAN exposure, poor sleep quality, and increased breast cancer risk. Proposed mechanisms include melatonin suppression, dysregulation of estrogen signaling, altered clock gene expression, immune dysfunction, and impaired DNA repair. Experimental evidence supports the oncostatic role of melatonin through estrogen receptor modulation, cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, and immune enhancement. However, heterogeneity in study design, exposure assessment, and outcome measures, along with reliance on observational data, limits causal interpretation. Conclusion: Circadian disruption and sleep disturbances may represent modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, especially in occupational settings involving night work. Strategies to improve circadian hygiene, optimize shift schedules, and reduce ALAN exposure could contribute to breast cancer prevention. Further well-designed longitudinal and mechanistic studies are required to strengthen causal inference and guide targeted chronopreventive and chronotherapeutic approaches.

Oxysterols (cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol and 7-ketocholesterol) and N-palmitoyl-O-phosphocholineserine (PPCS) are sensitive biomarkers for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) screening. However, false-positive results occur, with a biomarker profile suggestive of NPC despite the absence of pathogenic variants in genes involved in NPC or other inborn errors of metabolism. To identify causes of false-positive biomarker profiles mimicking NPC. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of 15 patients with false-positive oxysterols and PPCS profiles referred between 2017 and 2022 to two French NPC reference laboratories. Clinical data were collected via standardized chart review. The impact of Sertraline on NPC-like biological features was evaluated using the filipin test in fibroblasts and biomarker analysis in sertraline-treated patients. Thirteen of 15 patients with false-positive biomarkers were treated with sertraline. Two patients who discontinued sertraline showed normalization of biomarkers. The filipin test revealed that Sertraline disrupts intracellular cholesterol trafficking, a hallmark of NPC cellular features. Finally, among 47 sertraline-treated patients without NPC-suspicion, 26 (55%) had biomarker profile mimicking NPC. Sertraline use is frequently associated with elevated biomarkers that mimic NPC, representing a primary cause of false-positive results in NPC screening. Genetic analysis of NPC1 and NPC2 remains essential to confirm NPC diagnosis. Most sertraline-treated patients with false-positive biomarkers presented predominantly atypical psychiatric symptoms, though one exhibited a clinical picture highly suggestive of NPC following prolonged sertraline exposure. The long-term clinical effects of sertraline use need further evaluation.

Enterococcus faecium, a member of the ESKAPE pathogens, has become a significant clinical threat due to its rapidly increasing resistance to frontline antibiotics. This gram-positive bacterium has developed multidrug resistance through prolonged exposure to hospital environments, posing serious risks to immunocompromised patients. The present study aimed to identify novel therapeutic targets from the E. faecium genome and to explore the potential of marine natural products as anti-quorum sensing agents. A comprehensive subtractive proteomics pipeline incorporating non-human homology, essentiality, subcellular localization, druggability, and pathway uniqueness identified the accessory gene regulator A protein (AgrA) as a key target involved in quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and virulence. Following structural quality assessment, a hierarchy-based virtual screening of MNPs from the CMNPD and SPECS natural product libraries was carried out to identify potential AgrA inhibitors. The virtual screening workflow shortlisted three promising MNPs (CMNPD6428, CMNPD30814, and SPECS AE-765) with favourable binding affinities and pharmacokinetic properties. Docking scores ranged from - 7.46 to - 8.01kcal/mol, and MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations (≤ - 50kcal/mol) further supported their strong interactions. Pharmacokinetic evaluation indicated acceptable safety profiles. Density functional theory analysis confirmed the chemical stability and reactivity of the compounds through HOMO-LUMO energy gap assessment. Finally, 500ns molecular dynamics simulations and principal component analysis-based free energy landscape mapping validated the structural stability and sustained binding of the identified MNPs within the AgrA binding pocket. Overall, this study highlights three promising MNPs as potential anti-quorum sensing leads against E. faecium, offering a foundation for future therapeutic development.

Background/Objectives: Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) provokes neuroendocrine dysregulation and oxidative injury that compromise neuronal integrity and plasticity. Disruption of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been increasingly linked to stress-induced neurobiological dysfunction. Vitamin D3, a neuroactive hormone with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, may exert neuroprotection through modulation of this pathway and attenuation of oxidative damage. The study aims to investigate whether vitamin D3 mitigates CMS-induced alterations in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, oxidative stress markers, and oxidative DNA damage in male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 8/group): control, CMS only, CMS + vitamin D3 (1000 IU/kg), and CMS + vitamin D3 (10,000 IU/kg). Vitamin D3 was administered intramuscularly three times weekly for 28 days. Hippocampal mRNA expression of Wnt pathway components and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was quantified by RT-qPCR using the 2−ΔΔCt method. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase, while DNA damage was assessed via 8-OHdG ELISA. Results: CMS significantly downregulated Wnt1, β-catenin, and Axin2 mRNA expression (p &lt; 0.05) while markedly upregulating GSK-3β (p &lt; 0.001). Expression of BDNF was also reduced (p &lt; 0.05). Biochemically, CMS increased MDA and 8-OHdG levels (both p &lt; 0.001) and decreased glutathione (p &lt; 0.001), superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities (p &lt; 0.05). Vitamin D3 supplementation significantly reversed these transcriptional and biochemical alterations, restoring β-catenin signaling, improving antioxidant defenses, and reducing oxidative and genotoxic damage. Conclusions: Vitamin D3 confers significant neuroprotection under chronic stress by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and attenuating oxidative and DNA damage, thereby enhancing neuronal resilience to prolonged stress exposure.

Photosensors for aerospace and deep-space exploration require tolerance to high radiation levels and extreme temperatures. However, prolonged exposure to high-energy particles and severe thermal cycling inevitably induces material degradation. While van der Waals crystals possess inherent structural robustness and hold promise for such harsh environments, they still suffer from interfacial defects and operational instability that limit practical applications. Here we report a heteroatom-intercalation approach for two-dimensional wide-bandgap oxides potassium niobate (KNb3O8, KNO) that concurrently passivates structural defects and induces interface polarization as well as band structure reconstruction, which thus significantly improves the photodetection performance and enables solar-blind imaging applications. The resulting devices achieve stable operation over a broad temperature range of -263.15 oC to 300 oC and robust radiation tolerance up to 200 kGy at a dose rate of 6 Gy/s, outperforming most existing systems. This intercalation strategy provides a promising pathway for the rational design of harsh-environment-resistant optoelectronics.

Postmortem perfusion is a procedure which provides in-vivo fixation of the human body and prevents organ and tissue decomposition after biological death occurs. Formaldehyde-based embalming solutions influence nucleic acid degradation, which reduces the quality and quantity of DNA extracted and the effectiveness of short tandem repeat (STR) typing. This research is a 1-year study aimed at determining the timeframe within which viable DNA profiles can be generated from different tissue types, post-embalming. Samples from the bone marrow (tibia), trapezius and quadriceps muscles, liver, and brain tissues were collected before embalming and at seven time points post-embalming. DNA extraction and quantification were performed on each sample to assess whether sufficient DNA was available for testing. Samples with DNA quantities over 0.05 ng/μL underwent amplification and STR analysis to produce DNA profiles. Quantification values and profile quality were compared across tissue types and time points. Results showed that prolonged exposure to embalming solutions significantly reduced DNA quality, leading to less discernible profiles. Statistically significant differences were detected among all tissue types at all time periods. Liver and brain samples retained more DNA than bone marrow, trapezius, and quadricep muscle samples. Qualitative evaluation of ski slope patterns in liver STR profiles demonstrated increasing signal degradation over time and was consistent across loci, suggesting predictable fragment length-dependent decline. This study suggests that after embalming, the liver is the preferential tissue for recovering DNA for forensic analysis, as the liver samples were the most robust and the only sample type to yield DNA profiles up to 1 year.

India has a complex relation with concepts of gender and sexuality. Existing stigma in Indian society results in complex trauma and high psychiatric morbidity. We suggest adaptations to trauma and dissociation-informed therapy to ideally support the Indian queer community. We searched PubMed using the keywords "LGBT India mental health", "LGBT Trauma psychotherapy", and "LGBT India", yielding 174 studies. relevant English original or meta-analytic studies from India. non-English, non-Indian, inaccessible studies. After duplicate removal, abstract screening and full text analysis, a total of 37 studies (6 studies-LGBT statistics, 13 studies-struggles of LGBT Indian community, 11 studies-mental health impact, 9 studies-available resources, and 7 studies-trauma and dissociation-informed therapy) were included for this narrative review. Familial, communal, and police violence against the LGBTQ+ still exists in India. Stigma, microaggressions, homophobia, and re-traumatization in healthcare cause complex PTSD and other psychiatric disorders. Government, non-profit, and community-based interventions are lacking. Individually tailored, socially sensitive trauma-informed therapy would be ideal for the Indian queer community. "Narrative exposure therapy" creating culturally empowering narratives, "Mentalization-based therapy" reducing internalized stigma, "Prolonged exposure group therapy" building a support system, "Milan family therapy" combating negative stigma, and "somatic therapy" reclaiming one's body would help adapt existing Western trauma and dissociation-informed therapy models for the LGBTQ+ population in India. By adapting a model of trauma-informed therapy for the Indian LGBTQ+ community, we provide culturally and ethically sensitive recommendations for mental health professionals through this narrative review.

HIV enters the central nervous system (CNS) early, disrupting neurometabolism and inducing chronic neuroinflammation that results in the development of neurocognitive symptoms and neurodevelopmental delay in children infected with HIV. In children, neurocognitive presentation is often more severe than in adults, due to early and prolonged exposure to the virus. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), another major pediatric CNS infection and often an opportunistic co-infection in HIV, carries high morbidity and mortality but remains difficult to diagnose with existing tests. Metabolomics provides a promising complementary diagnostic approach. We used 1H-NMR and GCxGC-TOF/MS to compare cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolic profiles from children with HIV, TBM, HIV-TBM co-infection, viral meningitis, and controls that were uninfected but presented with neurological symptoms (e.g., seizures, raised intracranial pressure, brainstem dysfunction, infarction, etc.). Profiles were analyzed using univariate (ANOVA, Wilcoxon with FDR correction) and multivariate (PCA) methods. The discriminatory performance of candidate metabolites and biomarker panels was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, which included the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratios, and Youden's index to determine the optimal cut-offs. PCA demonstrated clear separation of viral and bacterial CNS infections. HIV was characterized by sugar alcohols, ketone bodies, and guanidinoacetate, whereas TBM showed a strong glycolytic and amino acid catabolic signature dominated by lactate, alanine, creatine, and fatty acid derivatives. Distinct CSF biosignatures can differentiate HIV and TBM in children, supporting their potential for future diagnostic applications and for advancing understanding of CNS pathogenesis in these infections.

Background Prolonged indoor heat exposure disrupts immune homeostasis and can precipitate acute systemic inflammation. However, the core temperature threshold triggering sex-specific immune cell (leukocytes and neutrophils) mobilization during passive indoor heat stress remains undefined. Methods We studied 68 males and 46 females exposed to wet-bulb temperatures ( T w ) of 32–35 °C. Rectal temperature ( T rec ) was continuously monitored, and blood samples were collected at 0.5 °C increments up to 38.9 °C. Leukocyte and neutrophil counts were modeled using quadratic and segmented mixed-effects models to identify inflection points of immune activation. Results Both leukocytes and neutrophils increased nonlinearly with rising T rec ( p &amp;lt; 0.05). Estimated T rec breakpoints occurred at approximately 38 °C, with overlapping 95% confidence intervals across sexes and cell types, indicating a transition to more rapid immune cell mobilization. This breakpoint was comparable to commonly cited thresholds for limiting excessive heat strain. Below the breakpoint, females exhibited steeper increases in both leukocytes and neutrophils, whereas above it, males showed greater acceleration, particularly for leukocytes. Neutrophil responses were consistently greater in males across the full temperature range (36.4–38.9 °C). Conclusions A distinct core temperature threshold (~ 38.0 °C) governs accelerated immune cell mobilization and reveals sex-dependent response patterns. These findings provide an immunological rationale for current occupational heat limits and emphasize the importance of integrating sex-specific considerations into protective guidelines under extreme heat conditions.