Prolonged Conflict Research Articles

Evaluation of the Satisfaction Level of the IDP with the Basic IDP Facilities Provided

The prolonged conflict between the Boko-Haram and the Nigerian military has led to the displacement of a lot of people from their communities forcing them to settle into Internally Displace Persons (IDP) camps over these years. This has placed a heavy burden on the government and other non-governmental organizations in the provision of aides and IDP camp facilities to reduce the suffering of these people, especially women and children. This paper sought to evaluate the IDP satisfaction or Dissatisfaction with the camp facilities in official camps in Borno State. It was conducted with the use of a structured questionnaire distributed in 12 out of the 16 official IDP camps studied. A total of 392 questionnaires were distributed with 331 returned given a percentage response of 84.4% and the data gotten were analyzed using the SPSS version19.0. The result revealed among others that; There is a gross insufficiency in the provision of water and toilet facilities in the IDP camps, and Electricity/lighting services are the facilities that the IDP is most dissatisfied with. The research recommends that Government, INGO, and Local NGOs should try to improve the Electricity/lighting services in the IDP camps as they pay similar attention to the nature of the Shelter/tent and Water containers accordingly.

The Urgency of Research and Strengthening Entrepreneurship Policies in Generating Business Models in Ex-Conflict Areas

Entrepreneurship contributes a lot to the economic growth of a regional area. In former conflict areas, entrepreneurship is a mechanism to facilitate prosperity and peace. The involvement of former conflict actors in micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) provided them opportunities to enjoy peace dividends and repair the order of life damaged by prolonged conflict. Even so, failure of MSMEs become a problem because it causes economic stagnation and has the opportunity to create new conflict. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the importance of research and strengthening policies related to entrepreneurship in former conflict areas. This study was conducted in Aceh Utara District using a qualitative approach. The data collection process carried out observation, interviews, and document studies. The empirical facts were analyzed by the stage of data reduction and data categorization, data display, and conclusion. The results showed that one of the causes of failure in MSMEs developments is weak policies and regulations related to community business empowerment. This fact was raised because the policies presented by the stakeholders were not based on research. Indeed, strengthening policies related to MSMEs can be done by making the results of studies and social mapping the primary basis for policymaking. Thus, the development of the MSMEs model for former conflict actors in Aceh has effects on increasing welfare and maintaining sustainable peace.

Alternative Settlement of Dispute Results for the Election of Village Head to Realize Democracy in South Buton


 The emergence of prolonged Village Head Election Conflicts due to fanaticism and the harsh confrontation of supporters of the village head candidates who face to face fight for the victory of their respective candidates. Sometimes they even forget the value of democracy and undermine the ethical values ​​that have been embedded in village communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the resolution of the dispute over the election results of the Lawela Village Head in realizing democracy in South Buton and to find out the legal consequences of the South Buton Regent's decision on the cancellation of the results of the Lawela Village Head election, South Buton Regency. The method used in this research is normative juridical. The stages of the research method are preparation and administration, inventory of relevant laws and regulations, research, analysis of research results, preparation of research reports and Focus Group Discussion. Based on the above explanation, the legal consequence of the South Buton Regent's Decree Number 341 of 2019 concerning the Dispute Resolution of the Election Results of the Lawela Village Head, Batauga District, South Buton Regency in 2019 is that the results of the Lawela Village Head election in the Lawela Village Head Election become non-binding from the moment it is canceled or fixed. The legal consequences for the elected Village Head candidate in Lawela Village are being canceled as the elected Village Head candidate or as Lawela Village Head for the 2019-2015 periods and/or as the winner who has succeeded in obtaining the most votes based on the determination of the Lawela Village Head Election Committee in 2019.

Reflections for the interdisciplinary study of the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022

The Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 is an unusual geopolitical event that puts the security of Western Europe at risk and, at the same time, erodes the norms of international law that regulate, at least in theory, relations between civilized countries. Indeed, it is a tragic event that has cost the lives of thousands of civilians who have been victims of war crimes and serious violations of their fundamental rights. In this sense, the objective of this editorial is twofold, on the one hand, to present volume 40, number 73 of Political Questions and, on the other, to briefly explain the causes and geopolitical consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It is concluded that the invasion of Putin’s Russia in Ukraine can trigger a prolonged and extensive conflict that can even confront NATO directly with Russia. Ideologically, it is a conflict that means a clash between different political models such as the liberal democracies of the West (ensuring human rights, adherence to the principles of international law - the sovereignty of the country, freedom of speech, free movement around the world, etc.) with the militarist and neoconservative authoritarianism of tsarist roots.

War on Terror and the United States Human Rights Violations in Afghanistan and Pakistan: An International Law Perspective

The 9/11 attacks triggereda paradigm shift in the United States security policy, prioritizing to ensure homeland security and to fight against the terrorism in the new American strategy.The United States invasion of Afghanistan further ravaged the existing fragile state damaging the already crumbling socio-economic and human infrastructure. In addition, the spillover of war into Pakistan started a new era of instability and misery further complicating the socio-economic fabric of the country making it the most vulnerable to terrorism related incidents. The two decades prolonged conflict not only destroyed the economic, social, and political infrastructure in both states, meanwhile mass human rights violations have been committed by the coalition forces under the leadership ofthe United States. In this context, the present paper investigates human rights abuses through the prism of international human rights law. The study addresses the following questions. (a) To what extent the United States war against terror violates the international law of human rights, and how it helpsWashington to reconsolidate the regional hegemony. (b) Whetherthe war on terror improve the situation of human rights or further aggravate the conditions of civilians in targeted states. The studyunderlinesthat the war on terror failed to meet the merit of the right to intervene for self-defense, yet the coalition forces deliberately assimilatethe innocent civilians underthe vagueanti-terror war rhetoric. In addition, the war serves the United States hegemonic interests in South Asia, as the American presence in Afghanistan and the Indo-United States strategic partnership brought serious geopolitical implications for China and Pakistan.

The Impact of United States of America Intervention On Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

The Israeli occupation of Palestine became a prolonged conflict; this conflict was caused by the seizure of the Jerusalem area. Jerusalem itself is a holy city for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The conflict began in 1917-1947 when during British rule in Palestine with Jerusalem as the center of government, the Balfour Declaration stated that Britain handed over the mandate of Palestine to the United Nations. During the ongoing conflict to date, not only two countries, namely Israel and Palestine, are involved, but there is also the intervention of the United States which has a fairly dominant role. For example, Donald Trump as President of the United States of America unilaterally announced that he recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in 2017, thus triggering a greater struggle than ever in the Middle East. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview, description, and understanding of the occurrence of conflict events in the Palestinian territories, by looking at the origins of the conflict, the role of the United States in it, and the impact of the dominant role of the United States in this prolonged conflict.

Children That Are Victims to Civil War: A Social Approach through Art and Culture-Molega, a Traditional Poso Children's Game: Special Issue.

Molega is a traditional game that is very popular among children and teenagers and is widely played. Molega has many benefits; it fosters solidarity and social harmony, builds responsibility, and develops honesty, sportsmanship, and egalitarian attitudes and behaviors, which make children happier in terms of mental growth. Before the Poso communal conflict, some games could still be played, especially those that were played in groups. However, several conditions hinder teaching molega to the next generation, such as the increase in modern games that children find more interesting and “prestigious”. In addition, some traditional game tools are difficult to find (such as wood shoots), and the amount of vacant land needed as a game medium continues to decrease. Prolonged conflict has also weakened the molega tradition, but it has had many positive impacts. The results of the social approach applied in this study found that molega, as a children’s game, can foster a spirit of solidarity and social harmony which is relevant and should be to be taught to the current generation of children to create harmony in an increasingly diverse society. Therefore, it inspires a sense of urgency to revitalize various folk games that come from tribes from all regions in Indonesia especially in Central Sulawesi, which can have a long-term positive impact on conflict-affected children. A transformation model requires support from families, schools, and communities to achieve the best results. At a basic education level, special learning modules or studies are needed on the importance of social and community values, which can be introduced by competent institutions at the national level.

PENDIDIKAN PESANTREN SEBAGAI UPAYA DERADIKALISASI DI INDONESIA

The issue of radicalism which leads to the crime of terrorism in various countries by Westerners is oftenassociated with Islam. Violence, war, and conflict that result in death seem to be a picture that Islam is abrutal religion. The statements were made by them not without reason. The prolonged conflict in the MiddleEast and suicide bombing cases have been confirmed by the media as Muslim acts. To face this reality,defending Islam with an argument is not the best way. Therefore, there needs to be improvements, pressures,and countermeasures in the teachings of Islam itself. One solution that can be done is through education thatstill maintains the purity of the Islamic religion, namely Pondok Pesantren. Pondok Pesantren is an Islamiceducation and lecturing institution that teaches the values of Islam rahmatan lil-alamin, moderate, tolerant,balanced, and fair in Indonesia. Pondok Pesantren offers an education system that is based directly on theteachings of Islam Ahlussunah Wal Jamaah. As we know that the teachings of Islam Ahulussunah WalJamaah are contrary to radicalism.

CHANGING GLOBAL ORDER AND POWER REALIGNMENTS IN SOUTHWEST ASIA (ECO REGION)

The global political and economic system is undergoing radical transformations, which might not be as obvious, but they are fast changing the existing global order. The weakening of US global hegemony, the gain of Chinese economic might and its increasing influence, the establishment of right-wing populist governments across the world, the prolonged conflicts in the Middle East, the NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan, and the recent Ukraine crisis have caused governments to re-assess their foreign policy priorities and to realign themselves in the changing global order. For Russia and China, the emerging new global order should be based on multipolarity and allowed to be developed in different ways. The region of Southwest Asia, as a subset of the international system, is restructuring and realigning itself with the changing geopolitical realities to bring coherence and stability within and across the region. This paper argues that the region's geostrategic importance is instrumental in facilitating the emergence of multipolar global order. Moreover, the new political arrangements also allow the regional states to look beyond western dominance and realign themselves for greater cooperation and stability. There have been predictions that the ECO region could become a centre of global power struggle and play a key role in transforming the global order from unipolar to multipolar. Bibliography Entry Khan, Ayesha. 2022. "Changing Global Order and Power Realignments in Southwest Asia (ECO Region)." Margalla Papers 26 (1): 61-73.

Development of East Natuna Block for Defense’s Interest on the Borderline and Securing Indonesia Energy Reserves

Natuna sea is Indonesia’s energy storage. East Natuna field, located on Indonesia's continental shelf in the Natuna sea, is believed to be the largest gas field in Asia-Pacific. Deposits a tremendous amount of hydrocarbon reserve potential numbered 46 TCF. The reserve is highly potential to meet Indonesia's future energy demand and is also an asset for national development. On the other hand, there could be a possibility that others also seek these natural resources. Part of the Natuna sea, which holds an extraordinary amount of hydrocarbon, is included in China's nine-dashed line claim of the South China Sea, an area with prolonged conflict. Indonesia's interest in maintaining our sovereignty over resources management on our continental shelf in the Natuna sea, particularly in managing energy resources. To achieve this interest, support for excellent defense capabilities is necessary. This research puts the synergy of energy and defense under scrutiny, exercising the quantitative method while seeking the help of qualitative methodology. Developing oil and gas fields on the borderline requires defense capability support to minimize threats. On the other hand, expenditure for strengthening, operating, and maintaining defense capability is costly. Benefit-cost analysis showed that defense expenditure for Natuna Island is far below the government's potential income from the development of the East Natuna field. This research concludes that Natuna island holds strategic values for politics, economy, and national defense. Energy resources in the Natuna Sea are assets for national development. Therefore it must be guarded. Thus, economic feasibility should not be the only basis for developing oil and gas in the Natuna sea. Even though another point of view, such as the development of those fields, is a state practice of Indonesia to maintain our sovereignty over the Natuna Sea and as an attempt to strengthen national defense on the borderline.

Iraq Wars: From A literary text to Social Context

This article investigates Iraq wars presentation in literature and media. The first section investigates the case of the returnees from the war and their experience, their trauma and final presentation of that experience. The article also investigates how trauma and fear is depicted to create an optimized image and state of fear that could in turn show Iraqi society as a traumatized society. Critics such as Suzie Grogan believes that the concept of trauma could expand to influence societies rather than one individual after exposure to trauma of being involved in wars and different major conflicts. This is reflected in Iraq as a country that was subjected to six comprehensive conflicts in its recent history, i.e. less than half a century; these are the Iraq-Iran war, the first Gulf war, the economic sanctions, the second Gulf war 2003, the civil war, and the wars of liberation against ISIS.
 The second section investigates Franco Moretti's theory of the Dialectic of Fear and the implication of this hypothesis of stereotyping on the Iraq war and its transformation from an anomaly expressed issue in the media and creative texts to a social reality that is measured by presenting what is not acceptable as an acceptable pattern in the case of war and shock between Iraq and the wars that took place in the west, and the extent of its impact on the protraction of the state of social trauma suffered by Iraqis, who are still suffering under the effects of prolonged political conflicts even after the end of military field conflicts.
 The research sheds the light on studies such as the Dialectic of Fear by Franco Moretti, Risk Society by Ulrich Beck and Oh My God: Diaries of American Soldiers in Mesopotamia edited and translated by Buthaina Al-Nasiri.
 
 Key words: Iraqi war, trauma, risk society, social context, stereotyping.

Conservation of Natural Resources and Biodiversity Management In Bandarban, Bangladesh

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is situated in the Southeastern Bangladesh having an area of 13,295 km2. Bandarban is one of the hill districts of CHT with diverse natural resources and ethnic communities. This paper is based on the review of published papers, reports, books related to Bandarban district of CHT giving emphasis on the landscape, natural resources, and the indigenous peoples in the CHT. The available information is synthesized to understand the overall state of natural resources degradation with special focus on land, soil, forest, fisheries, and livestock, etc. The traditional agricultural system of jhum cultivation is not sustainable due to population pressure, reduction of fallow period and soil degradation. The paper also presented the major causes of resource destruction along with the opportunities and challenges to the existing natural resource management in Bandarban. The prolonged conflict of land tenure and settlement of plain land people needs to be addressed at priority basis for the betterment of the hill people. J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2021, 7(2): 84-94

Factors Promoting Ethnocentricity in the Afghan Society Post-2001: An Exploratory Analysis

Ethnicization of politics is extremely prevalent in Afghanistan. It turned out to be an essential component of the Bonn Agreement of 2001, which aimed to put an end to the civil wars and to outbalance ethnic applications to overcome the prolonged conflict. This research explores the role of the factors that added to the ethnocentricity promotion in Afghan society post-2001. It demonstrates how the political display of ethnicity in Afghan politics and ethnocentricity promotion have manipulated the political structure of Afghanistan. This research study is qualitative in nature, and the analysis is based on secondary sources. The study outlines the spread of ethnicity in Afghanistan on two grounds, including internal as well as external factors. The reasons include tribalism, mismatched leadership and corruption; control of material and spiritual resources; marginalization of some ethnic groups; and strategic goals and interests of regional stakeholders that exacerbate the spread of ethnocentricity in Afghanistan. The study recommends a strong central government to keep the ethnic card players in check, and in the meantime, the government should provide equal opportunities to all ethnic groups and eradicate discrimination from the governmental structure. The government needs to allocate national annual budgets properly, which can address grievances from regions and rural areas, and take steps to ensure the inclusion of all ethnic groups.

Multikulturalisme pada Kelompok Sosial Karang Taruna Serdadu Desa Lumpang

Indonesia is a vast country. Not only region but also in terms of culture, race, religion, and ethnicity. With this, Indonesia is clearly categorized as a plural country, in which there are various kinds of people in it. In response to this social conflict between a community group is unavoidable. Conflicts between religions, conflicts between races, conflicts between cultures, and conflicts between nations. Then multiculturalism becomes one of the efforts to prevent prolonged conflict. To support the goal of multiculturalism, the Serdadu youth group social group became the subject of research in this study. In this study, the researcher took a qualitative research method, with a phenomenological approach in which the researcher aimed to dig up information about the importance of the form of multiculturalism in the Serdadu youth group social group. This research was conducted in the community of Rw. 06 Lumpang Village This study found that (1) Making Pancasila the main foundation in carrying out community social activities. (2) To support the effectiveness of multiculturalism, it is necessary to have a view without differences in society (3) Unity is a priority in carrying out the multiculturalism process as a whole.

LECTURAS DEL INFORME DE LA COMISIÓN DE LA VERDAD. POSIBILIDADES PARA LA CONVIVENCIA ESCOLAR

The text addresses the complexity of the current situation in Colombia, a country at a critical moment of social and political change after more than half a century of armed conflict. The signing of the peace agreement with the FARC-EP in 2016 is highlighted as a crucial milestone, although not without challenges, including the reintegration of former combatants and the security of the signatories. The creation of the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition is mentioned as an attempt to tell the complete history of the conflict and its victims, facing political obstacles such as the stance of President Iván Duque. The text also focuses on the importance of education for peaceful coexistence, especially within educational communities. It emphasizes the need to review and update school curricula to include a more complete and contextualized history of Colombia, from its history of violence to its struggle for peace. Additionally, it addresses the importance of challenging social norms that perpetuate violence and conflict, such as gender stereotypes and bullying. The role of youth leadership in building a new narrative is also discussed, as well as the active participation of young people in public debate about the country's future. The article underlines the need to remember and honor the slain social leaders, as well as to understand the deeper roots of conflict that include systemic violence and drug trafficking. It suggests that truth and justice are imperatives for coexistence and that society must strive for truth-seeking through different mechanisms such as coexistence committees and programs like Hermes. Additionally, it points to creativity and literature as ways to resignify the past and construct new narratives of coexistence. In summary, the text offers a multifaceted analysis of social and political change in Colombia, highlighting the complexity of transitioning from a state of prolonged conflict to a more peaceful and equitable situation. It proposes a series of strategies and approaches to address these challenges, from the educational system to public participation, with truth and justice as pillars for coexistence.

Myanmar's 2020 Election: Explaining the Strong Performance of the NLD and Some Ethnic Parties

AbstractAung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) won another landslide victory in the 2020 general election. Although there was widespread dissatisfaction with the government's poor management of the economy and ethnic conflicts, as well as with the pre-electoral coordination of ethnic parties in several states, opposition and ethnic-based parties had failed to gain more seats. Previous explanations had focused on the economy, electoral system bias, weak party institutionalization, and vote splitting among ethnic parties; however, they underestimated the significance of two contextual factors: military dominance of politics and ethnic conflict. This article argues that military dominance hindered normal political development in Myanmar. The anti-military sentiment favored the NLD, which made most Bamar voters disregard the party's poor economic performance. Despite the electoral system's bias, prolonged ethnic conflicts made ethnic parties that had fought for their community's causes more likely to maintain support. These arguments are verified by survey and electoral data sets. The military nullified the 2020 election claiming that electoral fraud was to blame, but the findings indicate that it was the political environment the military created that led to the victory of the NLD and some ethnic parties in the first place.

View from Washington: Fasten your seatbelt

The chip shortage will potentially be with us for a good while longer. The invasion of Ukraine has again drawn attention to global semiconductor shortages. The country is largest supplier of the high-grade neon used in lasers for chipmaking. Its two main companies are believed to have closed their factories: Ingas in Mariupol and Cryoin Engineering in Odesa. There are conflicting reports as to how quickly neon shortages could become another headache for fab operators. Peter Hanbury, a partner with consultancy Bain, says fabs had already been looking for greater stability of supply, not just in the months before the latest Russian invasion, but dating back to its 2014 seizure of Crimea and parts of Donbas. Steps taken include second-sourcing, deeper inventories and, from equipment makers, innovation to reduce the amount of neon their tools use. Nevertheless, a prolonged conflict could see issues arise later this year.

Proactive Innovation in a Prolonged Conflict Setting: Facing COVID-19 in a Specialized Cancer Hospital in Palestine.

The prolonged ongoing conflict in Palestine exacerbated socioeconomic conditions and weakened the health system, complicating the management of COVID-19 pandemic, especially for cancer patients who are doubly-at risk. Augusta Victoria Hospital (AVH) is Palestine's only specialized cancer hospital, receiving patients from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank for oncology, nephrology, hematology, and radiotherapy. AVH's preparedness measures enabled its agile response. These proactive and innovative preparedness measures included: implementing a facility-level preparedness and response plan; utilizing multidisciplinary team-based and evidence-informed approaches to decision making; prioritizing health workers' safety and education; establishing in-house PCR testing to scale up timely screenings; and accommodating health workers, patients, and their relatives at hospital hotels, to maintain daily, continuous and critical health care for cancer patients and limit the spread of infection. At the facility-level, the biggest challenge faced by AVH was continuing essential and daily care for immunocompromised patients while protecting them from potential infection from relatives, hospital staff and other suspected patients. At the national level, the lack of preparedness, inequalities in vaccine distribution, political instability, violence, delays in obtaining medical exit permits to reach Jerusalem, weakened AVH's response. AVH's flexible financing, hospital accreditation, and strong leadership and coordination enabled its agility and resilience. Despite compiling challenges, the hospital's proactive and innovative interventions minimized the risk of infection among two high-risk groups: the immunocompromised patients and their health workers, providing invaluable lessons for health facilities in other fragile-and-conflict-affected settings.

US WITHDRAWAL & TALIBAN REGIME IN AFGHANISTAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL STABILITY

After the United States leaves, Afghanistan, a nation decimated by a four-decade prolonged conflict, will experience much more anarchy and a humanitarian calamity. The United States' abrupt withdrawal has left a political vacuum that has spread to all of the regional states, and the state system has also disintegrated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the US withdrawal and the Taliban's resurgence in Afghanistan. This study specifically sought to comprehend the prospects for peace in Afghanistan in relation to regional peace, current regional blocs, and those blocs' policies. The United States' plan to combat terrorism and restore peace to war-torn nations has serious flaws, as evidenced by the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Taliban's subsequent takeover. To comprehend the breakdown of the state apparatus, the U.S. withdrawal, the Taliban regime, and its implications for regional stability, secondary data has been used. This research paper used the theoretical perspective of conflict resolution and management to highlight the shortcomings in American management of the Taliban and Afghanistan issues, as well as their effects Key words: United State Withdrawal, Political Vacuum, Taliban, Conflict Resolution and Management Theory, Discourse Analysis.

Penyelesaian Kasus Perbuatan Curang Pengalihan Air Sawah Subak Puspa Sari Banjar Taman, Desa Tuwed, Kecamatan Melaya Jembrana


 The role of Pekasah and Traditional Villages in resolving cases of fraudulent acts of diversion of subak rice fields in Banjar Taman, Tuwed village, Jembrana Malay sub-district. Subak is a farmer community organization that lives and develops in a community that manages and regulates rice fields where this subak adheres to the concept of tri hita karana. The purpose of this research was to determine the role of Pekaseh in resolving cases of fraudulent acts of diversion of rice field water in Subak Puspa Sari Banjar Taman in Tuwed Village, District Melaya Jembrana in terms of a positive legal perspective and the role of Customary Law in resolving cases of fraudulent water diversion in subak Puspa Sari Bnajar Taman in Tuwed Village, Melaya Jembrana District. Adat in taking action based on the prevailing customary village Awig-awig. Then the type of research used in this paper is empirical is a type of field research, namely examining the applicable legal provisions and what happens in reality in society. The results of this research indicate that water problems usually occur in the famine or dry season, even though the village of Tuwed has utilized two dams, namely the Palasari dam and the Tukadaya dam, sometimes if the dry season is quite long it can also result in a decrease in the amount of water, but in the agricultural field it increases the amount of use. water because the soil is dry automatically the soil absorbs more water, at this time sometimes conflicts occur between farmers who want to use water for their respective agriculture, what if there has been a prolonged conflict that disrupts the harmony in the community, the traditional village is obliged to take a decision and steps to resolve problems that occur.