Proliferation Of Blood Vessels Research Articles

Effects of the interactions between platelets with other cells in tumor growth and progression.

It has been confirmed that platelets play a key role in tumorigenesis. Tumor-activated platelets can recruit blood cells and immune cells to migrate, establish an inflammatory tumor microenvironment at the sites of primary and metastatic tumors. On the other hand, they can also promote the differentiation of mesenchymal cells, which can accelerate the proliferation, genesis and migration of blood vessels. The role of platelets in tumors has been well studied. However, a growing number of studies suggest that interactions between platelets and immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, and red blood cells) also play an important role in tumorigenesis and tumor development. In this review, we summarize the major cells that are closely associated with platelets and discuss the essential role of the interaction between platelets with these cells in tumorigenesis and tumor development.

Clinicopathological characteristics of Klinefelter syndrome: a testicular biopsy analysis of 87 cases

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of testicular biopsies from Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients. Methods: The testicular biopsy specimens of 87 patients with KS (a total of 107 biopsy specimens) were collected from the Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China from January 2017 to July 2022. All patients were diagnosed as KS by peripheral blood karyotyping analysis. The testicular histopathologic features, testicular volume and hormone levels were evaluated retrospectively. The histopathologic analysis was used to assess the quantity and morphology of Leydig cells, the spermatogenic state of seminiferous tubules, the thickening of the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and the changes of stroma. Results: Leydig cell proliferative nodules were seen in 95.3% (102/107) of KS testicular biopsy tissues. The eosinophilic inclusion bodies and lipofuscin in Leydig cells were found in 52.3% (56/107) and 57.9% (62/107) of specimens, respectively. The Sertoli cell only seminiferous tubules and the hyalinized tubules were found in 66.4% (71/107) and 76.6% (82/107) of the examined tissues, respectively. The tubules with complete spermatogenic arrest were found in 15.9% (17/107) of specimens, and 5.6% (6/107) of the specimens showed low spermatogenesis or incomplete spermatogenic arrest. In 85.0% (91/107) of the specimens, increased thick-walled small vessels with hyaline degeneration were identified. Conclusions: The most common features of KS testicular specimens are Leydig cell proliferative nodules, hyaline degeneration of seminiferous tubules and proliferation of thick-walled blood vessels. Testicular biopsy specimens of KS are rare. The pathologists can make a tentative diagnosis of KS based on the histological findings, combined with the ultrasound and laboratory results, which is helpful for further diagnosis and treatment of KS.

Gender differences in the risk of developing obesity related disease can be explained by sex‐specific molecular signatures that regulates adipose endothelial cell growth

Obesity is the excessive growth of adipose tissue resulting from the chronic consumption of excess calories and is a recognised risk factor for developing cardio-metabolic diseases. There is however a significant variation in the size and expandibility of different adipose tissue in humans. The inability of adipose tissue to expand “safely” leads to ectopic fat deposition, causing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular conditions – which are more prevalent in men than women. Thus, the mechanisms that control the expandability of adipose tissue are key factors in determining diabetes risk in obesity. An interesting study from York University have provided new insights on the biological underpinning in gender differences in the risk of developing obesity-related diseases. Previous study from this group has observed that when mice become obese, females grow more new blood vessels to supply the expanding fat tissue with oxygen and nutrients, whereas males grow a lot less. To understand the mechanism regulating this, the team used software to help sift through thousands of genes to zero in on the ones that would be associated with blood vessel growth. They discovered that processes associated with the proliferation of new blood vessels were high in the female mice, whereas the males had a high level of processes associated with inflammation. Thereafter, the investigators examined the behaviour of the endothelial cells ex-vivo. Interestingly, they observed that even when these cells were studied ex-vivo, male and female endothelial cells still behave very differently from each other - female endothelial cells replicated faster, while male endothelial cells displayed greater sensitivity to an inflammatory stimulus. Further studies to investigate the effects of specific genes in humans that regulate endothelial cells growth will provide potential therapeutic target to manage and treat obesity related cardio-metabolic diseases. The study was funded by a grant through the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, as well as the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada and York's Faculty of Health.

Polymer photosensitizing systems containing porphyrins, dinitrosyl iron complexes, and sodium alginate in the generation of singlet oxygen

The activity of photosensitizing systems based on water-soluble photoditazine (PDZ) and hydrophobic fluorinated tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPF20) solubilized polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (in the case PDZ) and pluronic F127 (in the case TPPF20) was studied in a model reaction of tryptophan (Trp) photooxidation. We also studied the effect of dinitrosyl iron complex (DNIC) and sodium alginate (SA) polysaccharide on the photosensitizing activity of both PDZ in the presence of PVP and TPPF20 solubilized with pluronic F127 in a model reaction of Trp photooxidation. It was shown that TPPF20 solubilized with pluronic F127 exhibits high photocatalytic activity in the presence of both DNIC and SA. It was also shown that PVP is able to prevent the damaging effect exerted by active NO radicals produced during the photodecomposition of DNIC on PDZ molecules. Moreover, it was demonstrated that SA does not influence the photocatalytic activity of PDZ in the presence and absence of PVP. Using the dynamic light scattering method, it was found that SA macromolecules in the presence of PVP are capable of self-association, which, due to the ‘excluded volume’ effect, can cause a slight increase in the rate of photocatalytic reaction. The effectiveness of using PDZ in combination with PVP in the presence of SA and DNIC as a photosensitizer in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy was studied via in vivo experiments on a model of a full-layer planar wound in laboratory rats. Morphological studies have shown that under photodynamic action on wounds, the use of these systems (compared to photoexcitation of an aqueous solution of the initial PDZ) stimulates the transition of the inflammatory phase to the reparative (proliferative) phase. In addition, the process of cleansing wounds from microflora and devitalized tissues is accelerated, the disturbed microcirculation is restored, the proliferation of fibroblasts and blood vessels, and collagen synthesis are accelerated. It is suggested that the PDZ-PVP-SA-DNIC systems can be used in PDT procedures for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the skin and soft tissues.

Safety and efficacy of intravesical instillation of resiniferatoxin in healthy cats: A preliminary study.

To evaluate the safety of intravesical application of resiniferatoxin (RTX) in healthy cats and its effects on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) produced by C-fibers. Seven adult female cats received either 25 mL of saline (control; n = 1), or intravesical RTX at 5, 25, or 50 μg in 25 mL of saline to a final concentration of 0.2 μg/mL (318 nM), 1 μg/mL (1,591 nM), and 2 μg/mL (3,181 nM) (n = 2 per group). The treatment was instilled into the urinary bladder for 20 min. Plasma concentrations of RTX were measured at 0, 0.5, 1, and 4 h. Physical exam, complete blood count, and serum biochemical analysis were performed on day 0, 7, and 14. After 14 days, the sacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the urinary bladder were harvested for histological and immunofluorescence analysis. Intravesical RTX was well tolerated and plasma concentrations were below the quantifiable limits except for one cat receiving 1 μg/mL. Mild to moderate histopathological changes, including epithelial changes, edema, and blood vessel proliferation, were observed at lower doses (0.2 and 1 μg/mL), and were more severe at the higher dose (2 μg/mL). C-fiber ablation was observed in the urinary bladder tissue at all doses, as shown by an apparent reduction of both CGRP and SP immunoreactive axons. A dose of 25 μg (1 μg/mL) of RTX instilled in the urinary bladder of healthy cats appeared to decrease the density of SP and CGRP nerve axons innervating bladder and induced moderate changes in the bladder tissue.

Thermodynamics of the Association of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics with Human Angiogenin.

The body needs to maintain a firm balance between the inducers and inhibitors of angiogenesis, the process of proliferation of blood vessels from pre-existing ones. Human angiogenin (hAng), being a potent inducer of angiogenesis, is a cause of tumor cell proliferation, therefore its inhibition becomes a vital area of research. Aminoglycosides are linked ring systems consisting of amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring and are in use in clinical practices for a long time. These compounds have found clinical uses as antibacterial agents that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Gentamycin C1, Kanamycin A, Neomycin B, Paromomycin I, and Streptomycin A are commonly used aminoglycoside antibiotics that have been used for the present study. Among these, Neomycin has reported inhibitory activity against angiogenin-induced angiogenesis on the chicken chorioallantoic membrane. This study focuses on the thermodynamic parameters involved in the interactions of these antibiotics with hAng. Agarose gel-based assay, Fluorescence quenching studies and Docking studies. Anti-ribonucleolytic effect of the antibiotics was observed qualitatively using an agarose gelbased assay, which shows that Neomycin exhibits the most efficient inhibition of hAng. Fluorescence quenching studies at different temperatures, using Stern-Volmer and van't Hoff equations provide information about the thermodynamics of binding, which furthermore highlights the higher binding constant of Neomycin. Docking studies showed that the antibiotics preferably interact with the nuclear translocation site, except Streptomycin, which shows affinity towards the ribonucleolytic site of the protein with very less affinity value. The study has shown the highly spontaneous formation of Neomycin-hAng complex, giving an exothermic reaction with increase in the degree of freedom of the protein-ligand complex.

Interdental Pyogenic Granuloma with Ossification in a Pediatric Patient - A Rare Case Report and a Mini Literature Review

Pyogenic granuloma is an acquired benign proliferation of capillary blood vessels of the skin and oral cavity.Ossification in Pyogenic Granuloma is an uncommon pathology that is linked with the possible etiopathogenesis of irritation and foreign body reaction. A 12-year-old female patient reported a chief complaint of gingival growth in the upper right back teeth region, which was initially small in size and eventually grew to attain the present size in 2 months. Clinical examination revealed a painless pinkish pedunculated growth of approximately 1.5x1 centimetre superior-inferiorly and media-laterally. The histopathological examination of the excised lesion revealed an unlikely diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma with ossification. The rarity of the lesion can be attributed to the possible irritation to the tooth-supporting structures caused by rotation of the premolar. Also, ossification seen within the lesion adds to the dilemma. This case report presents a rare case of a gingival pyogenic granuloma in the interdental region adjacent to the rotated maxillary second premolar. It may have a possible etiology of trauma to interdental periodontal fibres caused by rotation of premolars due to disturbances during development.

Kombinasi Injeksi Triamsinolon Asetat Intralesi dan Propanolol Oral pada Kasus Hemangioma Kapiler Palpebra

Capillary hemangioma is a benign tumor developed from the abnormal proliferation of blood vessels. This tumor appears on eyelids and orbit. Around 75% of hemangioma resolves spontaneously in the first 4-5 years of life. Intervention is needed in hemangioma that obstructs the visual axis. It has been reported that a two-year-old girl came to Polyclinic with a mass on the left superior eyelid 1,5 years ago. At first, the left superior eyelid looked puffy, then developed slowly until it covered the left eye. On the examination of the left eye, visual acuity assessment was hard to perform. Mass in superior palpebral was 8mm x 8mm x 8mm, reddish colored (different with adjacent skin), consistency supple, mobile, painful (-), edema (+), horizontal palpebral fissure (FPH) 30 mm, vertical palpebral fissure (FPV) 0 mm. CT scan showed suspected hemangioma. The patient was diagnosed with capillary hemangioma and given an injection of triamcinolone acetate intralesional and oral propranolol under the supervision of a pediatrician. Significant clinical improvement was observed after 40 days of injection, where the mass was resolved completely. The FPV and FPH of the left eye had improved to 9 mm and 30 mm, respectively, with the patient finally able to follow the object. The combination of intralesional triamcinolone acetate and oral propranolol in this case is quite effective in providing complete resolution of capillary hemangioma.Keywords: capillary hemangioma, triamcinolone acetate injection, propanolol

Laser therapy for retinopathy in sickle cell disease.

Laser therapy for retinopathy in sickle cell disease.

Lobular Capillary Hemangioma : A Rare Entity

Hemangioma is a relatively common benign proliferation of blood vessels that primarily develops during childhood. Two main forms of hemangioma are: capillary and cavernous. The capillary form presents as a flat area consisting of numerous small capillaries. Cavernous hemangioma appears as an elevated lesion of a deep red color, consisting of large dilated sinuses filled with blood. The purpose of the study was to report the case of a capillary hemangioma in a patient and to describe the successful treatment of this case.

Ace inhibitors in the treatment of arterial hypertension (literature review)

Literature data on the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension have been given.The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is the central element in controlling the body's water-salt balance and blood pressure. The main effector link of the renin-angiotensin system is angiotensin II, which causes vasospasm, activates heart contraction, inhibits the production of bradykinin, promotes proliferation, and fibrosis of blood vessels and myocardium, and promotes the synthesis of aldosterone in the glomerular zone of the adrenal cortex.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the mainstay of the treatment of arterial hypertension. They contribute to the correction of hypertension, hypertrophy, remodeling of the left ventricle, endothelial dysfunction, proliferation of arterial smooth muscles, and thrombotic phenomena. The 2018 ESH/ESC guidelines state that the first-line therapy in most patients with hypertension should be a fixed combination of a renin-angiotensin system blocker and a calcium channel blocker or diuretic. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is currently considered a gold standard of antihypertensive therapy.The objective is to systematize modern literature data on the role of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of arterial hypertension. Conclusion. To date, the concept of the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAАS) in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and the role of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension has been formulated.

Endothelial-Specific Molecule 1 Inhibition Lessens Productive Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis to Overcome Bevacizumab Resistance.

The development of drug resistance in malignant tumors leads to disease progression, creating a bottleneck in treatment. Bevacizumab is widely used clinically, and acts by inhibiting angiogenesis to "starve" tumors. Continuous treatment can readily induce rebound proliferation of tumor blood vessels, leading to drug resistance. Previously, we found that the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region of bevacizumab cooperates with the Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) ligand to induce M2b polarization in macrophages and secrete tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), which promotes immunosuppression, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. However, the downstream mechanism underlying TNFα-mediated bevacizumab resistance requires further investigation. Our RNA-Seq analysis results revealed that the expression of endothelial cell specific molecule-1 (ESM1) increased significantly in drug-resistant tumors and promoted metastasis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, TNFα induced the upregulation of ESM1, which promotes metastasis and angiogenesis and regulates matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and delta-like ligand-4 molecules (DLL4). Accordingly, the curative effect of bevacizumab improved by neutralizing ESM1 with high-affinity anti-ESM1 monoclonal antibody 1-2B7 in bevacizumab-resistant mice. This study provides important insights regarding the molecular mechanism by which TNFα-induced ESM1 expression promotes angiogenesis, which is significant for elucidating the mechanism of bevacizumab drug resistance and possibly identifying appropriate biosimilar molecules.

RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses reveal the physiological response to acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in Epinephelus coioides.

Hypoxia is a critical problem in intensive Epinephelus coioides aquaculture systems. In the present study, the physiological responses of E. coioides muscle to acute hypoxic stress (DO = 0.6 ± 0.1mg/L) and reoxygenation (DO = 6.0 ± 0.1mg/L) were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RNA-seq was conducted on the muscle tissues of E. coioides in the hypoxia-tolerant (EMS), hypoxia-sensitive (EMW), and normoxic (CM) groups. Among the three groups, a total of 277 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. KEGG analysis revealed that the pathways significantly enriched after hypoxic stress are involved in the immune response, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, energy metabolism, vasodilation and proliferation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. qRT‒PCR verified that the differentially expressed genes FIH-1, PHD-2, PPARα, BCL-XL, LDH-A, and Flt-1 were significantly upregulated after hypoxic stress and returned to normal levels after reoxygenation, suggesting that these DEGs play important roles in responding to hypoxia treatment. In addition, the HIF-1 signaling pathway was also activated under hypoxic stress, and qRT‒PCR confirmed that the expression level of HIF-1α was significantly elevated under acute hypoxic stress, indicating that the HIF-1 signaling pathway is the central pathway in the E. coioides hypoxic response mechanism and activates other related pathways to adapt to hypoxic stress. These pathways jointly regulate energy metabolism, substance synthesis, blood vessel proliferation, cell proliferation, and differentiation and prolong survival time. These results provide ideas for understanding physiological regulation after hypoxic stress and reoxygenation and provide basic insights for the future breeding of hypoxia-tolerant E. coioides.

Post-Traumatic Synovial Haemangioma of the Elbow: An Incidental Finding in a Secondary Health Facility in Benin City, Nigeria

Synovial haemangioma is a rare clinical condition which refers to abnormal proliferation of blood vessels in the synovia membrane of a joint. This usually arises in tendon sheaths, synovial membranes of joints or bursae. The lesion is a benign vascular neoplasia was first described by Bouchut in 1856 that occur most frequently around the knee. Trauma has been reported as an Aetiological factor in the formation of post traumatic synovial haemangioma in young adults. The granulation tissues formed following minor trauma to muscle and joint may cause proliferation and infiltration endothelial tissues and subsequently enlarges and grows into vascular tumours. Post traumatic Synovial haemangioma of the elbow usually mimics other lesions as bursitis. This case was an incidental finding of synovial haemangioma of the elbow following trauma in a young adult.

Case report on aggressive Hemangioma

Hemangioma is a benign tumor characterized by the proliferation of blood vessels. A few hemangiomas are aggressive, characterized by bone expansion and extra-osseous extension. The vertebral hemangiomas are most often found in the thoracic and lumbar spine. The aggressive type refers to the presence of extension beyond the vertebral body, destruction of the cortex and invasion of the epidural and paravertebral spaces. An aggressive hemangioma can occur at any age with peak prevalence in young adults. We hereby present a case of an Aggressive Hemangioma in a young patient with no co-morbidities exhibiting symptoms of low backache and progressive lower limb weakness and urinary symptoms.

S2557 An Unusual Cause of Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Introduction: Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is bleeding of unknown origin, that persists or recurs, after a negative initial or primary endoscopy. It accounts for approximately 5% of all cases of gastrointestinal bleeding and is usually due to a lesion in the small bowel. We present a case of rare cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Case Description/Methods: 68 year old male, was admitted with history of passing black coloured stools since last 2 weeks. History of weightloss was present. History of squamous cell carcinoma vocal cord in the past and he underwent radiation therapy. Blood investigations showed anemia. Endoscopy showed antral erosions. Colonoscopy revealed caecal angiodysplasia and was treated with Argon plasma coagulation. In view of persistent melena, patient underwent CT angiography, which revealed bowel wall thickening with cavitation and focal bowel dilatation involving the jejunum (Fig 1). Spiral enteroscopy revealed an ulceroproliferative neoplasm about 4 x 3 cm, involving more than half the circumference of jejunum (Fig 2). He was discharged after stabilisation. Two weeks later, patient was admitted with abdominal pain. CT abdomen revealed dilated jejunal loops with bowel wall thickening and eccentric cavitation. A small loculated collection of size 3.6x1.8cm with a tiny air foci was seen along with minimal free fluid (Fig 3). On laparotomy, a perforated tumor in proximal jejunum, 25 cm away from DJ flexure, was identified. He underwent resection and end to end anastomosis. On histopathology, sections from jejunum showed transmural infiltration by a tumour arranged in sheets. The tumour cells were polygonal to epithelioid, with heterogeneously clumped chromatin. Interspersed proliferated blood vessels were noted. The neoplastic cells show diffuse strong positivity for Pan CK , Vimentin and patchy positivity for CK 7,CD31. CD34 highlighted the vessels. They were negative for p40, CDX2, CK20, CK 5/6, WT1, HMB45, SMA, CD117 and DOG 1. Histopathology was suggestive of a poorly differentiated sarcoma, with IHC suggestive of epitheliod angiosarcoma. Discussion: Primary angiosarcoma of small intestine is very rare. Epithelioid angiosarcomas are rare tumors, accounting for less than 1%. Angiosarcoma of small bowel may be associated with previous radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and chemical toxin exposure, specifically polyvinyl chloride. Angiosarcoma of small intestine can be considered as a rare cause in a patient who presents with obscure gastrointestinal bleed.Figure 1.: Bowel wall thickening with cavitation and focal bowel dilatation involving the jejunum, Fig 2: Spiral enteroscopy , Fig 3: Dilated jejunal loops with bowel wall thickening and eccentric cavitation, Fig 4/5 Histopathology , Fig 6: Immunohistochemistry.

Novel Therapy for Acquired Tracheomalacia with a Tissue-Engineered Extraluminal Tracheal Splint and Autologous Mesenchymal-Derived Chondrocytes.

Introduction Acquired tracheomalacia (ATM) is characterized by a loss of structural strength of the tracheal framework, resulting in airway collapse during breathing. Near half of the patients undergoing prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation will suffer tracheal lesions. Treatment for ATM includes external splinting with rib grafts, prosthetic materials, and tracheal resection. Failure in the use of prosthetic materials has made reconsidering natural origin scaffolds and tissue engineering as a suitable alternative. Objective To restore adequate airway patency in an ovine model with surgically-induced ATM employing a tissue-engineered extraluminal tracheal splint (TE-ETS). Methods In the present prospective pilot study, tracheal rings were partially resected to induce airway collapse in 16 Suffolk sheep ( Ovis aries ). The TE-ETS was developed with autologous mesenchymal-derived chondrocytes and allogenic decellularized tracheal segments and was implanted above debilitated tracheal rings. The animals were followed-up at 8, 12, and 16 weeks and at 1-year postinsertion. Flexible tracheoscopies were performed at each stage. After sacrifice, a histopathological study of the trachea and the splint were performed. Results The TE-ETS prevented airway collapse for 16 weeks and up to 1-year postinsertion. Tracheoscopies revealed a noncollapsing airway during inspiration. Histopathological analyses showed the organization of mesenchymal-derived chondrocytes in lacunae, the proliferation of blood vessels, and recovery of epithelial tissue subjacent to the splint. Splints without autologous cells did not prevent airway collapse. Conclusion It is possible to treat acquired tracheomalacia with TE-ETS without further surgical removal since it undergoes physiological degradation. The present study supports the development of tissue-engineered tracheal substitutes for airway disease.

Functional analysis of litter size and number of teats in pigs: From GWAS to post-GWAS

Reproductive traits, such as the number of teats and litter size, are essential for animal breeding programs due to the importance of the production chain, since they influence the maternal ability of the sow and can affect the number of weaned piglets. We aim to identify candidate genes associated with reproductive traits in pigs, using GWAS data from a systematic review combined with sequencing data, to build networks of biological processes and transcription factors (TFs) from the identified genes to highlight the most candidate genes for litter size and the number of teats. In the systematic review, only peer-reviewed articles were used, with descriptors related to the evaluated traits, and selected based on eligibility criteria. Fourteen papers were selected and classified for functional analysis of gene networks with 2077 candidate genes identified. After combining with the list of genes presenting known structural variants in the 5′UTR and/or coding region, 306 genes remained to be used to build the gene networks of biological processes and TFs, highlighting processes associated with litter size (e.g., ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway and blastocyte growth) and the number of teats (e.g., growth hormone receptor, regulation of the BMP - Bone Morphogenetic Proteins signaling pathway and blood vessel proliferation). Two most candidate genes for litter size trait (GRID2 and PALB2) and six most candidate genes for the number of teats (GHR, IFT80, FSTL3, SKOR1, SMURF1, and AKT3) were prioritized. TFs associated with candidate genes were also identified for litter size (PALB2 and GRID2) and the number of teats (RIN, LTBP2, and COL6A6). Thus, it is suggested that the most candidate genes and TFs presented in this study may play an important role in the traits studied, being important for genetic studies and animal breeding.

Establishment of rat allogenic vein replacement model and pathological characteristics of the replaced vessels.

BackgroundWith the advancement of vascular anastomosis techniques in recent years, radical surgery for tumors combined with venous vascular resection and reconstruction has been widely used. This study intends to establish two different rat vein replacement models, and further analyze the pathological changes of blood vessels after replacement.MethodsBrown-Norway (BN) rats were selected as donors and recipients, randomly divided into control group, cuff group (1-week group, 2-week group, and 4-week group), and suture group (1-week group, 2-week group, and 4-week group), with 6 rats in each group. The perioperative conditions, inner diameter, flow velocity and histopathological changes of the replaced vessels at different time points were analyzed.ResultsBoth cuff group and suture group can safely establish the rat vein replacement model. From the surgical operation, the operation time and venous cross-clamp time in the cuff group were shorter than those in the suture group (P < 0.05). At 2 and 4 weeks after operation, the diameter of suture group was wider than that of cuff group, and the flow rate was faster (P < 0.05). With prolonged postoperative survival, the wall of the replaced vessels underwent infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and high TGF-β1 gene expression. This leads to the proliferation of blood vessels and intimal layer. The results of vascular pathological staining showed that the infiltration degree of CD4+ lymphocytes at 2 weeks after operation and CD8+ lymphocytes at 4 weeks after operation in the suture group was lighter than that in the cuff group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, TGF-β1 gene content at 4 weeks after operation in suture group was significantly lower than that in cuff group (P < 0.05).ConclusionCompared with cuff method, suture method is more suitable for the study of long-term pathological changes after vein replacement in rats. The main pathological changes in the long term after venous replacement in syngeneic background may be vascular fibrosis caused by inflammatory cell infiltration.

Gorham Disease of Distal Humerus Successfully Treated by Slight Shortening and Pin and Plate Fixation

Background: Gorham's disease (GD) is one of the scarce and idiopathic skeletal diseases which causes osteolysis following the proliferation of blood vessels. Progressive osteolysis GD of distal humerus with articular involvement and pathologic fracture has not been reported and our case is the first report of this disease involving distal humerus and its joints’ surfaces.&#x0D; Case Report: A 9-year-old boy, case of nonunion of medial condyle of humerus and pathologic fracture of distal humerus after minor trauma, was referred to our clinic and treatment started by casting but due to displacement and nonunion, we decide to operate him. Intraoperative finding was in favour of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) near fracture site; therefore, wide resection and fixation by medial tension band wiring (TBW), lateral plating, and fibular allograft application was done (post-operation pathologic result did not show microscopical features of this tumor) and 6 weeks later, he developed stress riser fracture above lateral plate; thus, plate removal was done and severe bone resorption was revealed. Therefore, another specimen was sent for pathology that showed hamartomatous and hemangiomatous lesion of bone. All findings were in favour of GD. He was operated another time and fixed by Persian fixation with small pins and plate, and early plate removal was done for prevention of stress riser fracture.&#x0D; Conclusion: In cases of GD of distal humerus and pathologic fracture, Persian fixation is a good option for fixation and we suggest early device removal for prevention of stress riser fracture.