Prolate Ellipsoid Formula Research Articles

Ultrasonografi ile Splenomegali Tespiti: Tek Ölçüm mü Yoksa Hacim Hesabı Mı?

Introduction Splenomegaly is an important finding for many diseases. Splenic long axis greater than eleven cm are investigated and sometimes invasive examinations are performed. Splenic size may differ depending on the age, gender, body mass index and racial differences. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between splenic dimensions and volume in the patients attended to gastroenterology outpatient clinics Material and Method Patients without a known disease and applied to gastroenterology outpatient clinic needed basic evaluation with ultrasonography are included in the study. A single skilled radiologist performed ultrasonographic measurements. Splenic volume is calculated by prolate ellipsoid formula (length × width × depth × 0.523). Results/Findings A total of 245 patients (146 female, 99 male) were enrolled in the study. In correlation analysis of spleen volume was positively correlated with height (r=0.505; p<0.05), weight (r=0.367; p<0.00), waist circumference(r=0.208; p<0.05), and body surface area (r=0.269; p<0.05) and negatively correlated with age (r=-0.269; p<0.05). ın logistic regression analysis, the main determinants of maximal length were found to be body surface area (BSA), age, and weight. Conclusion Splenic volume measurements are the mostly correlated with width of spleen. Splenic volume decreases with age and correlated with BSA and weight. Measuring splenic volume may be helpful in detecting splenomegaly.

MP24-13 PROSTATE SHAPE AND INTRAVESICAL PROSTATIC PROTRUSION ASSESSED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ARE RELATED TO URINARY SYMPTOMS

MP24-13 PROSTATE SHAPE AND INTRAVESICAL PROSTATIC PROTRUSION ASSESSED BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ARE RELATED TO URINARY SYMPTOMS

Sonographic measurement of splenic size and its correlation with body parameters.

There are controversies regarding the normal size of the adult spleen and its correlation with age, sex and body parameters. The present study aimed to establish a reference value of splenic dimensions, volume and their correlations with different body parameters. The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 healthy adult volunteers of both sexes. Age, sex, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. The ultrasound measurements of spleen parameters included length, thickness and width. The spleen volume was calculated using the standard prolate ellipsoid formula (length x thickness x width x0.523). The mean ± SD age was 38.7±14 years, the mean height was 166±9.9 cm, the mean weight was 74.7±15.8 kg and the mean BMI was 27±5 kg/m2. The mean spleen length, thickness, width and volume were 10.68±1.28 cm, 4.1±0.58 cm, 7.3±0.9 cm and 174.4±52.4 ml, respectively. Males had larger spleen parameters than females. Spleen volume significantly correlated with the subjects' height (r=0.655, P<0.001) and weight (r=0.643, P<0.001). However, weaker correlations were detected between age (r=-0.238, P<0.001) and BMI (r=0.299, P<0.001) with spleen volume. A higher significant correlation was found between spleen volume and spleen length rather than with its thickness and width. In the present study, the normative data of splenic dimensions and volume have been provided and may be used in certain clinical situations.

Test–retest reliability of splenic volume assessment by ultrasonography

While MRI and CT are the gold standards for assessments of splenic size in clinical settings, ultrasonography is particularly suited due to its portability, cost efficiency and easy utilization. However, ultrasonography is associated with subjective assessment, potentially resulting in increased variation. We used a test–retest design aiming to determine the reliability of splenic measurements assessed by ultrasonography during apnea. In addition, we compared reliability between different equations for volume calculations: Koga, Prolate ellipsoid and Pilström. Twelve healthy participants (6 women) performed two tests separated by 15 min, comprising a maximal voluntary apnea in a seated position. Splenic dimensions were measured via ultrasonography for 5 min before and immediately following apnea. Resting splenic volume displayed high test–retest reliability between tests (Pilström: 157 ± 39 mL vs 156 ± 34 mL, p = .651, ICC = .970, p < .001, CV = 2.98 ± 0.1%; Prolate ellipsoid: 154 ± 37 mL vs 144 ± 43 mL, p = .122, ICC = .942, p < .001, CV = 5.47 ± 0.3%; Koga: 142 ± 37 mL vs 140 ± 59 mL, p = .845, ICC = .859, p < .001, CV = 9.72 ± 1.4%). Apnea-induced volumes displayed similar reliability (127 ± 29 mL vs 129 ± 28 mL, p = .359, ICC = .967, p < .001, CV = 3.14 ± 3.1%). Reliability was also high between equations (Pilström vs Prolate ellipsoid: ICC = .818, p < .001, CV = 7.33 ± 0.3%, bias = − 3.1 mL, LoA = − 46.9 to 40.7 mL; Pilström vs Koga: ICC = .618, p < .01, CV = 11.83 ± 1.1%, bias = − 14.8 mL, LoA = − 76.9 to 47.3 mL). We conclude that splenic ultrasonographic measurements have practical applications during laboratory and field-based research as a reliable method detecting splenic volume change consistently between repeated tests. The Pilström equation displayed similar reliability compared to the prolate ellipsoid formula and slightly higher compared to the Koga formula and may be particularly useful to account for individual differences in splenic dimensions.

Does uterus volume affect the total laparoscopic hysterectomy outcomes?

Background/Aim: Increased uterus weight, high body mass index (BMI), and history of abdominal surgeries increase the risk of complications in total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH), similar to other types of surgery. However, there are conflicting reports about improving technology. This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the clinical features and postoperative results of TLH cases regarding uterine volume performed for benign reasons in our clinic. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, 252 patients were included. The demographic data of all patients, including BMI, pre-operative uterine volumes, operation times, number of cesarean sections, history of lower abdominal operation, indications, pre-operative and postoperative hemoglobin differences, complications, length of hospital stay, and final pathologies were reviewed. The uterine volume was measured using the prolate ellipsoid formula before surgery, using the maximum length and anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the uterine corpus. The normal uterine volume with these measurements (8 cm long, 4 cm high, and 5 cm wide) was estimated as 83.2 cm3. The patients were classified into two groups according to uterine volume (normal volume ≤ 83.2 or above). Surgical outcomes of patients were compared between groups. Results: Two-hundred-fifty-two women were included in the study. The mean uterine volumes of groups 1 and 2 were 53.66 cm3 (2.25) and 296.33 cm3 (6.25), respectively. In group 1, the mean operation time was 111.14 (6) min, compared to 118.2 (3.06) min in group 2; there was no significant difference (P = 0.164). The mean postoperative hospital stays of groups 1 and 2 were 3.21 (0.15) and 3.34 (0.09) days, respectively, and there was no significant difference (P = 0.706). The mean blood loss values of groups 1 and 2 were 1.34 g/dl (0.19) and 1.16 g/dl 0.06), respectively. Conclusion: According to our results, TLH is a safe method even in patients with a larger uterus; operating time, blood loss, and postoperative hospital stays did not differ according to uterine volume.

Association of prostate zonal volume with location and aggressiveness of clinically significant prostate cancer: A multiparametric MRI study according to PI-RADS version 2.1

BackgroundThe relationship between prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether prostate zonal volume was associated with the location and aggressiveness of PCa. Methods412 PCa patients were retrospectively enrolled. The volumes of the whole prostate (V) and transition zone (Vtz) were calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula, and volume of the peripheral zone (Vpz) was calculated by their subtraction. Locations of PCa were divided into three categories, including peripheral zone (PZ), transition zone (Vtz) and mixed zone group. The mixed zone group was further divided into PZ-dominated, TZ-dominated and equally distributed subgroups. ResultsThe Vtz of Gleason score (GS) 3 + 4 group was the largest, while the Vpz of GS 9 group was the largest. Tumor diameters of the PZ and TZ groups were weakly correlated with their corresponding zonal volume (r = 0.261, p < 0.001; r = 0.311, p = 0.009, respectively). There was no significant difference in the zonal volumes and GS distribution among the location groups. The proportion of tumors with high-grade GS of 8 and 9 was higher in the PZ than that in the TZ group (38.5 vs 24.3%, p = 0.041). For tumors located in the TZ, the V and Vpz of tumors with high-grade GS were larger than those in the low-grade GS of 7 group (p = 0.033 and 0.039, respectively). Among the subgroups of mixed zone group, the Vtz of the TZ-dominated group was larger than those of PZ-dominated and equally distributed groups (p = 0.016 and 0.001, respectively). ConclusionPCa with high-grade GS is more likely to have a relatively larger Vpz and involve PZ, while PCa with a larger Vtz is more likely to be with low-grade GS, which support the theoretical model that pressure exerted by increasing prostate size/mechanical deformation may inhibit PCa growth from the clinical point. However, the increase in zonal volume might not be the direct cause of tumorigenesis and aggressiveness.

Age-related morphological peculiarities of human testes.

This study aimed to compare the isolated testes size, volume, weight and density changes with age and to establish the suitability of three formulas of testicular volume calculation for 18-50 and 51-70-year-old men groups. Two hundred and six testes of 103 men (59 of 18-50-year-old and 44 of 51-70-year-old men) were weighed and their size was measured by the sliding calliper. The accurate volume was determined by water displacement and compared with volume calculated using three formulas, and the density of testicular tissues was calculated. The mean length and height of both testes and length and height of right and left testes decreased significantly with age. The mean width of both testes and width of right and left testes decreased with age insignificantly. The mean of water displacement volume and weight and volume and weight of right and left testes decreased with age significantly. The mean density of testicular tissues and the density of the right and left testes increased significantly with age. In the same age group, the size, water displacement volume and weight of right testes was insignificantly higher than that of the left ones, and the density of testicular tissues was similar in the right and left testes. The prolate spheroid formula was most suitable for calculation of testicular volume for 18-50-year-old men and prolate ellipsoid formula was most suitable for calculation of testicular volume in 51-70-year-old men.

Determination of thyroid volume in infants with suspected congenital hypothyroidism-the limitations of both subjective and objective evaluation.

Objective:To compare two methods of assessing gland size on thyroid ultrasound in newborn infants with suspected congenital hypothyroidism (CH).Methods:Images from infants with eutopic glands referred between 2007 and 2013 were evaluated blind by two sets of observers. Subjective gland size was categorised as small, borderline-small, normal, borderline-large and large. Objective gland volume, calculated as the sum of each lobe using the prolate ellipsoid formula (length x width x depth x π/6), was put into corresponding categories: <0.8, 0.81–1.0, 1.1– <2.2, 2.2–2.4 and >2.4 ml, derived from normative Scottish data.Results:Of 36 infants, permanent CH was present in 17, transient CH in 17, status uncertain in 2. Mean (SD) intraobserver error for thyroid volume measurement was 0.11 (0.23) ml [8.3%]. Subjective assessment by two observers was discordant in only four (10.8%) infants. However, subjective vs objective evaluation was discordant in 14 (39%). Eight (three permanent, five transient CH) had large glands subjectively but normal glands objectively; and six (four transient CH) had normal glands subjectively but small glands objectively. The former infants all showed a single flattened curve to the anterior thyroid margin, giving an impression of bulkiness. Gland shape was normal in the latter infants.Conclusion:Neither subjective nor objective evaluation predicts permanent vs transient CH. Altered gland shape may confound both methods, and undermine use of the conventional formula for measuring lobe volume.Advances in knowledge:Until more refined methods are available for assessing thyroid size, both subjective and objective evaluation are recommended in CH.

Inter-imaging accuracy of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and transrectal ultrasound in measuring prostate volume compared to the anatomic prostatic weight.

To evaluate the accuracy of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared to the reference standard of the post-surgical anatomic prostatic weight (APW). A total of 349 patients from two institutions were included. The CT and MRI dimensions, and TRUS-reported prostate volumes (PV) were obtained. The prolate ellipsoid formula was used to calculate PV. Cross-sectional measurements were evaluated and compared to the reported post-surgical pathology measurements and calculated pathology volume (path PV). A basic statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson correlation, Bland-Altman analysis, and Passing-Bablok regression. A total of 198 patients were included in the MRI group, 118 in the CT group, 295 in the TRUS group, and 51 in the all-inclusive common cohort. The MRI PV demonstrated a good to excellent correlation with the APW (r=0.79). The CT PV demonstrated a good correlation with APW (r=0.78). The TRUS PV showed a correlation with APW (r=0.67). The correlations identified in each individual group held true in the common cohort as well. The path PV showed an excellent correlation with APW (r=0.87), followed by MRI PV (r=0.81), then CT PV (r=0.73), and lastly TRUS PV (r=0.71). MRI and CT are equally effective in assessing the PV, and they can be readily utilized to guide the benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) management without repeating in-office TRUS. This is not only cost-effective, but also eliminates patient anxiety and discomfort.

Xenograft Tumor Volume Measurement in Nude Mice: Estimation of 3D Ultrasound Volume Measurements Based on Manual Caliper Measurements

Objectives: Volume measurement of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice models is an important metric to assess tumor growth or response to therapy. Manual calipers are widely used for this purpose. But the measurements with manual calipers may be inaccurate. Contrarily, three-dimensional 3D ultrasonographic measurements give reliable and accurate tumor volume calculation. We aim to; evaluate the accuracy of common four formulas given in the literature to estimate xenograft tumor volumes based on manual caliper measurements and offer a new coefficient for a better estimation of the tumor volumes. Patients and Methods: Detailed manual diameter measurements of xenograft tumors were in 14 nude mice performed using Vernier caliper. Tumor volumes were calculated using the suggested formulas in the literature based on manual measurements. 3D ultrasound volume measurements were performed on same xenograft tumors using high resolution Vevo 2100 imaging system. To propose a new coefficient; means of ratio between manual and ultrasound volume measurement values were used. Also, data set was divided into two subgroups as tumor volume under 800 mm3 and over 800 mm3 . New coefficients for each subgroup were defined. Results: Only with prolate ellipsoid formula there was no statistically significant difference between volume measurements with two methods p=0,24 . Our proposed formula 0,45 L*W*H could estimate tumor volumes as good as prolate ellipsoid formula. Coefficient 0,35 and 0,81 in the same formula were found efficient in the selected subgroups. Conclusion: Using one common coefficient/formula for tumor volume estimation in any tumor size can be inaccurate. Appropriate coefficient should be chosen according to the dataset worked with.

2776 Uterine Volume Assessment as a Predictor of in vitro Fertilization Pregnancy Outcomes

Study Objective To investigate the association between uterine size and pregnancy outcomes in IVF cycles. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting University-affiliated fertility center. Patients or Participants Women with primary infertility Interventions Fresh ET. Measurements and Main Results Uterine volume was used as a surrogate for uterine size. Uterine measurements (length, width, thickness) were obtained in each woman. Uterine volume was calculated using the prolate ellipsoid volume formula (V=0.52 x L x W x T). Baseline demographics, IVF cycle characteristics and perinatal outcomes were measured. Term birth, defined by live birth >37 weeks of gestation was considered the primary outcome of interest. The odds of pre-term and term birth were estimated in each uterine volume quartile. A receiving-operator-characteristic (ROC) curve with a corresponding area-under-the-curve (AUC) was generated to assess the performance of uterine volume as predictor of term birth. The study included 261 patients with live singleton births. The median (IQR) age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and uterine volume for the study cohort was 34 (31-39) years, 163 (160-167) cm, 137 (122-155) lbs, 22.1 (20.3-24.9) kg/m2 and 55.5 (43.2-67.9) mL, respectively. The rates of term birth and pre-term birth were 224/261(85.8%) and 37/261 (14.2%). There was no difference in the baseline demographics or IVF cycle characteristics of women with term birth or pre-term births. The overall odds of term birth increased with uterine volume. Specifically, the odds of term birth in 4th quartile (highest uterine volume) were 3.4 (95% CI 2.1-7.4; P=0.01) times higher than the 1st quartile. Uterine volume was found to be a strong predictor of term birth (AUC=0.87). Conclusion Our findings suggest that baseline uterine volume is a strong predictor of term birth after fresh ET. These findings require prospective validation in larger sample sizes given the multifactorial nature of term birth.

OVARIAN VOLUME BETWEEN FERTILE AND INFERTILE MARRIED WOMEN WITH TRANSVAGINAL SONOGRAPHY

Background: Infertility is a social problem and a big stigma. The objectives of the study were to determine the age wise distribution of ovarian volume and the difference in ovarian volume between married fertile and infertile women with transvaginal sonography. Materials &amp; Methods: This comparative, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from March 2013 to December 2013. Sample Size was 100 women selected by consecutive non probability sampling technique. Sample size was calculated using online calculator Raosoft. Inclusion criteria were women aged 18-50 years, married, fertile and infertile. Color Doppler sonoscape with multi frequency transvaginal probes were used in measurements on any day in the start of menstrual cycle by the same observer. The volume was calculated by applying formula for ellipsoid called Prolate ellipsoid formula. The total volume was represented by sum of volume of two ovaries. Data collection site was out patient department of Radiology DHQ Teaching Hospital, D.I.Khan. Demographic variable were age groups and presence of fertility. Research variable was ovarian volume. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for ovarian volume whereas frequency and percentages were calculated for age groups and presence of fertility. Descriptive statistics along with estimation of parameter was done at 95% confidence interval for proportion and mean. Student- t test was used for significance of difference in ovarian volume between fertile and infertile women with p value

Spleen reactivity during incremental ascent to altitude.

The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in compensation to acute hypoxia, no previous work has assessed the role of the spleen during ascent to high altitude. Twelve participants completed 2 min of handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1,045, 3,440, and 4,240 m. In a subset of eight participants, an infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride was administered at a dosage of 30 µg/l of predicted blood volume at each altitude. The spleen was imaged by ultrasound via a 2- to 5.5-MHz curvilinear probe. Spleen volume was calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula. Finger capillary blood samples were taken to measure hematocrit. Spleen images and hematocrit were taken both before and at the end of both handgrip and phenylephrine infusion. No changes in resting spleen volume were observed between altitudes. At low altitude, the spleen contracted in response to handgrip [272.8 ml (SD 102.3) vs. 249.6 ml (SD 105.7), P = 0.009], leading to an increase in hematocrit (42.6% (SD 3.3) vs. 44.3% (SD 3.3), P = 0.023] but did not contract or increase hematocrit at the high-altitude locations. Infusion of phenylephrine led to spleen contraction at all altitudes, but only lead to an increase in hematocrit at low altitude. These data reveal that the human spleen may not contribute to acclimatization to chronic hypoxia, contrary to its response to acute sympathoexcitation. These results are explained by alterations in spleen reactivity to increased sympathetic activation at altitude. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, despite the known role of the human spleen in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia scenarios, the spleen does not mobilize red blood cells during ascent to high altitude. Furthermore, the spleen's response to acute stressors at altitude depends on the nature of the stressor; the spleen's sensitivity to neurotransmitter is maintained, while its reflex response to stress is dampened.

Bimanual Pelvic Examination is Not Sensitive for Fibroid Diagnosis [30G

INTRODUCTION: Bimanual pelvic examination is often performed for symptoms related to uterine fibroids (UF). We evaluated the clinical utility of this exam at the time of UF diagnosis in a community setting. METHODS: Retrospective sample of women diagnosed with UF between 2006 and 2010 in the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a population-based records-linkage system. Cohort includes a sample of women who had a pelvic examination within 12 months of UF diagnosis (n=141). Abnormal pelvic exam was defined as abnormal uterine size or shape, or any adnexal mass or fullness recorded by healthcare provider. We examined clinical and imaging characteristics using chi-squared for categorical and t tests for continuous data. Data reported as percentage or mean ± standard deviation. Volumes of the uterus and largest fibroid were calculated using the prolate ellipsoid formula. RESULTS: Women with UF and a normal pelvic exam (n=73) were younger than women with abnormal exam (n=68) (44.7±7.1 vs 46.9±5.4 years, P=.05), and had a higher BMI (29.4 ± 6.5 vs 26.6 ± 5.0 kg/m2, P=.007). Women with abnormal exam had significantly larger uterine volumes (226.0 ± 151.8 vs 150.9 ± 97.9 cm³, P=.005) and fibroid volumes (61.1±81.1 vs 19.9±52.8 cm³, P=.005). Abnormal examination was more frequently documented by gynecology providers (57.4%) than other providers (42.7%, P=.04). Fibroid symptoms were not associated with abnormal examination. CONCLUSION: Fifty-two percent of women with fibroids had a normal bimanual examination. Thus, a high suspicion of fibroids should prompt imaging. Lower BMI and larger uterine and fibroid dimensions increase fibroid diagnosis on pelvic examination.

O6-4 - Association between Spleen Volume and Clinical Outcome in Patients with Heart Failure

Introduction: A small spleen has been recognized to have an association with in-host immunologic disturbances. C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the markers of inflammatory mediators and the predictors for prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). However, it is unclear the relationship among spleen volume, CRP, and prognosis in patients with HF. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 102 consecutive patients who were admitted for acute decompensated HF at 2012 and who had a computed tomography. We calculated spleen volume index (SpVi) using the prolate ellipsoid formula. Patients were stratified into 3 groups based on the tertile quantile of SpV. We followed all-cause mortality during 743 ± 517 days. Cardiac death was defined as death for worsening HF, ventricular fibrillation and sudden death. Results: There was an inverse correlation SpVi and serum levels of CRP (R = −0.29, P < .05). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that large SpVi had higher survival rates from both all-cause mortality and cardiac death. In multivariate analysis, SpVi (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99; P < .01) was an independent predictor for cardiac death. Conclusion: Spleen volume is related to serum level of CRP and clinical outcome in patients with HF.

Estimation of Splenic Volume in Sudanese Adult Population Using Abdominal Computed Tomography Scan

Spleen is enlarged in a variety of clinical conditions including infectious, infiltrative, immunologic and malignant states. Evaluation of splenic size is important in every physical examination of the abdomen by a physician. The accurate diagnosis of splenic enlargement is a matter of considerable importance as it is a useful guide for arriving at a diagnosis of the disease. It is therefore of utmost importance to resort to a mechanism that will give us an accurate estimation of the size of spleen. Objectives: of this work was to Estimation of Standard Splenic Volume in Sudanese Adult Population Using Abdominal CT scan and compare it with the published data. Methods: 110 CT scans of consecutive adult patients (55 male and 55 female) aged between 20 - 80 years, having no splenic disorders, The patient’s body weight and height were recorded at the time of the Computed tomography (CT) examination. The volume of spleen was calculated manually by using the standard clinical prolate ellipsoid formula. Results: The average splenic volume of the all population was 165.5 ± 23 cm3. The average splenic volume in adult males was 182.4 ± 25.8 cm3 and that in adult females 148.5± 37.9 cm3. Conclusions: These results provide normative data for evaluating patients with splenomegaly.

Prostate volume estimations using magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound compared to radical prostatectomy specimens.

We sought to evaluate the accuracy of prostate volume estimates in patients who received both a preoperative transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in relation to the referent pathological specimen post-radical prostatectomy. Patients receiving both TRUS and MRI prior to radical prostatectomy at one academic institution were retrospectively analyzed. TRUS and MRI volumes were estimated using the prolate ellipsoid formula. TRUS volumes were collected from sonography reports. MRI volumes were estimated by two blinded raters and the mean of the two was used for analyses. Pathological volume was calculated using a standard fluid displacement method. Three hundred and eighteen (318) patients were included in the analysis. MRI was slightly more accurate than TRUS based on interclass correlation (0.83 vs. 0.74) and absolute risk bias (higher proportion of estimates within 5, 10, and 20 cc of pathological volume). For TRUS, 87 of 298 (29.2%) prostates without median lobes differed by >10 cc of specimen volume and 22 of 298 (7.4%) differed by >20 cc. For MRI, 68 of 298 (22.8%) prostates without median lobes differed by >10 cc of specimen volume, while only 4 of 298 (1.3%) differed by >20 cc. MRI and TRUS prostate volume estimates are consistent with pathological volumes along the prostate size spectrum. MRI demonstrated better correlation with prostatectomy specimen volume in most patients and may be better suited in cases where TRUS and MRI estimates are disparate. Validation of these findings with prospective, standardized ultrasound techniques would be helpful.

Ultrasound measured testicular volume in Nigerian adults: Relationship of the three formulae with height, body weight, body-surface area, and body-mass index

Background: Measurement of testicular volume is one of the ways of assessing testicular function. Ultrasonography is an important and accurate radiological method for measurement of testicular volume. Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating the relationship of ultrasound measured testicular volume using the three formulae with the subjects' height, body weight, body surface area (BSA), and body mass index (BMI) in adults. Methodology: One hundred twenty-five adult male subjects comprising staff and students of a University Teaching Hospital were recruited into the study. Height and body weight were measured while the BMI and BSA were calculated. Ultrasound measurement of the height, length, and width of both testes were done and used to calculate the volumes using the three formulae. Results: The subjects' age ranged from 19 to 29 years with a mean of 23.48 ± 2.26 yrs. The mean ultrasound measured volumes for the right and left testes were 15.38 ± 3.29 ml and 15.29 ± 3.89 ml using the prolate ellipsoid formula; 22.86 ± 5.43 ml and 23.54 ± 6.88 ml by the prolate spheroid formula; 21.20 ± 5.28 ml and 20.87 ± 5.35 ml by the Lambert formula, respectively. The calculated mean for height, body weight, BMI, and BSA were 174.64 ± 6.36 cm, 68.68 ± 8.25 kg, 22.48 ± 2.17 kg/m2, and 1.82 ± 0.13 m2, respectively. The right testes showed a negative correlation, while the left and combined testicular volumes showed a positive correlation with the subjects' height, body weight, BMI, and BSA for all the three formulae. Conclusion: The right testicular volume showed negative correlation, while the left and combined testicular volumes showed a positive correlation with the height, body weight, BSA, and BMI in Nigerian adults.

Ex-situ Morphological and Morphometric Studies of the Testis In the West African Dwarf Buck GoatEx-situ Morphological and Morphometric Studies of the Testis In the West African Dwarf Buck Goat

This study was carried out to document ex-situ morphological and morphometric characteristics of the testis in the West African Dwarf (WAD) buck goat. For this aim, 24 post pubertal WAD buck testes were collected at the Ipata Abattoir in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross morphologic results revealed that WAD testis was ellipsoidal in shape with 2 borders (free and attached), margins (medial and lateral) and similar surfaces (ventral and dorsal). The surfaces were covered by an outer tunica vaginalis and a deep tunica albuginea. Histomorphology showed the testis comprised mostly of rounded and some irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules (ST). Each ST was lined by a basement membrane and a layer of germinal epithelium with lumen filled with spermatozoa surrounded by an adluminal space. Gross morphometric results showed that there were no significant differences in the weight, length, width and height of the right and left testis. Also in the volumes of testes obtained by water displacement method and using the prolate ellipsoid formula. There was a strong correlation between the weights and volumes of testes obtained using these methods. There were significant differences between the volumes of testes obtained by using the prolate spheroid and Lambert formulae, when compared with those obtained by water displacement method respectively. But there was no significant difference in testicular volume obtained by the prolate ellipsoid formula and the water displacement method. Histomorphometric results revealed no significant differences in the seminiferous tubular diameter, seminiferous luminal diameter and germinal epithelia height of the right and left testes respectively. The morphological and morphometric data highlighted in this study would be useful in comparative regional anatomy and researches on the testis of these valuable breed of goats.

Ex-situ Morphological and Morphometric Studies of the Testis In the West African Dwarf Buck GoatEx-situ Morphological and Morphometric Studies of the Testis In the West African Dwarf Buck Goat

This study was carried out to document ex-situ morphological and morphometric characteristics of the testis in the West African Dwarf (WAD) buck goat. For this aim, 24 post pubertal WAD buck testes were collected at the Ipata Abattoir in Ilorin, Kwara state, Nigeria. Gross morphologic results revealed that WAD testis was ellipsoidal in shape with 2 borders (free and attached), margins (medial and lateral) and similar surfaces (ventral and dorsal). The surfaces were covered by an outer tunica vaginalis and a deep tunica albuginea. Histomorphology showed the testis comprised mostly of rounded and some irregularly shaped seminiferous tubules (ST). Each ST was lined by a basement membrane and a layer of germinal epithelium with lumen filled with spermatozoa surrounded by an adluminal space. Gross morphometric results showed that there were no significant differences in the weight, length, width and height of the right and left testis. Also in the volumes of testes obtained by water displacement method and using the prolate ellipsoid formula. There was a strong correlation between the weights and volumes of testes obtained using these methods. There were significant differences between the volumes of testes obtained by using the prolate spheroid and Lambert formulae, when compared with those obtained by water displacement method respectively. But there was no significant difference in testicular volume obtained by the prolate ellipsoid formula and the water displacement method. Histomorphometric results revealed no significant differences in the seminiferous tubular diameter, seminiferous luminal diameter and germinal epithelia height of the right and left testes respectively. The morphological and morphometric data highlighted in this study would be useful in comparative regional anatomy and researches on the testis of these valuable breed of goats.