Project Head Research Articles

Lunar explorers will walk at higher speeds than thought

Anyone who has seen the movies of Neil Armstrong's first bounding steps on the moon couldn't fail to be intrigued by his unusual walking style. But, contrary to popular belief, the astronaut's peculiar walk was not the result of low gravity. Wyle Science, Engineering and Technology scientist John De Witt explains that the early space suits were not designed for walking, so the astronauts adapted their movements to the restrictions of the suit. Michael Gernhardt, the head of NASA's Extravehicular Activity Physiology, Systems and Performance Project, wants to learn more about how humans move in low gravity, including the speed at which we break from a walk into a run, to design a modern space suit that permits freer movement. However, the only way to test the effects of true lunar gravity on our movements while based on earth is to hop aboard NASA's adapted DC-9 aircraft – which reduces the gravity on board by performing swooping parabolic flights – and get running (p. 3200).De Witt and colleagues Brent Edwards, Melissa Scott-Pandorf and Jason Norcross recruited three astronauts and five other registered test subjects that could tolerate the discomfort of the aircraft's bucking flight to test their running. ‘There is some unpleasantness,’ recalls De Witt, adding, ‘if you get sick you're done…. We wanted to be sure we had people that were used to flying.’ Once the subjects were airborne, the team only had 20 s during each roller-coaster cycle – when the gravity on-board fell to one-sixth of that on Earth – when they could test the runner's walking and running styles on a treadmill as the volunteers shifted over a range of speeds from 0.67 to 2 m s−1. However, the experiments ran smoothly after the first few parabolas once the team had settled into a routine.Back on the ground, De Witt and colleagues analysed the speed at which the walkers gently transitioned into a run. ‘Running is defined as a period of time with both feet off the ground’, explains De Witt, adding that the walk to run transition was expected to occur at 0.8 m s−1 in lunar gravity, based on theoretical calculations. However, when the team calculated the transition speed from their experiments, they were in for a surprise: ‘The average was 1.4 m s−1’, recalls De Witt.‘This difference is, to me, the most interesting part of the experiment; to try to figure out why we got these numbers’, says De Witt, who suggests that the acceleration forces generated by the counter-swinging arms and legs could account for the shift in transition speed. ‘What I think ends up happening is that even though the atmosphere is lunar gravity, the effective gravity on our system is lunar gravity plus the forces generated by our swinging arms and legs’, says De Witt. He explains that this arm-and-leg swinging effect probably happens here on Earth too, but the forces generated by the swinging limbs are negligible relative to our gravity. However, he suspects that they are more significant in weaker lunar gravity, saying, ‘They contribute more to the gravity keeping you attached to the ground.’De Witt also adds that the higher transition value is not without precedent. He explains that scientists on Earth have simulated lunar gravity by supporting five-sixths of a runner's weight in a sling, and the athletes also transitioned from a walk to a run at speeds of around 1.4 m s−1. ‘This tells researchers [that] what they have in the lab, which is a fraction of the cost of the airplane, is probably adequate at giving you the information you need’, he says.

SP0047 Novel Learning through the Eular Online Courses in Rheumatology

Education is one of the major duties of EULAR. Initial training, continuing education on rheumatic diseases and more specific training on particular aspects of the rheumatic domain are now well...

What’s Wrong With the Poor?: Psychiatry, Race, and the War on Povertyby Raz Mical. Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North Carolina Press, 2013, 264 pp., $39.95.

What’s Wrong With the Poor?: Psychiatry, Race, and the War on Povertyby Raz Mical. Chapel Hill, N.C., University of North Carolina Press, 2013, 264 pp., $39.95.

Projectscapes: the role of spatial settings in managing complex megaprojects

By definition, complex megaprojects involve large-scale activities at geographical dispersed spatial settings. However, little attention has been given to spatial complexity of megaprojects. To fill in this gap, literature on organisational spaces has been explored to learn about the relation between spatial settings and organisational development. Furthermore, data on two longitudinal cases is used to explore this relation in megaprojects; the Dutch High Speed Train megaproject and the Panama Canal Expansion Program. Findings indicate two different intersections of spatial design and organisational development; location of project head quarters and spatial distribution of project locations. At these intersections spatial settings shape actions of project employees which results in both processes of organisational integration and fragmentation. The practical implications for project managers are at the level of cultural risks and unintended consequences related to megaproject design.

THE TERRITORIAL IDENTY OF LATGALE IN THE CROSSROADS OF GLOBALIZATION AND GLOCALIZATION

The aim of this paper is to analyze the processes of formation of Latgale’s territorial identity during the age of globalization in the last 20 years. Research was carried out using the latest data of qualitative research of the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of University of Latvia (the thematic research of Latvian Science Council’s project "Political development of the nation's self-confi dence after restoration of Latvian independence: Trends and Factors," head of project: Inese Runce, 2009-2012) and the latest theoretical insights of territorial identity construction processes under the impact of globalization and glocalization. On the basis of analysis of the socio-political processes and the experience of other countries, it must be emphasised that the placemaking is an important political process, not only at national but also at sub-regional level. Regional authorities should be able to offer a specifi c political vision, not only to the national power authorities, but also to the main bearers of regional identity - the people in regions. As it is shown by the recent studies, during the past 20 years in Latvia, the regional identity manifests itself only in Latgale where it is alive and vibrant, and the care and preservation and making of identity comes directly from the very bearers of this identity. Regional authorities, in collaboration with local NGOs, experts on culture, etc. must also contribute to the internal integration of the region, where each municipality and each form of local identity has its own recognized place and function, creating diverse forms of sustainable regional communities and regional identities. Regional identity is not exclusive and is able to unite different religious, ethnic, linguistic groups in a single whole entity. Over the past twenty years the process of formation of Latgale regional identity can be divided into three stages: 1. 90s of 20th century – the stage of denial of regional identity. In this decade the preservation and construction of Latgale regional identity is carried out only by few individuals or interest groups: writers, researchers, artists, local intellectuals who are mainly based in the circles of local intellectuals at Rezekne University College, as well as indirectly Latgale Research Institute of Daugavpils University; 2. The fi rst decade of 2000s - a gradual increase of awareness of regional identity. During the period this has been a gradual growth of awareness of regional identity and its development process. "Latgale radio”, Latgalian music groups are being launched, also the extensive scientific and political debate on the status of Latgale language started, socio-linguistic research projects initiated and a new non-governmental organizations established, the first portals in Latgalian as well the new initiative of regional municipalities are being launched; 3. 2010 to 2013 - analyzing the last three years of political and intellectual life trends, it can be argued that a qualitatively new stage in the recognition of regional identity and its construction process has been created: current political debate before and after the elections of 11th Saeima and the language referendum, discussions on the role of Latgalian as regional language, the National Development plan (NDP), development of the structural budget plans. However, it is clear that those spring sprouts must be protected, due to the fact that the strong centralizing tendencies in the Latvian political culture still exist.

In conversation with Pierre Gentile

In 2011, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement launched the Health Care in Danger project, a global initiative with an ambitious objective: to improve the security of health-care delivery in armed conflicts and other emergencies. Two years later, Pierre Gentile, the ICRC's Head of Project, speaks about the achievements, the challenges and the way forward to make this intention a reality.

A Torrent of Consequences

A Torrent of Consequences

Types of research output profiles: A multilevel latent class analysis of the Austrian Science Fund's final project report data

Starting out from a broad concept of research output, this article looks at the question as to what research outputs can typically be expected from certain disciplines. Based on a secondary analysis of data from final project reports (ex post research evaluation) at the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Austria’s central funding organization for basic research, the goals are (1) to find, across all scientific disciplines, types of funded research projects with similar research output profiles; and (2) to classify the scientific disciplines in homogeneous segments bottom-up according to the frequency distribution of these research output profiles. The data comprised 1,742 completed, FWF-funded research projects across 22 scientific disciplines. The multilevel latent class (LC) analysis produced four LCs or types of research output profiles: ‘Not Book’, ‘Book and Non-Reviewed Journal Article’, ‘Multiple Outputs’, and ‘Journal Article, Conference Contribution, and Career Development’. The class membership can be predicted by three covariates: project duration, requested grant sum, and project head’s age. In addition, five segments of disciplines can be distinguished: ‘Life Sciences and Medicine’, ‘Social Sciences/Arts and Humanities’, ‘Formal Sciences’, ‘Technical Sciences’, and ‘Physical Sciences’. In ‘Social Sciences/Arts and Humanities’ almost all projects are of the type ‘Book and Non-Reviewed Journal Article’, but, vice versa, not all projects of the ‘Book and Non-reviewed Journal Article’ type are in the ‘Social Sciences/Arts and Humanities’ segment. The research projects differ not only qualitatively in their output profile; they also differ quantitatively, so that projects can be ranked according to amount of output.

Physicians and bioethicists that money cannot buy

Physicians and bioethicists that money cannot buy

Virtual Remote Controller Enables New Laser‐Projection‐Based Applications

A novel pan‐tilt user‐interface (UI) robot system uses a scanning MEMS projection head in combination with a depth sensor. The UI robot system can detect and track a hand, then project a virtual‐remote‐controller (VRC) image onto the top of a palm or table.

Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions estimation for small hydropower schemes in India

This paper presents for the first time correlations for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from small hydropower schemes in India. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop life cycle GHG emissions correlations for three different types of small hydropower schemes (run-of river, canal based and dam-toe) in India. It has been found out that GHG emissions depend on the head and capacity of the small hydropower project. The results obtained from correlations show good agreement with the estimated results using EIO-LCA (Economic Input–Output-Life Cycle Assessment) technique. These correlations may be useful for the development of new small hydropower (SHP) schemes, as they can be used to predict life cycle GHG emissions based on capacity, head and type of SHP schemes.

“Hedgerow” A cooperation between geography, didactics of geography and school practice to improve teacher training at university

The project “Hedgerow” is a cooperation between the head of the nature conservation project “Altmuhlleiten”, the assistant professor of the department of didactics of geography of the Catholic University of Eichstatt, and pupils of a primary school. The aim of all partners was to improve the children‟s knowledge about hedgerows as well as to promote cooperation between scientific geography and teacher training. In the theoretical part, a selected model that the author uses to describe the term „cooperation‟ will be presented, the elements of which must be fulfilled to form an effective cooperation. Then, this model is converted to the hedgerow project. The project itself consisted of four steps. Firstly, the participating students of geography didactics are informed about hedgerows in a very interactive way. Hedgerows are a refuge for native wild flora and fauna. They were typical cultural elements of this region but have largely disappeared. After acquiring this information, each university student group prepared one lesson for each school at class level during a didactic lecture at university. With regard to sustainable working and teaching, the students held their prepared lessons in different primary school classes. Finally, the pupils built their own hedgerow in nature. This project can be seen as an illustrative example of cooperation between geography, didactics of geography and school practice.

Gender and community-oriented wildlife conservation: views from project supervisors in India

Many international agreements, such as the 1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity, posit that successful community-oriented (community-based) wildlife conservation depends on partnerships with stakeholders of different class, ethnicity, and gender. Gender is of particular interest because it often relates to environmental use, attitudes, and knowledge and operates across other key categories. This study uses fieldwork, interviews, and a survey of 52 project heads in India to address two research questions: (1) How are gender issues viewed by supervisors of community-based wildlife conservation projects, in relation to their work? (2) What types of resources would be most useful to project heads seeking to promote gender equity through their conservation work? The results suggest that while there is widespread support for integrating gender equity issues into community-oriented wildlife conservation, many believe that gender may be a potentially distracting and secondary issue. Several reasons for the variation in views were identified including the following: the dearth of relevant empirical research about gender issues in wildlife conservation; ambiguities about the concept of gender itself; and a lack of opportunities to critically discuss the role of gender equity issues for conservation. These factors may contribute to a disconnection between international rhetoric and on-the-ground practice as it relates to gender and community-oriented wildlife conservation. Increased opportunities for professional capacity building among project supervisors and staff members, coupled with increased collaboration between social and natural scientists, will be important for strengthening the links between international conservation policy and on-the-ground practice.

Dynamic Responses of the Powerhouse Structure of Hydropower Stations due to Hydraulic Excitation

As the capacity and water head of large hydropower projects become higher and higher, the flow-induced structural vibration of powerhouse becomes a very important problem for the design and operation process. Especially as the water head and the running speed are much higher for the pump-turbine than the general turbine, the hydraulic exciting vibration is very remarkable. In this paper the simulation results of free-vibration characteristics of powerhouse structure for different types were concluded and the frequency behavior of the pressure fluctuation in spiral case and draft tube were discussed. The structural dynamic responses under hydraulic exciting were presented including the dynamic responses of displacement, velocity, acceleration and stresses. Based on the vibration criterion of the powerhouse structure, the vibration evaluation was made.

Experimental Design: Design Experimentation

April 01 2011 Experimental Design: Design Experimentation Ashley Hall Ashley Hall Ashley Hall studied furniture design at Nottingham Trent University and the Royal College of Art where he received his masters. He is currently deputy head of the department of Innovation Design Engineering at the RCA where he is frst-year programme director, head of experimental design, GoGlobal project and research. He is also a partner and director of Diplomat furniture design consultancy. His research interests are pursued in a number of areas including non-linear systems in design, experimental design, trans-located manufacturing and industrial design pedagogy. He has also been a visiting lecturer at universities in the UK, Australia, China, Ghana, Japan, Korea and Norway. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Ashley Hall Ashley Hall studied furniture design at Nottingham Trent University and the Royal College of Art where he received his masters. He is currently deputy head of the department of Innovation Design Engineering at the RCA where he is frst-year programme director, head of experimental design, GoGlobal project and research. He is also a partner and director of Diplomat furniture design consultancy. His research interests are pursued in a number of areas including non-linear systems in design, experimental design, trans-located manufacturing and industrial design pedagogy. He has also been a visiting lecturer at universities in the UK, Australia, China, Ghana, Japan, Korea and Norway. Online Issn: 1531-4790 Print Issn: 0747-9360 © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology2011 Design Issues (2011) 27 (2): 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1162/DESI_a_00074-Hall Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Ashley Hall; Experimental Design: Design Experimentation. Design Issues 2011; 27 (2): 17–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/DESI_a_00074-Hall Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsDesign Issues Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2011 Massachusetts Institute of Technology2011 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Launching the war on poverty: an oral history

FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 1. Camelot Confronts the Culture of Poverty 2. War on Poverty Task Force 3. Creating the Community Action Program 4. Employment versus Poverty 5. Rural Programs 6. Enactment of Poverty Legislation 7. Office of Economic Opportunity: The Most Action in Town 8. : Job Corps 9. Community Action Program 10. An Early Success: Project Head Start 11. : Advocates for the Poor: VISTA and the Legal Services Program 12. Delegated Programs 13. Challenges to Head Start 14. Job Corps under Siege 15. Keeping the Trash in One Pile: Legislative Battles 16. OEO's Struggle to Endure 17. Assessments APPENDIX: ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS NOTES AND REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

The Federal Role in Early Childhood Education: Evolution in the Goals, Governance, and Policy Instruments of Project Head Start

The authors analyze bills, congressional records, agency reports, and newspaper articles to trace the evolution of Project Head Start, by far the nation’s largest federal early childhood program, beginning with the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964. Their analysis is organized around the policy goals embedded in the program and the governance structures and policy instruments designed to achieve those goals. Findings reveal that the life of Head Start has been marked by periods of policy expansion and relative stasis. Expansion has occurred most notably in the policy instruments through which services have been delivered while stasis has characterized program governance.

Custom designed dynamic videokeratometer

The human eye is a complex dynamic system that undergoes fine rotations and deformations. Usually information about the eye globe deformation and micromovements are averaged and lost when using commercial measuring devices, although they provide important information about the eye's physiology and the visual process. We have constructed a dynamic topographer from an existing Placido projection head and a video camera. The algorithms of calibration, data processing and topographic reconstruction are also explained in this paper. With our system, the CCD parameters and the algorithms can be controlled offering many possibilities for eye researchers. Obtained results show that the system is reliable for measuring eye dynamics. Some applications of the device are also outlined.

Социальная дифференциация и местное самоуправление в сельских поселениях и малых городах России: итоги двадцати постсоветских лет (рук. — А. М. Никулин)

Социальная дифференциация и местное самоуправление в сельских поселениях и малых городах России: итоги двадцати постсоветских лет (рук. — А. М. Никулин)

網膜投影型ヘッドマウントディスプレイを用いた歯科インプラントナビゲーションシステム（第1報）リアルタイムオーバーレイシステムの開発

網膜投影型ヘッドマウントディスプレイを用いた歯科インプラントナビゲーションシステム（第1報）リアルタイムオーバーレイシステムの開発