Project Management Department Research Articles

Analysis of Labor Relations in Private Enterprises A Three-party Game Based on Overtime Work

At present, China has successively introduced multiple laws and regulations to prevent employees from being forced to work overtime. However, this situation is still serious in private enterprises, which has led to gradually tense labor relations. Starting from the issue of overtime, this article constructs a game model between government regulatory departments, enterprises, and employees, explores the impact of government regulation on the labor management relationship of private enterprises, and uses evolutionary games to analyze the stability of the strategies of the three parties. The result shows that there is a stable equilibrium solution in the tripartite game: private enterprises arrange employees to work overtime normally, employees take the initiative to work overtime, and the government's project management department strictly supervises them. Among them, strict supervision by labor supervision agencies plays an important role in balancing labor management relations, therefore, certain incentive measures should be given to labor supervision agencies to ensure their strict supervision; Private enterprises should strictly abide by market order, proactively reduce the burden on employees, and avoid forcing employees to work overtime excessively; Employees should maintain a good work attitude and promote the development of common interests with private enterprises.

Research on project cost control of construction engineering contracting enterprises based on owner satisfaction in China

The profit margin of construction enterprises has been continuously declining over the past few years, and the competition for contracts among construction enterprises turns out to be increasingly fierce. Construction contracting enterprises should consider the profitability of the construction contracting enterprise and its ability to continuously obtain orders when setting cost budget targets for project management departments. Thus, a dual objective decision-making model is built in this study, minimizing overall construction costs and maximizing owner satisfaction to clarify the contracting conditions of the project management department and facilitate decision-making optimization of cost and owner satisfaction goals. Moreover, the actual effect of the proposed model method is verified through case calculations. As indicated by the results, under the premise of maximizing owner satisfaction, the model optimization cost is lower than the actual cost that has already occurred. Furthermore, it conforms to the goal of maximizing owner satisfaction while fulfilling the goal of minimizing engineering costs.

BIM-based approach to manage Basra Oil Company projects

PurposeThe oil and gas industry form the main resource of economy in Iraq and constructing any project in such sectors requires a huge amount of expenses due to the unique requirements that oil and gas facilities required in such projects. Therefore, adopting an appropriate technological approach such as building information modeling (BIM) which is unfortunately not adopted yet in Iraq is essential to successfully deliver these projects. Thus, this paper aimed to introduce BIM to Iraq through Basra Oil Company (BOC) which is one of the biggest public oil and gas companies in Iraq.Design/methodology/approachThe related literature of journals articles, conference proceedings and published reports have been reviewed. As a result, firstly: a hypothesis has been derived that is “If Basra Oil Company (BOC) adopts and applies BIM approach instead of the 2D approach currently used to manage its projects, the company can overcome several constraints in managing its projects that associated with such 2D traditional approach”; secondly: homogenous, consistence and reliable web-based questionnaire has been designed as its Cronbach’s alpha equal to 0.897 and 0.711 for BIM benefits and barriers, respectively. This questionnaire distributed to the BOC related professionals to test such hypothesis by investigating their readiness and accepting of BIM approach and to rank BIM barriers based on five-point Likert scale.FindingsBased on the analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 26 of 115 responses, almost 50% of the respondents had experience 11–15 years, while 22.6% had experience more than 15 years in oil and gas industry construction projects. Those participants were from diverse engineering majors that are: 4.3% Architectural Engineers, 31.3% Civil Engineers, 20% Mechanical Engineers, 22.6% Electrical Engineers and 21.7% from other engineering majors. The respondents’ departments demography was 16.5% of design department, 12.2% of construction department, 20.9% of Project Management Department, 12.2% of Maintenance department, 4.3% of HSE Department, 13% of Production Department and 20.9% of “Other Department.” The study resulted in 1: accepting BIM approach to be an alternative of current 2D-traditional approach used by the company to manage and construct its projects, since mean of collected data is (4.4332), Kruskal–Wallis H test significance values were 0.398 and 0.372; and ANOVA test significance values were 0.433 and 0.599 among Engineering Majors groups and Company’s Department groups, respectively. 2: Disclosed and sequenced BIM barriers in the company based on their criticality. 3: verifying reliably how BIM attributes are important to oil and gas construction projects in Iraq, 4: the company top management and company policies are the most critical potential factors to hinder or adopt and implement BIM in the company, 5: while cost is not seen a critical barrier to implement BIM in the oil and gas sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study is the excluding of decision makers of BOC, thus more profound future studies need to be conducted where top management and decision makers are involved, particularly the present study demonstrated that support of company top management is the most critical factor which can help the company to adopt (BIM).Originality/valueThe study concludes that BIM approach is valuable for managing projects in oil and gas sector in Iraq and identify the originality in output by using the research method. This noble study provides a leverage for enhanced research to adopt and implement building information modeling (BIM) in Iraq as the study originally demonstrates benefits and identifies the critical barriers in BIM implementation to push the boundaries toward adopt Digitalization and reduce CO2 emission in Iraqi oil and gas sector. The study can be used as evidence and platform to encourage professionals and practitioners to present more sophisticated tools of BIM in the oil and gas industry, especially for facility and operation management. These findings achieved via oil and gas experts, and it is first time to achieve such findings from a case study in Iraqi oil and gas sector.

The structural modelling of significant organisational and individual factors for promoting sustainable campus in Saudi Arabia

IntroductionIn recent years, campus sustainability has gained global prominence, with a focus on sustainability initiatives and environmental activities within university campuses. This study aims to explore the factors contributing to the expansion of sustainability initiatives in Saudi Arabian university campuses.MethodsThe research utilizes the Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) as a framework for public universities. A literature review incorporating rational choice theory (RCT) and organizational change theory (OCT) is conducted to identify variables relevant to campus sustainability. The hierarchical interrelationships among these variables are examined, and the Matrice d’Impacts Croises-Multiplication Appliqué and Classment Analysis (MICMAC) categorize the study variables. Associations between the variables are validated through expert consultations from selected case study institutions.ResultsThe findings highlight the significance of organizational structure and decision-making processes in determining the prevalence of other sustainability-related variables. Organizational structure and decision-making processes are recognized as key factors exerting significant influence over other variables. Additionally, leadership is categorized as a linkage variable, representing a strong relationship within the hierarchical model.DiscussionThe study acknowledges the challenges in implementing sustainability initiatives, including conflicts in strategic planning, absence of campus sustainability policies and regulations, financial barriers, and lack of support from leadership. The study offers valuable insights and recommendations for stakeholders involved in sustainability initiatives within higher education institutions, particularly university leaders and decision makers in facility and project management departments (F&PM). By addressing the organizational and decision-based factors, effective integration of sustainability practices into university planning and activities can be achieved. This research contributes to filling the knowledge gap regarding the factors influencing the implementation of sustainability in Saudi Arabian higher education institutions (HEIs). The study emphasizes the importance of addressing organizational structure, decision-making processes, and leadership in order to successfully implement sustainability practices on university campuses.

Effect of Internal Controls on Resource Mobilization of Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County

NGOs operate in diverse environments and deal with different types of stakeholders, they face several risks, including financial fraud, mismanagement, and non-compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. They are therefore vulnerable to fraud and embezzlement due to their reliance on donations and grants, lack of oversight, and decentralized operations. This study sought to determine the effect of internal controls on resource mobilization of non-governmental organizations in Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the current study was 64 humanitarian NGOs that are based in Nairobi County. While the unit of analysis was the 64 humanitarian NGOs, the unit of observation were two respondents from finance and project management departments of these organizations. The study adopted a census sampling technique where the entire sample size of 128 was used. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A regression model was used to test the effect of Internal Controls on the resource mobilization of Humanitarian NGOs in Nairobi County. The results indicated that internal control has a positive and significant effect on resource mobilization of Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County (B = 0.273; t = 2.524 > 1.96, = P-Value = 0.013 < 0.05). The results of the first hypothesis revealed that Internal Control has a positive and significant effect on resource mobilization of Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County. The study concluded that Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County ought to increase their internal control measures in order to boost their resource mobilization. The study recommends that Humanitarian non-governmental organizations need to implement internal control measures, such as control environment, risk assessment and information & communication, in order to improve their financial accountability. To reduce the likelihood of fraud and to raise everyone's awareness of the expectations for adhering to established standards, it is also necessary to have a clear understanding of the significance of internal controls and the division of duty among all the employees. Keywords: Internal Controls, Resource Mobilization & Non-Governmental Organizations

Effect of Financial Planning on Resource Mobilization of Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County

NGOs in Kenya play major roles in a number of developmental areas; socially, politically, economically and culturally. However, the NGOs in Kenya have been characterized with poor relations towards the citizens, which has been brought about by problems in political, historical and cultural aspects. This study sought to determine the effect of financial planning on resource mobilization of humanitarian non-governmental organizations in Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the current study was 64 humanitarian NGOs that are based in Nairobi County. While the unit of analysis was the 64 humanitarian NGOs, the unit of observation were two respondents from finance and project management departments of these organizations. The study adopted a census sampling technique where the entire sample size of 128 was used. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire. A regression model was used to test the effect of financial planning on the resource mobilization of Humanitarian NGOs in Nairobi County. The results indicated that financial planning has a negative and insignificant effect on resource mobilization of Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County (B = -0.068; t = -0.890 < 1.96, = p-value = 0.375 > 0.05). These results imply that efficient financial planning practices do not improve resource mobilization of Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County. The null hypothesis developed on the non-significance of financial planning on resource mobilization of Humanitarian Non- Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County was not rejected.  The study findings led to a conclusion that the null hypothesis on the insignificance of the influence of financial planning on the resource mobilization of Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County was not rejected. The study found that the current financial planning measures adopted by Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations do not improve their financial accountability. Thus, the study recommends that there is need for these organization to pay keen attention to their financial planning around budgeting, financial practices, and financial forecasting, in order to improve their financial accountability. Keywords: Financial Planning, Resource Mobilization & Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations

Panoramic quality assessment tool for investigator initiated trials.

ObjectivesQuality can be a challenge for Investigator initiated trials (IITs) since these trials are scarcely overseen by a sponsor or monitoring team. Therefore, quality assessment for departments managing clinical research grants program is important and urgently needed. Our study aims at developing a handy quality assessment tool for IITs that can be applied by both departments and project teams.MethodsThe framework of the quality assessment tool was developed based on the literature studies, accepted guidelines and the Delphi method. A total of 272 ongoing IITs funded by Shanghai non-profit organizations in 2015 and 2016 were used to extract quality indexes. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to further evaluate the validity and feasibility of the conceptual quality assessment tool.ResultsThe tool consisted of 4 critical quality attributes, including progress, quality, regulation, scientificity, and 13 observed quality indexes. A total of 257 IITs were included in the validity and feasibility assessment. The majority (60.29%) were Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), and 41.18% were multi-center studies. In order to test the validity and feasibility of IITs quality assessment tool, CFA showed that the model fit the data adequately. (CMIN/DF = 1.868, GFI = 0.916; CFI = 0.936; TLI = 0.919; RMSEA = 0.063; SRMR = 0.076). Different types of clinical studies fit well in the tool. However, RCT scored lower than prospective cohort and retrospective study in enrollment progress (7.02 vs. 7.43, 9.63, respectively).ConclusionThis study established a panoramic quality assessment tool based on the Delphi method and CFA, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the tool were verified through clinical research examples. The use of this tool can help project management departments effectively and dynamically manage research projects, rationally allocate resources, and ensure the quality of IITs.

Will knowledge infrastructure capabilities elevate the project management maturity? An empirical study

PurposeThe factors for higher education institutions’ (HEIs) project management failure have been studied for several years. One of the issues is a lack of tools to combine their knowledge infrastructure capabilities (KIC) with project management (PM) to examine these infrastructures and monitor maturity. There are several project management maturity (PMM) models available. However, there are just a few empirical studies that support the three knowledge infrastructure capabilities and PMM integrations. As a result, the current research aims to suggest a new conceptual model, KIC-knowledge management (KM), and assess a research model that includes the three knowledge infrastructure capabilities as a prerequisite to elevate the PMM.Design/methodology/approachPartial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) is used to evaluate the proposed research model. The study’s hypotheses were also examined using a sample of 352 respondents from PM departments at ten Yemeni public universities.FindingsThe study found that if the three key knowledge infrastructure capabilities integrate into the PMs, then it will help HEIs to perform project tasks more effectively and efficiently. Also, it will improve the PM maturity level if all the three capabilities positively effect PMM.Research limitations/implicationsThe study findings cannot be generalized to other industries because the collected date were with the Yemeni public universities’ context. Also, the new proposed model can be assessed in various sectors to increase the validity of the model. One more thing, future academics can conduct qualitative research study to validate again the proposed model.Practical implicationsProject managers can develop and improve their organization’s effectiveness and performance by focusing on these findings and using the developed model. Also, the findings of this study can be used as a benchmark for evaluating initiatives and knowledge-based governmental entities.Social implicationsIt is an opportunity for knowledge-based governmental entities particularly and other organizations to elevate most of projects to achieve a supreme level of maturity. Also, this study will assist employees to understand the relationship between KICs and projects within HEIs in Yemen.Originality/valueThis paper is among the first to empirically study the impact of the three knowledge infrastructure capabilities toward PMM. It links between two important domains: KM and PM.

Feasibility analysis of water resources market transaction of water diversion project based on evolutionary game

Abstract Water diversion projects realize the change of water rights ownership by diverting water resources, but most of the water diversion projects are dominated by the government in the operation stage, which can't realize complete market-oriented transaction of resources. In this study, the water source area, project management department and users involved in water resources trading of a water diversion project are regarded as stakeholders, and an evolutionary game model is established to analyze the feasibility and restrictive conditions of the free trading of water resources in the water diversion project. The research results show that the three parties can realize the balance and stability of interests (the water source area supplies good water, the project management department supplies sufficient water, users take water according to the supply), which means that the water market transactions are feasible. Meanwhile, it also gives clear restrictions on the water price of the three parties transaction: the project management department water price for purchase is less than on the premise of lower than + , the sale water price is not higher than . The free trading of water resources in the water diversion project under the market mechanism is of great significance for clarifying the water rights and reducing the financial pressure of the government.

Cognition, Application and Discussion on Shaped Charge Hydraulic Smooth Blasting Technology

In the past, the main method of tunnel excavation in China was drilling and blasting, but the biggest shortcoming of the traditional drilling and blasting method is that it is easy to cause serious overexcavation and underexcavation. At the same time, the operation cycle time of this method is long, which leads to a serious waste of resources. Not only that, a large number of toxic gases and dust produced after blasting also do harm to the health of construction workers. So this is an urgent need for a new construction technology to solve this worldwide problem. In this situation, the leading experts in the field of tunnel, "The survey and design master of China" Shi Yuxin, Liu Pei, and well known expert in explosion field, yan-sheng ding, professor Chen Chengguang and Gu Yicheng, the experts group, cooperate with The Fifth Branch of China Railway 18th Bureau in northwest project management department, developed a new technology. This technology has passed the appraisal of scientific and technological achievements organized by Tianjin Science and Technology Commission, which is shaped hydraulic smooth blasting technology. The comprehensive evaluation of the technology is "international leading" level.This paper is mainly aimed at the drawbacks of drilling and blasting construction,combined with the author's cognition and discussion on the introduction of the new technology of cumulative hydraulic blasting and the practical application effect in the tunnel excavation process of the fourth company of China Railway 14th Bureau Group in the second division of the 9th bid section of Zhangjihuai Railway in Huainan Province.

Aims and criteria for advancing technology management research at the Journal of Operations Management

Aims and criteria for advancing technology management research at the <scp>Journal of Operations Management</scp>

Application of Value Stream Mapping on Operating Project Business Process at Nickel Mining Industry

This study investigated the usage of manhours against project cost impact in the business process of capital and operating project in mining industry. The case study in this study is nickel mining company in Indonesia. The waste identification and elimination are used on the business process operations and capital project delivery system using lean thinking in project management and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The study results shows that in current business process state, 95% project expenditure in case study on 2019 was spent for capital project and 5% for project operations. This results of this study is quite different with the manhours spent each on operating and capital project. In 2019, both the Capital Project Management and Engineering Services department spent 70% of their manhours on Capital Project and 30% on Operating Project. It shows that in managing 5% of their project budget, the company’s case study had to spent 30% of their project team manhours. With the proposed business process, the company’s case study should be able to optimize their manhours usage proportionally to the project cost impact.

Assessment of knowledge process capabilities toward project management maturity: an empirical study

PurposeThe reasons behind the project management failure of higher education institutions (HEIs) have been researched for the past few years. One of the reasons is the lack of tools to integrate their knowledge process capabilities (KPC) with their project management (PM) to measure maturity by assessing these capabilities. Various project management maturity (PMM) models exist. Yet, there is a limited number of empirical studies that support the four integrations of KPC and PMM. Therefore, this study aims to propose a new heretical model, namely, KPC-knowledge management (KM) and evaluates a research model that includes the four KPC as an antecedent to PMM.Design/methodology/approachThe suggested research model is assessed by using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Furthermore, the study's hypotheses were examined based on a sample of 352 respondents from the project management departments in 10 public universities in Yemen.FindingsAnalysis revealed that the derived PMM status could be benchmarked with the project management maturity model. Also, the study found that integrating the KPC into PM enables the institutions to perform critical tasks and value chain activities and enhance the PM maturity level as well. In contrast, if one of the capabilities does not positively impact PMM, it affects the maturity level of the entire project.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings are obtained concerning data collected from public universities and represent the Yemeni context, limiting the generalization on a different geographical area. Also, this proposed model can be evaluated in a practical way like conducting a focus group, a set of interviews with specialists, a case study or action research. The qualitative research will help academics to validate our proposal for future research purposes.Practical implicationsThe proposed approach may be adapted to the characteristics of organizations involved in projects as external performers (project-based organizations) and not just the HEIs projects. This study provides managers and policymakers with insights into assessing PMM and improving their organizational effectiveness when deciding which KPCs to focus on in the future.Social implicationsThis study contributes to the current PM awareness in Yemen and facilitates its success using the knowledge processes capabilities in Yemen's HEIs. It encourages organizations to take this opportunity to revive the projects and achieve a maximum level of maturity.Originality/valueThis study provides new insights into two domains through the link between knowledge management and PM. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is among the first to empirically study the impact of the four KPC toward PMM. It enriches the theoretical perspective of PM. Also, it contributes to the literature on the success factor of KPC, which can be considered to improve organizational performance.

Data-Driven Public R&amp;D Project Performance Evaluation: Results from China

In public R&amp;D projects, to improve the decision-making process and ensure the sustainability of public investment, it is indispensable to effectively evaluate the project performance. Currently, public R&amp;D project management departments and various academic databases have accumulated a large number of project-related data. In view of this, we propose a data-driven performance evaluation framework for public R&amp;D projects. In our framework, we collect structured and unstructured data related to completed projects from multiple websites. Then, these data are cleaned and fused to form a unified dataset. We train a project performance evaluation model by extracting the project performance information implicit in the dataset based on multi-classification supervised learning algorithms. When facing a new project that needs to be evaluated, its performance can be automatically predicted by inputting the characteristic information of the project into our performance evaluation model. Our framework is validated based on the project data of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) in terms of four performance measures (i.e., Accuracy, Recall, Precision, F1 score). In addition, we provide a case study that applies our framework to evaluate the project performance in the logistics and supply chain area of NSFC. In conclusion, this paper contributes to the body of knowledge in sustainability by developing a data-driven method that equips the decision-maker with an automated project performance evaluation tool to make sustainable project decisions.

Editorial: The Innovation and Project Management Department in the Journal of Operations Management

Editorial: The Innovation and Project Management Department in the <i>Journal of Operations Management</i>

Designing and Implementing Effective Campus Sustainability in Saudi Arabian Universities: An Assessment of Drivers and Barriers in a Rational Choice Theoretical Context

Saudi Arabia is a developing country that is experiencing a rapid growth in its population and level of urbanisation. Higher education (HE) in the country has developed rapidly over the last ten years, and it is still moving through numerous major reforms. Largely, the concept of sustainability has not yet been formally adopted in public institutions in a way that could sufficiently remedy the range of activities that currently impact negatively on the environment. The central aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which planning and action for sustainability is currently being taken on university campuses in Saudi Arabia, and to review the opportunities and challenges for encouraging and enabling further progress to this end. The research that the paper draws on specifically investigated the influence of decision makers’ personal knowledge and perceptions within Facilities and Project Management (FPM) departments at selected Saudi universities, and the constraints faced by FPM decision makers with regard to the promotion of sustainability on campus. This exploration was supported by the development of a theoretical framework that draws on rational choice theory (RCT). The research revealed mixed levels of prevailing knowledge and awareness towards sustainability among FPM decision makers within the case study university campuses. Cost notably came across as a dominant influence on FPM decision makers’ choices and decisions, and it undoubtedly plays an important role in shaping the decision-making process alongside other key organisational factors. A number of barriers facing the incorporation of sustainability emerged with clarity, such as the lack of supportive leadership, the lack of sustainability knowledge and awareness among senior management and an absence of sustainability-related legislation policy or strategic direction in the HEIs concerned.

Analyzing the factors affecting environmental risks of projects using a hybrid approach of DEMATEL‐ANP, artificial neural network: A case study

AbstractThe increasing growth of the economy in each country necessitates a great amount of investment in infrastructure. The belief that projects involve various uncertainties, such as technical skills, management quality, and the like, indicates that most projects fail to achieve their aims, interests, costs, as well as their timeframes and space requirements. As the environment can pose significant uncertainty to any project, environmental risks should be deeply studied by project management departments. This study intends to analyze as a case the environmental risk management system within a consulting firm. From this analysis, each aspect of a project's environmental risk management is ranked using a fuzzy analytical network process (ANP), a neural network algorithm, and a decision‐making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology. From the organizational aspect, budget risk is the most significant. From the technical aspect, the risk of regulations is the most important one. Finally, the risk of project failure from poor communication is another identified main risk in this research. By studying high‐ranking items in this hierarchy, it can be understood that these criteria exist in different aspects; therefore, all aspects of the risk should be taken into account to cover and assess risk. A neural network algorithm for validating and reassessment of ranking is employed. Results of this application showed that, based on Spearman's rank correlation method, two different approaches resulted in similar rankings. Finally, some practical implications for responding to the most highly ranked risks are proposed.

Propose on Human Resources Management in Grass-roots Water Conservancy Project Management Unit

Based on the actual situation of the water supply project management department of the north extension of the Tongyu River in Lianyungang, the existing problems of personnel management in the management units of water conservancy projects at the grass-roots level were analyzed, and a perfect personnel management system was put forward

Supply Chain and Project Management Department Mission Statement

Supply Chain and Project Management Department Mission Statement

Modern method of project planning and control

In today's scenario Delay in completion of project is the most challenging issue which is caused mainly due to cost overrun, Time overrun & also scarcity of resource. These factors have serious implication on the project success rate & often lead to Project Hold. Thus, the Responsibility on Project Head & Management Department increases to satisfy the need of customer on one hand & also meet the project delivery schedule. Thus, proper planning & control of Project has very importance specially in scheduling of construction work so that the project handover happens without any delay. Project planning has been on top priority since past decades & various methods have evolved in due course of time &has been adopted to increase the efficiency of Project management. In recent years CPM is the method which has been widely accepted & adopted as Project management tool but with various drawbacks inherited in the method it's time to look forward for a better alternative. In the year 1997 Eliyahu Goldratt came with a totally new concept of Critical Chain Project Management. The theory proposed by Goldratt was revolutionary from Project management point of view as he proposed the theory popularly known as Theory of in which Constraint in any Management is kept at top priority and scheduling of project is done keeping the Critical Resources in mind instead of critical Path. Also, CCPM gives Realistic scheduling unlike CPM where scheduling is totally assumption based which often leads to increase in project duration. CCPM also keeps count on the resources available for completion of any activity and in case the resources are not available in abundance that activity becomes critical.