Programmable Microcontroller Research Articles

Method for measuring voltages in channels of a hemispherical resonator gyroscope with an arbitrary orientation axes

<span>The article deals with issues related to solid wave gyroscopes, which are used as a sensor in inertial navigation systems. The article considers a variant of solving problem, when oscillations of the resonator are excited in directions that coincide with their own axes, oriented a priori is unknown. The main contribution this article is the method is proposed for measuring signal amplitudes in virtual main and quadrature channels, the orientation of which does not coincide with the orientation of the signal pickup electrodes. This is achieved by modeling algorithms for measuring the slope of the resonator's own axes and signal amplitudes in virtual channels are evaluation. In order to verify the adequacy of the proposed models simplified calculation formulas for programming microcontrollers are presented. An estimate of the error due to the use of simplified formulas is made. It is assumed that the use of this method will reduce the requirements for the quality of balancing the resonators of gyroscopes. The findings will be useful for mass production of navigation systems with gyroscopes, which have a small drift and are capable of experiencing large shock linear accelerations, for example, in underground inclined drilling, and in meteorological rockets.</span>

Home Surveillance System Based on Internet of Things and Thermal Sensors

A home security system's primary purpose is to protect and monitor areas that are vulnerable to intruders. The cameras can continuously monitor location; however, it’s had drawbacks such as high installation costs, significant electricity consumption, high memory space utilization of the recording system, and complexity of the hardware circuits, in low light condition it need a night vision camera to obtain clear images. The purpose of the research, is to develop a prototype of surveillance system that uses the PIR sensor and night vision camera to detected intruder in low light condition. The methodology used in this research is prototyping. It started with objectives determination of surveillance system, develop, refine and demonstrate the hardware and software, testing and implement the system. The Arduino Board, programmable Arduino IDE microcontroller, battery, RF module, camera, WIFI module, NodeMCU and PIR sensor are all included in this prototype. An application will be loaded on the user's android device, which will be utilized as the security system monitoring and controller. The WIFI module allows remote control by connecting the system to the internet via the cloud. A PIR sensor will be used to monitor the temperature around for the detecting the presence of human. If the sensor detects the thermal imaging, it will trigger the night vision camera to record. The result of the system testing, shows that the system was working perfectly. The testing on camera operability shows that the night vision camera gets a clear image at maximum 10 m. The limitations of this system are unable to detect the thermal objects at more than 10 m clearly. This weakness can be improved by more complete hardware in future research.

INVESTIGATING THE ERRORS OF A DIGITAL METER OF RC-TWO-POLE PARAMETERS

A device for an invariant measurement of the electrical parameters of RC-two-pole poles based on the phase method is described. The device implements a structural-algorithmic method of increasing the accuracy of measurements with time division of the measurement channel. A programmable microcontroller (MCC) is used to control the measurement process and to process the measurement results, which allows to minimize the number of parameter and signal transformations and increase the measurement accuracy. In the measuring circuit (MC), two sample resistors are connected in series with the two-pole under study: the main and additional (switchable). The reference voltage is formed in the feedback circuit of the operational amplifier. The MC is powered by a current generator of a sinusoidal signal of a programmable frequency. The MC has two output voltages, the phase shift angle between which is an informative parameter. The output voltages of the MC are supplied to the analog inputs of the MC. In the MCC, the angle is converted into a time interval, which is measured by the discrete counting method by quantizing it with pulses of the MCC clock generator. By analyzing the MC, algorithms for determining the measured parameters are obtained. The parameters of the IC elements are calculated, at which the required measurement ranges of the investigated object parameters are provided. The main content of the article is devoted to the development of the methodology of theoretical calculation of measurement errors. The errors are caused by inaccuracy and instability of the parameters of the MC and MCC elements appearing in the obtained algorithms. The calculation technique is accompanied by numerical example applied to specific measurement ranges. It is shown that in the total errors of measurement the private error caused by the inaccuracy and instability of resistances of sample resistors used in the MC, is predominant.

Clinical Fusion for Real-Time Complex QRS Pattern Detection in Wearable ECG Using the Pan-Tompkins Algorithm

This scientific paper presents a novel approach of real-time signal analysis in electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring systems, focusing on the integration of device design,algorithm implementation for accurate measurement and interpretation of heart activity. The proposed system leverages a low-cost framework, employing a microcontroller and Arduino programming language for raw ECG data acquisition, while utilizing the AD8232 sensor and ESP8266 Node MCU for continuous patient monitoring. The acquired data is processed, stored, and analyzed using the Pan-Tompkins algorithm, which effectively filters and analyzes heart signals, including noise reduction and QRS complex detection. Two case studies involving a healthy individual and a patient with Myocarditis were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system. The integration of device design and algorithm development in ECG analysis is emphasized, highlighting the affordability, wearability, and potential for continuous monitoring and early detection of heart conditions. By successfully mitigating noise-related challenges, the implementation of the Pan algorithm enables accurate signal analysis. This interdisciplinary research contributes to the advancement of ECG interpretation and underscores the significance of clinical fusion between designed systems and applied algorithms on real cases. The performance of two Pan-Tompkins based QRS complex detection algorithms was systematically analyzed, offering valuable insights for their reasonable utilization.

INVESTIGATING THE MEASUREMENT ERRORS OF THE COMPONENTS OF THE COMPLEX RESISTANCE OF MUTUAL INDUCTION BY THE PHASE METHOD

A microcontroller measurer of the complex resistance components of mutual induction (MI) of magnetically coupled coils is considered for the case when, due to the effects of “capacitance” and “eddy currents”, an active component arises in the EMF of the secondary coil, the 90° phase shift angle between this electromotive force and the current of the primary coil is violated (“phase defect”). At the same time, corrective terms ("admixture" and "frequency correction") appear in the resistance MI. These phenomena increase with an increase in the frequency and value of the supply current of the coils, when using ferromagnetic cores. Balanced AC bridges are used in well-known resistance component MI measurers; their disadvantages are listed. The developed measurer uses the phase method using a temporary separation of the measurement channel. The measuring circuit (MC) is powered by the current of a controlled generator of sinusoidal signals. In the MC, the measured parameters are converted into the phase shift angle between the two output voltages. These voltages are supplied to the analog inputs of a programmable microcontroller (MCC), in which angle is measured by the discrete counting method. During the measurement process, the MCC sets the frequency of the MC power generator, controls the position of the electronic switch of the measurement channel, measures angle and determines the values of the components of the MI complex resistance according to the specified algorithms. A method of theoretical investigation of measurement errors has been developed. The errors are caused by the inaccuracy and instability of the parameters of the MC and MCC elements appearing in the algorithms for determining the measured values. The method of error calculation is accompanied by a numerical example. The results of calculation of measurement errors are presented.

Modelling and simulation of the energy regenerative system for active horizontal seat suspension driven by an induction motor

The paper investigates the design and performance of an active horizontal seat suspension driven by an induction motor, with the aim of reducing harmful vibrations and enhancing energy efficiency. The physical model employs a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) as a modern actuator to generate the active force. Both passive and active seat suspensions are examined, revealing that the active system significantly reduces resonant vibration by applying electromagnetic torque from an induction motor. The motoring/braking principle is explored, where braking an induction motor returns electric energy to the servo drive system, and regenerative braking is utilized to charge batteries. However, the current regenerative braking system recovers only 3% of power. A novel control design methodology is proposed for the subsequent project to enhance suspension dynamics, attenuate vibrations transmitted to the human body, and minimize energy consumption during operation. The proposed energy-regenerative electromagnetic actuator model, in conjunction with advanced programmable micro-controller algorithms and inverter switching schemes, aims to optimize energy recuperation and vibration energy harvesting in the vibration reduction system.

Microcontroller Based Smart Coil Winder System

The aim of this paper is to develop the control circuit for smart automatic coil winder, which functions with respect to the PIC Microcontroller program. The conventional coil winding machine winds copper wire on a former and the former is attached to the iron rod, which is to be actuated manually. Moreover, the manual coil winding machine does not have any control circuit for the smart functionality. But in this design, the controller has more memory to operate and save the data and also to improve the winder program. Additionally, it also reduces the time of operation and the requirement of Manpower. This coil winder control circuit uses PIC Microcontroller (16F887), which runs the winder system according to main program and also the motor step sequencing program.

DESAIN KONTROL ROBOT MANIPULATOR KAPASITAS 1.25 kgf

A robotic manipulator is one type of popular industrial robot which has a shape and movement that resemble a human arm. Robotic Manipulator mainly consists of a base, arm, gripper, and control system. This research focused on the control aspect of robot manipulators to handle 1.25 kgf load through experiment as a model of the robot with inverse kinematics. The design of the robot control uses 5 degrees of freedom using a servo motor as its actuator to achieve an accurate and stable movement on its x, y, and z coordinates using a microcontroller to calculate the inverse kinematic in real-time. The robot’s control involved the kinematic system, control diagram, microcontroller, and robot programming. From the experiment, it was found that the robot manipulator was able to grip and move an object from one coordinate to another position accurately and stable with a deviation in each axis were 2-3 mm on the X, 2 mm on the Y, and 1-3 mm on the Z. As for the movement timeframe deviation that was obtained between the programmed and measured was o seconds.

Development of information measurement system for experimental research of induction motors

. In order to increase the level of practical training of students, an urgent task is the development of laboratory stands, which will allow, together with the study of the principle of operation of sensors (temperature, lighting, humidity, etc.), to acquire practical skills in their connection, programming of microcontrollers and digital data processing. An electronic device using an AVR microcontroller was chosen as the basic element of the measuring system. which consists of software and hardware parts. The software part of the platform is a free software shell that includes a text editor adapted for writing programming code in the C++ language (Wiring), a compiler, and a set of hardware programming tools. The device supports all modern operating systems such as Linux, MacOS and Windows. The hardware part of the platform is a printed circuit board based on a microcontroller, which contains a programmer, a voltage regulator, signaling LEDs, and a USB / mini USB connector for connecting to a PC. Conducting experimental studies using such stands will allow students, along with the direct measurement of physical AD values ​​with the help of various sensors, to gain additional experience in the peculiarities of working with microcontrollers

Digital control unit for switching power supplies based on STM32G474RET6 microcontroller

The article is devoted to the development of a digital control unit based on a specialized STM32G474RET6 microcontroller, which will improve the software algorithm for controlling a switching power supply. The developed block consists of a minimum number of components and is a universal basis for controlling high-power power supplies with complex topologies. The microcontroller program makes efficient use of the computational resources of the new hardware. Illustr.: 4. Table: 1. Bibliography: 10 titles.
 Keywords: block, source, impulse, microcontroller, control.

Analysis of Soil Nitrate Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Sensor Using Arduino UNO

The ecological concern over soil and groundwater pollution caused by agricultural activities has led to the growing interestin precision agriculture. One of the most common types of fertilizer is the nitrogen fertilizer which needed in major amount for plant growth. Over fertilization will contaminate soil and groundwater which can have adverse effect on environment and human health.The main purpose of this research is to measure soil nitrate concentration using nitrate ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensor and Arduino programmable microcontroller. The optimum soil-to-water ratio and the effect of soil solution clarity will be investigated. Standard sampling procedures was conducted at oil palm plantation area, Felda Bukit Goh, Pahang, Malaysia. Validation of the results were carried out in the laboratory. The recorded data indicated accurate readings for Nitrate ISE Arduino wasR² = 0.84. The soil-to-water ratio of 1:2.5 was observed as an optimal proportion ISE analysis. A clear soil solution was crucial for maintaining the accuracy of ISE sensor, to avoid declining of 46.2% accuracy.These results could assist researchers and farmers to accurately monitor the concentrations of soil nitrate on the field effectively as well as an insight to ISE sensor with Arduino technologies.

Visual display system of changes in physiological states for patients with chronic disorders and data transmission via optical wireless communication

A visual display system of changes in the physiological state of patients and their data transmission via optical wireless communication is presented. Existing methods such as bedside monitors do not provide the possibility of visual display of information near the object in conditions of high workload of personnel and allow transmitting data via an electric cable or remotely in the radio frequency range. Such disadvantages reduce the responsiveness of personnel and lead to numerous errors in the transmitted data. A remote operational monitoring system is more effective, providing data collection from sensors, display with minimal delay time and data transmission over an interference-free communication channel in the optical range. A simple and visual way of displaying information allows to quickly and accurately recognize critical situations. The proposed system has two channels. The first channel provides a visual representation of changes in the physiological state on the visual display device in the form of a bracelet. The second channel allows transmitting data about the deviation in the patient’s condition via optical wireless communication in the infrared range of the spectrum for detailed display on a computer. The visual representation of changes in the physiological state is based on programmable change in the color of the LED indicators and on change in their operation modes. The block diagram and design of the visual display and data transmission system are presented. As part of the evaluation of the system operability, the heating of the visual display device in the COMSOL Multiphysics was evaluated. It is shown, that the average heating temperature of the indicator part in contact with human skin does not exceed 24 °C and is safe for the patient. The optical scheme of the receiving unit and the transmitting module is presented. The optical model of the module is presented in the Zemax program. It is shown, that the required average optical power of the working spectral region is 235 μW for the four infrared LEDs and four photodiodes located at a distance of 1 meter. A description of the working layout of a visual display and data transmission device is presented, including a digital pulse sensor and blood oxygen level, a color control and data processing unit, a visual display device, and a data transmission unit. The LEDs operation modes and its compliance with the deviation of the controlled parameters were checked by a special microcontroller program of practical significance. The implementation of the developed system is relevant when monitoring the condition of the object of observation in cases where the use of the radio frequency range is limited and the stability of the data transmission channel to electromagnetic interference plays an important role.

Simulation of a robot arm that can supplant the dynamic activities of human arm

The research was tenaciously conducted to model and simulate a robot arm using MATLAB Simulink software. The research activities included modification of a robot arm that mimics the controlling performance of a real human arm in MATLAB and the controlling effects of each joint as per the angle of rotation of the robot arm. The controlling moment (forces) of the robot arm was mathematically modeled. Euler-Lagrange equation of motion was applied to determine vector of control moments (forces). During the simulation process, the first to achieve was to model equations of motion in MATLAB symbolically and then (further) to generate function blocks directly in Simulink followed by use of Sims cape toolbox to model the robot arm similar to 3D modeling. The robot arm end effecter followed certain reference trajectory as computed torque chosen in feed forward plus PD (Proportional Derivative) controller in feedback division. Effective control of the robot arm was ensured by connecting the robot arm to a personal computer (PC) using a microcontroller. The complete control process was accomplished through two divisions of CUBLOC microcontroller program (to write code of interference between PC and the robot arm) and MATLAB Program (containing serial communication code and the graphical user interface). The stages employed in the activities of the complete system functions consist of kinematics, trajectory planning and a controller. The output was tested and it showed that the simulated robot arm performed the dynamic activities, particularly the control, of a real human arm in the software environment.

The Software Interface of a Hybrid FES and Mechatronic Exoskeleton System for Hand Rehabilitation in Stroke People

Abstract This paper introduces novel contributions to the field of hand rehabilitation systems designed for stroke patients. The primary objective is to enhance voluntary movements in the paralyzed upper limbs, with a particular focus on hand functionality. The system, known as MANUTEX, comprises two main components: functional electrical stimulation (FES) implemented through a textile glove with embedded electrodes, connected to a programmable neurostimulator, and a mechatronic exoskeleton resembling a glove, powered by individual linear motors for each finger. These linear motors are controlled by a programmable microcontroller on a central board. MANUTEX delivers mirror therapy, a therapeutic approach requiring a sensory glove attached to the healthy hand. This sensory glove provides reference movements for the hybrid system located on the affected, impaired hand. An application installed on a computer serves as the control interface for the entire system. It reads movement data from the healthy hand and concurrently sends commands to both the FES and mechatronic exoskeleton glove, ensuring a balanced and synchronized therapeutic experience for the patient.

A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System to Mitigate Fugitive Methane Emission in Landfills

Landfills are 3rd largest sources of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions. Currently, as landfill gas (LFG) CH4 measurements are inconsistent and untimely, inadvertent fugitive emissions go undetected; problems are realized late. So, there is an inherent need to monitor LFG CH4 continuously via “Smart” systems. The goal is to design and develop a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system for real-time CH4 detection, prediction, and remote mitigation. System includes (i) Fugitive Emissions Mitigator (FEM) with programmable WiFi microcontroller connected to gas, and environmental sensors; (ii) continuous wireless data transmission to interactive cloud through unified codes; (iii) descriptive and diagnostic analytics in cloud dashboard to inform historical events, (iv) predictive and prescriptive analytics via Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to forecast CH4 emissions, and (v) long-distance LFG mitigation. To test SCADA system, two aspects, which influenced the magnitude of fugitive emissions in the real world were studied in lab, namely, CH4 Transport in Soil, and CH4 Generation conditions in waste. Per results, CH4 transport rate was inversely proportional to soil moisture. However, CH4 generation was directly proportional to moisture content in wastes. To further explain the complex CH4-to-moisture relationship, a 5th-order Polynomial ML equation with 86% accuracy and greatest curve-fit was derived. Finally, LFG mitigation was achieved via a separate component, which allowed for remote pump activation to extract CH4. Overall, this cost effective IoT solution helps solve existing and emerging fugitive CH4 issues via real-time measurements, prediction, and mitigation to help US reduce 45% greenhouse gases by 2030.

МЕТОД РАСЧЕТА СКОРОСТИ ЗВУКА В МОРСКОЙ ВОДЕ ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ БЫСТРОМЕНЯЮЩИХСЯ ОКЕАНИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ

The paper presents two compact polynomial equations expressing the dependence of the sound speed of sea water on the input parameters: in situ temperature, hydrostatic pressure and absolute salinity. The equations are obtained by approximating the standard International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater-2010 (TEOS-10). The first equation is intended to be used for the technical purposes and reproduces the TEOS-10 data on the seawater sound speed over the wide range water environment parameters with a standard deviation of 0.987 cm/s. The second, more accurate equation is for the scientific use and reproduces the TEOS-10 data on the seawater sound speed over the oceanographic range water environment parameters with a standard deviation of 0.113 cm/s. The equations can be used to solve direct and inverse computational problems. In the direct computational problem, the sound speed value is calculated from the three input parameters measured values. In the inverse computational problem, the value of an unknown input parameter is determined from the measured values of the sound speed and two other input parameters. As a result of the experiments, the higher efficiency of the developed equations was confirmed in terms of their speed, saving energy and computer memory in comparison with the use of the International Equation TEOS-10. The developed equations, algorithms and programs for microcontrollers are convenient tools to equip various offshore platforms and especially fastmoving submersibles. The application of these equations makes it possible to obtain experimental data with high accuracy, to carry out measurements in real time in a rapidly changing aquatic environment, which can also be used to correct the movement of the submersibles.

Functional waveform pulse variable speed stirring to improve mechanistic analysis and experimental study on the purification efficiency of zinc sulfate solution

Abstract This paper builds a wireless precision control function waveform pulse variable speed stirring device with point-to-point data transmission between the host computer and the microcontroller, which uses a programmable STM32 microcontroller as the system controller, superimposed with a single closed-loop static differential-free speed control system and a pulse broadband modulation (PWM) system to control the DC brush motor driving the stirring paddle based on arbitrary waveform function variable speed stirring respectively. The effects of different pulse waveform stirring systems on the purification effect of Cadmium ions (Cd2+) from zinc sulfate solution were studied under the same pulse period and maximum speed. The experimental results show that when K P = 0.012 and T i = 100, the anti-disturbance of the motor during the variable speed stirring process can be effectively improved, and the speed adjustment time is short and robust; when the Cd2+ purification rate reaches 92%, the purification time of the variable sine function stirring system is shortened by about 40% compared with that of the uniform speed stirring system, and that of the variable trapezoidal function stirring system is shortened by about 33.3% compared with that of the uniform speed stirring system. When the reaction is finished, the Cd2+ concentration is reduced to 6 mg/L by the variable sinusoidal stirring system only, and the Cd2+ concentration is lower than 10 mg/L in a shorter time compared with the time required for cadmium removal in the actual industrial production line.

Health Monitoring and Breathing Support System

The objective of this project is design and implementation of a health monitoring system using pulse oximeter which measures pulse rate and oxygen level. Before and especially during Covid-19 pandemic pulse oximeter is most necessary in intensive care units (ICU) and in operation rooms but there is a general shortage of such equipment and the one that is available is very expensive. In this project we aim to create an affordable device that allows a person to measure their physiological parameters and provide breathing support so that it may be used in homes and in medical facilities. This device is controlled by programmable microcontroller with some peripherals and sensor. First, the device was built in breadboard afterward it was built on vero board. This device is based on the variation of photon. This device measures pulse rate, body temperature and oxygen level with oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in blood. This device allows a patient to monitor their health at home which is especially useful for Covid patients observing self-isolation and it can be easily set up in remote areas and can be operated on battery. It is an affordable method of allowing people to monitor their health and avoid frequent visits to hospitals and clinics. The device contains a bag valve mask (BVM) that is compressed using a motor to allow for breathing supports for patients in critical condition. 'Drought,' 'After Drought,' and 'No Drought.' DenseNet, ResNet, InceptionV3, Xception, and VGG19 deep learning architectures were utilized for training the models. Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-Score, and ROC curves were used to evaluate all models. According to the experimental results, DenseNet and ResNet were the best-performing models with an accuracy of 70%, while VGG19 was the lowest-performing model with an accuracy of 60%.

Гибкие аппаратно-программные средства для практических занятий по дисциплине «Микропроцессорные устройства систем управления»

The article considers a new methodology for specialist training in the field of microprocessor control systems based on filling an educational process with jobs of real practical content which’re performed by project team in the conditions of the access absence to a laboratory equipment. The matter is that during the study of theoretical disciplines of technical trend, practical classes, fulfilled in the form of laboratory works, are aimed at fundamental knowledge confirmation in a subject area by the way of experiment conduction, at that, experiments themselves can be organized not only on a laboratory equipment but also in modeling programs. The stated goals for theoretical information backing are achieved by fulfillment laboratory work and subsequent defense. Together, in training programs for specialists in applied technical spheres, for example, in the program of specialist preparation on "Control in technical systems" course, it’s provided the study of disciplines in which practical content prevails over theoretical one. Thus, for example, in the course "Electronics and fundamentals of microprocessor technology", it’s taught a necessary theoretical basis for the discipline "Microprocessor devices of control systems", and in the program itself of the pointed discipline, it’s provided the study of device construction approaches with the use of universal microprocessors and microcontrollers as well as of programming basics of them. Namely that is why in the curriculum of "Microprocessor devices of control systems" discipline, there’re provided not laboratory but practical works which in the course, students, performing tasks, program microcontrollers which interact with external devices in simple but functionally complete control devices. However, a laboratory equipment turns out to be unavailable during distance learning that predetermined the search for alternative forms of organization of practical works out-of-door of a university. The search for a suitable solution, besides the solution of laboratory equipment unavailability problem, led to the possibility to organize practical works with the use of a management project method.

Innovative approach to the development of hydroponic green feeds

This article discusses the results of a study on the cultivation of hydroponic green feed in the laboratory, the main purpose of the study is to study the effect of humidity on the root system of the green mass, to increase the timing and dependence of the increment on temperature and humidity. The experience of using automation elements in order to develop recommendations for the implementation of automation systems and computerization of a hydroponic installation using a programmable microcontroller is analyzed. Taking into account the problems of growing green mass for use as feed for the agricultural sector, the issues of photosynthesis are considered, the results obtained and methods for measuring the concentration of free hydrogen ions in water (pH) are shown, for these purposes the water quality was monitored using Sensorex sensors, the issues of sprouting are described, as well as measuring the moisture content of the root part of the green mass and the devices used for this purpose. The article concludes that the results of the research are based on the use of various innovative solutions, this is a system of transition to digital agriculture, as a result of growing hydroponic green feeds using automation elements to control and manage the receipt of primary initial state information. This, in turn, will allow the agricultural sector to be fully automated, free up useful areas of land, increase yields and reduce production costs.