Programming Language Code Research Articles

Evaluating Python, C++, JavaScript and Java Programming Languages Based on Software Complexity Calculator (Halstead Metrics)

Various software organizations used software metrics to assessing and assuring operation, maintenance, and quality of software codes. Halstead is an essential type of software complexity metrics used to measure source code complexity. We presented a comparative analysis study using this metric to benefit software testing process by showing the possibility of software metrics to measure the characteristics of the software in all its aspects. Halstead metric is used to analyse the written code in python, C, JavaScript and Java programming languages. It provides a better tool to evaluate the complexity level of the language and displays the differences levels of code complexity. The conducted experiments show that python is the simplest programming language and Java is the difficulty and more complex language than others. These results benefit the automation in software metrics computation to decide which programming language can produce high quality and the less complexity software.

Time Dependent Wave Propagation Modeling Using Finite Difference Scheme of 2D Wave Equation Based on Absorbing and Reflecting Boundaries

Boundary procedure is an important phenomenon in numerical simulation. To reduce or eliminate the spurious reflections significantly which is occurred in boundary is a challenging and vital approach. The appropriate artificial numerical boundaries can be applied to eliminate the effect of unnecessary spurious reflections in case of the numerical simulations of wave propagation phenomena problems. Typically, to reduce the artificial reflections, the absorbing boundary conditions are necessary. In this paper, we overview and investigate the appropriate typical absorbing boundary conditions and analyzed the boundary effect of two dimensional wave equation numerically. Reflections over the wide-ranging incident angles are complicated to eliminate, but the absorbing boundary conditions that we have applied are computationally cost efficient, easy to apply and able to reduce reflections significantly. For numerical solution, finite difference method is applied to develop numerical scheme using 2D wave equation. Using the developed numerical scheme, we obtain the numerical solution of the governing equation as an initial boundary value problem and realize the qualitative behavior of the solution in infinite space. The finite difference numerical scheme has been investigated by developing MATLAB programming language code. Numerical results have been discussed and analyzed with presenting different qualitative behavior of the numerical scheme. The accuracy and efficiency of the numerical scheme has been illustrated. The stability analysis was discussed and verified stability condition. Using the numerical scheme and absorbing boundary conditions, the boundary effects and absorption of spurious reflection of boundary have been demonstrated.

Flowchart-Based Cross-Language Source Code Similarity Detection

Source code similarity detection has various applications in code plagiarism detection and software intellectual property protection. In computer programming teaching, students may convert the source code written in one programming language into another language for their code assignment submission. Existing similarity measures of source code written in the same language are not applicable for the cross-language code similarity detection because of syntactic differences among different programming languages. Meanwhile, existing cross-language source similarity detection approaches are susceptible to complex code obfuscation techniques, such as replacing equivalent control structure and adding redundant statements. To solve this problem, we propose a cross-language code similarity detection (CLCSD) approach based on code flowcharts. In general, two source code fragments written in different programming languages are transformed into standardized code flowcharts (SCFC), and their similarity is obtained by measuring their corresponding SCFC. More specifically, we first introduce the standardized code flowchart (SCFC) model to be the uniform flowcharts representation of source code written in different languages. SCFC is language-independent, and therefore, it can be used as the intermediate structure for source code similarity detection. Meanwhile, transformation techniques are given to transform source code written in a specific programming language into an SCFC. Second, we propose the SCFC-SPGK algorithm based on the shortest path graph kernel to measure the similarity between two SCFCs. Thus, the similarity between two pieces of source code in different programming languages is given by the similarity between SCFCs. Experimental results show that compared with existing approaches, CLCSD has higher accuracy in cross-language source code similarity detection. Furthermore, CLCSD cannot only handle common source code obfuscation techniques used by students in computer programming teaching but also obtain nearly 90% accuracy in dealing with some complex obfuscation techniques.

TreeGen: A Tree-Based Transformer Architecture for Code Generation

A code generation system generates programming language code based on an input natural language description. State-of-the-art approaches rely on neural networks for code generation. However, these code generators suffer from two problems. One is the long dependency problem, where a code element often depends on another far-away code element. A variable reference, for example, depends on its definition, which may appear quite a few lines before. The other problem is structure modeling, as programs contain rich structural information. In this paper, we propose a novel tree-based neural architecture, TreeGen, for code generation. TreeGen uses the attention mechanism of Transformers to alleviate the long-dependency problem, and introduces a novel AST reader (encoder) to incorporate grammar rules and AST structures into the network. We evaluated TreeGen on a Python benchmark, HearthStone, and two semantic parsing benchmarks, ATIS and GEO. TreeGen outperformed the previous state-of-the-art approach by 4.5 percentage points on HearthStone, and achieved the best accuracy among neural network-based approaches on ATIS (89.1%) and GEO (89.6%). We also conducted an ablation test to better understand each component of our model.

Aplikasi Smartphone GIS (Geografik Information System) Pencarian Sekolah SMK Daerah Cirebon Berbasis Android

GIS application is an Android-based application that contains information about the user's location and user address located. The problem of finding information about the existence of a school location with the help of maps on internet facilities. The method of finding information with the GIS contained in this application includes a map as well as the location of Vocational High Schools in the Cirebon Region. Other information includes the address, telephone number and directions from the user's location to the destination school. This application is created using the Action Script programming language and the software uses Eclipse. Android is an operating system platform that is open or opensource. Android-based java programming language code that is multiplatform. Java-based application developers can freely build applications openly that can run on many Android-based devices. The results of this study are to provide information to Android device users about the location of Vocational Schools in the Cirebon Region.

Investigations of the road pavement surface conditions using MATLAB image processing

In view of the increase in the number of vehicles, there has been a need to devise new ways to conduct rapid assessments of the pavement efficiency and thus, improve road performance. Road performance assessment can be carried out in a variety of ways and can predict the future deterioration of the pavement efficiency. Commonly, pavement condition can be estimated on four portions i.e. surface distress, riding quality, skid resistance in addition to structural capacity. In a pavement maintenance management system, the assessment of pavement surface failures is one of the significant duties for improving maintenance and rehabilitation strategies. Different image analysis and processing techniques using MATLAB programming language code have been sophisticated for discovering of distresses like patches, potholes, cracks etc. on the pavement surface, which is called Automatic Evaluation Of Pavement (AEOP). The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of application of the different image processing techniques for discovering and categories of pavement distresses. The code was trained on more than 360 images to increase the efficiency and accuracy of the diagnosis and was then examined on 40 images and gaving results with 77.5% accuracy.

Architecture for diversity in the implementation of dependable and secure services using the state machine replication approach

The dependability and security properties of a system could be impaired by a failure or by an opponent that exploits its vulnerabilities. State Machine Replication (SMR) is a technique widely used to implement fault-tolerant systems, mitigating these risks. Unfortunately, the proposed SMR solutions do not implement diversity and all replicas execute the same software. Consequently, the same attack or software bug could compromise the whole system. This work proposes an architecture to allow diversity in the implementation of dependable and secure services using the SMR approach. The goal is not to implement different versions of a SMR library, but to use an underlying SMR library and provide means to implement and execute service replicas (the application code) in different programming languages. The main problems addressed are twofold: communication among different languages; and data representation. The proposed architecture was integrated in BFT-SMaRt and a set of experiments showed its practical feasibility.

CREATION OF COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT IN THE SYSTEM OF DISTANCE LEARNING

The subject of the study in the article is methods and tools for the creation and implementation of distance learning systems (DLS). The interactive capabilities used in the distance education system, programs and information delivery systems allow for feedback, dialogue and ongoing support that are not possible in most traditional learning systems. The purpose of the article is to create a collaborative environment for developing software products in the system of distance learning by forming an interactive platform with the help of Sphere Engine, which provides the ability to debug the code in many programming languages. At the same time, the following tasks are solved: a review and comparison of existing systems of distance learning; analysis of the functional and features of the Sphere Engine platform; development of the integration algorithm of the service with the system Moodle. Methods: methods of information processing, methods and information technologies for the creation of electronic distance learning courses. Results. As a result of the review and comparison of existing distance learning systems and software verification tools, the tools that best meet the needs for collaborative development environments, namely the Moodle DLS and the Sphere Engine service, are selected. The analysis of the functional and features of the Sphere Engine platform is carried out: a diagram of the work of the api compilers of the service is shown, which illustrates the process of execution of the program from the moment of its sending to the results of execution; The concept of a pool script in graphical form is provided. A prototype collaborative development environment created in the form of a web application is created, the prototype architecture is described. An algorithm for integration of the Sphere Engine service with the Moodle system is developed. In detail, the stages of the integration algorithm are considered on the example of testing the work environment of the development of the course Web-technologies and web-design. Conclusions. An interactive module is created with the help of Sphere Engine, which allows you to perform laboratory work on programming disciplines and to carry out full control over their execution. Thus, the degree of automation of the educational process in institutions of higher education increases.

The Use of Natural Language Processing Approach for Converting Pseudo Code to C# Code

Abstract Although current computer-aided software engineering tools support developers in composing a program, there is no doubt that more flexible supportive tools are needed to address the increases in the complexity of programs. This need can be met by automating the intellectual activities that are carried out by humans when composing a program. This paper aims to automate the composition of a programming language code from pseudocode, which is viewed here as a translation process for a natural language text, as pseudocode is a formatted text in natural English language. Based on this view, a new automatic code generator is developed that can convert pseudocode to C# programming language code. This new automatic code generator (ACG), which is called CodeComposer, uses natural language processing (NLP) techniques such as verb classification, thematic roles, and semantic role labeling (SRL) to analyze the pseudocode. The resulting analysis of linguistic information from these techniques is used by a semantic rule-based mapping machine to perform the composition process. CodeComposer can be viewed as an intelligent computer-aided software engineering (I_CASE) tool. An evaluation of the accuracy of CodeComposer using a binomial technique shows that it has a precision of 88%, a recall of 91%, and an F-measure of 89%.

The Use of Natural Language Processing Approach for Converting Pseudo Code to C# Code

Although current computer-aided software engineering tools support developers in composing a program, there is no doubt that more flexible supportive tools are needed to address the increases in the complexity of programs. This need can be met by automating the intellectual activities that are carried out by humans when composing a program. This paper aims to automate the composition of a programming language code from pseudocode, which is viewed here as a translation process for a natural language text, as pseudocode is a formatted text in natural English language. Based on this view, a new automatic code generator is developed that can convert pseudocode to C# programming language code. This new automatic code generator (ACG), which is called CodeComposer, uses natural language processing (NLP) techniques such as verb classification, thematic roles, and semantic role labeling (SRL) to analyze the pseudocode. The resulting analysis of linguistic information from these techniques is used by a semantic rule-based mapping machine to perform the composition process. CodeComposer can be viewed as an intelligent computer-aided software engineering (I_CASE) tool. An evaluation of the accuracy of CodeComposer using a binomial technique shows that it has a precision of 88%, a recall of 91%, and an F-measure of 89%.

MOODLE PLUGINS CODERUNNER FOR ASSESSMENT CODE IN TRAINING PROGRAMMING

The report presents Moodle's capabilities in teaching programming through the implementation of the CodeRunner and connect with him Adaptive adapter for CodeRunner plugins. In the beginning, Moodle's virtual learning environment is briefly introduced, its characteristics that make it so popular and preferred. Plug-ins are also given as an opportunity to evolve according to user needs. The specifics of the installation in the Moodle environment of CodeRunner is described. The use of executed servers, their role, setup and functions are explained. CodeRunner plugin is discussed as a question type with options for evaluating programming code in different programming languages. In conclusion, it was stated that the implementation of CodeRunner in the Faculty of Engineering and Technology - Yambol have to be analyzed.

Using language workbenches and domain-specific languages for safety-critical software development

Language workbenches support the efficient creation, integration, and use of domain-specific languages. Typically, they execute models by code generation to programming language code. This can lead to increased productivity and higher quality. However, in safety-/mission-critical environments, generated code may not be considered trustworthy, because of the lack of trust in the generation mechanisms. This makes it harder to justify the use of language workbenches in such an environment. In this paper, we demonstrate an approach to use such tools in critical environments. We argue that models created with domain-specific languages are easier to validate and that the additional risk resulting from the transformation to code can be mitigated by a suitably designed transformation and verification architecture. We validate the approach with an industrial case study from the healthcare domain. We also discuss the degree to which the approach is appropriate for critical software in space, automotive, and robotics systems.

APSIM Next Generation: Overcoming challenges in modernising a farming systems model

From 1990, the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) has grown from a field-focused farming systems framework used by a small number of people, into a large collection of models used by thousands of modellers internationally. The software grew to consist of several hundred thousand lines of code in multiple programming languages. This has led to a large, complex software ecosystem that is difficult to maintain. In addition, systems modellers increasingly require software systems that integrate multiple disciplines, can represent evermore complex farming systems, can run on multiple operating systems (desktop, web, mobile), can operate at or be adjusted to multiple temporal and spatial scales (field, farm, region, continent, global) and run faster for larger simulation analyses. This is difficult to achieve in an aging framework.For these reasons, the APSIM Initiative is building the next generation of APSIM. This manuscript outlines the approach taken and lessons learnt.

PHAETHON: Software for Analysis of Shear-Critical Reinforced Concrete Columns

Earthquake collapse of substandard reinforced concrete (RC) buildings, designed and constructed before the development of modern seismic design Codes, has triggered intense efforts by the scientific community for accurate assessment of this building stock. Most of the proposed procedures for the prediction of building strength and deformation indices were validated by assembling databases of RC column specimens tested under axial load and reversed cyclic lateral drift histories. Usually a column structural behavior is assessed by considering all involving mechanisms of behavior, namely flexure with or without the presence of axial load, shear and anchorage. In the present paper a force-based fiber beam/column element was developed accounting for shear and tension stiffening effects in order to provide an analytical test-bed for simulation of experimental cases such as the lightly reinforced columns forced to collapse. Their peculiar characteristics are the outcome of the shear – flexure interaction mechanism modeled here based on the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) and the significant contribution of the tensile reinforcement pullout from its anchorage to the total column’s lateral drift. These features are embedded in this first-proposed stand-alone Windows program named “Phaethon” -with user’s interface written in C++ programming language code- aiming to facilitate engineers in executing analyses both for rectangular and circular substandard RC columns.

UPC BARCODE APPS FOR DRUG REGISTERED VERIFICATION

In pharmacology, drug is used to prevent and cure diseases and to improve the physical or mental well-being. All medicinal products must be registered with Drug Control Authority (DCA) of Malaysia before being marketed. However, there are still numerous unregistered products being sold in night markets and grocery stalls that contained unknown materials that could harm our bodies. As nowadays most people own smartphones, thus it will be great if the smartphone is being utilized to become a mobile apps that can prevent consumers from buying unregistered products. This study described the process of creating a barcode reader application for drug registered verification. The application is created using Android Studio software, Java programming language and source code from GitHub, which is then synchronized with the database of some medicinal products. The barcode scanner is then tested to read the UPC barcode on the products and the result of registration confirmation will be shown on the screen of the smartphone. Thus, it will aware the user from buying the unregistered products.

Model-based approach for optimizing the storage management of bio-repositories

Systematically collected samples of human tissue and fluids (e.g. blood, urine) play a key role in biomedical research. Biomaterial banks aim at collecting such biomaterials systematically and providing long-term availability of samples, which have to be kept constantly frozen at low temperatures. Therefore, storage management has to meet critical constraints in order to maintain high quality of the samples. The project aims at supporting the application of optimization and simulation algorithms for storage management. The approach has to provide means for adapting the algorithms flexibly and systematically to different or changing settings of biomaterial management and, therefore, aims at implementing a model-based framework to specify and run the algorithms.The process of establishing an optimization/simulation model for a given Biomaterial bank supported by the project starts with acquiring separately a model (1) of biomaterial handling and (2) of the optimization or simulation approach. The models for specific situations are derived from generic ontologies. A subsequent model mapping step assigns components representing aspects of biomaterial handling and storage to roles in a suitable optimization or simulation scheme. The mapping then enables the semi-automatic generation of optimization and simulation code. In the case of offline optimization problems, the framework produces program code that can be processed by an existing generic solver for mixed integer optimization programs (Zuse Institute Mathematical Programming Language code to be processed by the solver Solving Constraint Integer Programs). In the case of online problems, i.e., problems with an ongoing production of new information relevant for the optimization, the approach generates Java code suitable for processing by an existing simulation kernel (SimKit).The mapping module has been verified by reproducing a given solution for the Capacitated Facility Problem. Preliminary results of simulation runs show antagonistic effects of sorting bio-specimens by sample type: Sorting decreases the number of freezer opening operations while it increases fragmentation. The project is the first to adopt ontology-based modeling and model mapping for systematically exploring optimization and simulation approaches to biomaterial storage management. The results of simulation runs not only demonstrate the feasibility of the approach, but yield first practical insights (e.g. the effect of sorting samples).

Nonlinear modeling, estimation and predictive control in APMonitor

This paper describes nonlinear methods in model building, dynamic data reconciliation, and dynamic optimization that are inspired by researchers and motivated by industrial applications. A new formulation of the ℓ1-norm objective with a dead-band for estimation and control is presented. The dead-band in the objective is desirable for noise rejection, minimizing unnecessary parameter adjustments and movement of manipulated variables. As a motivating example, a small and well-known nonlinear multivariable level control problem is detailed that has a number of common characteristics to larger controllers seen in practice. The methods are also demonstrated on larger problems to reveal algorithmic scaling with sparse methods. The implementation details reveal capabilities of employing nonlinear methods in dynamic applications with example code in both Matlab and Python programming languages.

Crafting interaction: The epistemology of modern programming

There is a long tradition in design of discussing materials and the craft of making artefacts. "Smart" and interactive materials affected what constitutes a material. Interaction design is a design activity that creates the appearance and behaviour of information technology, challenged by the illusiveness of interactive materials. With the increased design space of ubiquitous devices, designers can no longer rely on a design process based on known interaction idioms, especially for innovative highly interactive designs. This impedes the design process, because non-interactive materials, by which designers create sketches, storyboards, and mock-up prototypes, do not provide the essential talkbacks needed to make reliable assessments of the design characteristics. Without a well-defined design, the engineering process of artefacts has unclear ends, which are not encompassed in the rational epistemology of engineering. To value the experiential qualities of these artefacts, the prototypes need to be interactive and crafted in code. This paper investigates the materiality of information technology, specifically programming language code from which interactive artefacts are made. A study of users of programming languages investigates how they describe programming language code as a material. If you have a material, it is reasonable, because of the tradition in the material and craft fields, to say you have a craft. Thus, considering code a design material allows the metaphor of craft to be used for the activity of programming.

A JVM for soft-error-prone embedded systems

The reduction of structure sizes in microcontollers, environmental conditions or low supply voltages increase the susceptibility of embedded systems to soft errors. As a result, the employment of fault-detection and fault-tolerance measures is becoming a mandatory task even for moderately critical applications. Accordingly, software-based techniques have recently gained in popularity, and a multitude of approaches that differ in the number and frequency of tolerated errors as well as their associated overhead have been proposed. Using type-safe programming languages to isolate critical software components is very popular among those techniques. An automated application of fault-detection and fault-tolerance measures based on the type system of the programming language and static code analyses is possible. It facilitates an easy evaluation of the protection characteristics and costs, as well as the migration of software to new hardware platforms with different failure rates. Transient faults, however, are not bound to the application code secured by the type system, but can also affect the correctness of the type system itself. Thereby, the type system might lose its ability to isolate critical components. As a consequence, it is essential to also protect the type system itself against soft errors. In this paper, we show how soft errors can affect the integrity of the type system. Furthermore, we provide means to secure it against these faults, thus preserving its isolating character. These measures can be applied selectively to achieve a suitable tradeoff between level of protection and resource consumption.

Evaluating the Power Consumption of Wireless Sensor Network Applications Using Models

Power consumption is the main concern in developing Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications. Consequently, several strategies have been proposed for investigating the power consumption of this kind of application. These strategies can help to predict the WSN lifetime, provide recommendations to application developers and may optimize the energy consumed by the WSN applications. While measurement is a known and precise strategy for power consumption evaluation, it is very costly, tedious and may be unfeasible considering the (usual) large number of WSN nodes. Furthermore, due to the inherent dynamism of WSNs, the instrumentation required by measurement techniques makes difficult their use in several different scenarios. In this context, this paper presents an approach for evaluating the power consumption of WSN applications by using simulation models along with a set of tools to automate the proposed approach. Starting from a programming language code, we automatically generate consumption models used to predict the power consumption of WSN applications. In order to evaluate the proposed approach, we compare the results obtained by using the generated models against ones obtained by measurement.