Program Evaluation And Review Technique Research Articles

A Multiproject and Multilevel Plan Management Model Based on a Hybrid Program Evaluation and Review Technique and Reinforcement Learning Mechanism

It is very difficult for manufacturing enterprises to achieve automatic coordination of multiproject and multilevel planning when they are unable to make large-scale resource adjustments. In addition, planning and coordination work mostly relies on human experience, and inaccurate planning often occurs. This article innovatively proposes the PERT-RP-DDPGAO algorithm, which effectively combines the program evaluation and review technique (PERT) and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) technology. Innovatively using matrix computing, the resource plan (RP) itself is used for the first time as an intelligent agent for reinforcement learning, achieving automatic coordination of multilevel plans. Through experiments, this algorithm can achieve automatic planning and has interpretability in management theory. To solve the problem of continuous control, the second half of the new algorithm adopts the DDPG algorithm, which has advantages in convergence and response speed compared to traditional reinforcement learning algorithms and heuristic algorithms. The response time of this algorithm is 3.0% lower than the traditional deep Q-network (DQN) algorithm and more than 8.4% shorter than the heuristic algorithm.

Impact of effective schedule management on high-rise building projects

Effective schedule management is a critical factor in the successful execution of high-rise building projects. This paper explores the impact of robust schedule management practices on project performance, highlighting the benefits, challenges, and strategies for optimizing timelines. High-rise construction presents unique complexities, including coordination of multiple trades, strict safety regulations, and logistical challenges related to vertical construction. Utilizing advanced scheduling methodologies such as Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) and Building Information Modeling (BIM), combined with traditional techniques like the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), can significantly enhance project efficiency. The integration of these methodologies facilitates better resource allocation, reduces delays, and improves overall project outcomes. The study also addresses the role of technology, including project management software like Primavera P6, in enhancing schedule accuracy and reliability. Additionally, it examines the critical role of project managers in orchestrating these activities and emphasizes the importance of effective communication and risk management. This comprehensive review provides insights into the key factors that contribute to successful schedule management, offering recommendations for future research and practice to further advance the field. Keywords: Building Information Modeling (BIM), Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM), High-Rise Building Projects, Project Performance Optimization, Schedule Management.

A Generic Framework for Managing Schedule and Cost Risks of Construction Activities Using PERT and the EV Technique

Construction projects are complexity, multidisciplinary, have thousands of activities and details, and involve many participants. This intricate and fragmented nature of construction projects coupled with tight budgets and limited resources makes them good candidates for failure and promotes the emergence of risks. These risks must be addressed in the decision-making process and properly managed to mitigate their effect. However, risk management is one of the most difficult tasks and the assessment and analysis of the cost and schedule risks of construction activities are considered the most challenging tasks in the whole risk management process and require careful considerations throughout the life cycle of a project. Despite the high cost associated with managing risk in construction projects, the outcome of this task normally provides fruitful benefits. To address this crucial issue, this study employs a mixed methodology approach utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods to gather feedback from construction experts and identify schedule and cost risk events associated with construction activities, prioritize their likelihood of occurrence, and suggest responses to mitigate them. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and earned value (EV) analysis are then used to estimate the expected cost at completion and the risk associated with it. A spreadsheet framework is then developed to help construction practitioners identify the most severe risks and measure their effect on the project’s duration and cost. The framework also suggests risk responses for each of the risk events. The study then provides recommendations to mitigate risks with high impact and severity.

Optimalisasi Kegiatan Setting Function Pada Proyek Pembangunan Kapal Menggunakan Metode CPM dan PERT

Planning project activities is one of the important foundations for project implementation so that the project can be carried out optimally. The schedule is part of project planning which is a parameter for the success of a project. Scheduling needs to be considered to determine the duration and sequence of project activities, so that a logical and realistic project schedule can be formed. The aim of this research is to obtain the critical path of a project activity along with the duration required during the project and to obtain the probability of the project reaching the expected target. In this research the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation Review Technique (PERT) method are used. . Based on the results of the calculations and discussion, it can be concluded that in the function setting activity a critical path was obtained which consists of 7 activities, namely A – B – F – G – H – I – J with a duration of 57 days. It was also found that the probability of the project reaching the expected target within 76 days or less was 0.9978 or 99.78%.

Development of a parametric estimation method of the operations duration of the IT project of migration of the information system to the cloud platform

The process of migration of information systems (IS) to the cloud, which is an urgent problem for many modern enterprises, is considered. The subject of the research is methods for estimating the duration of operations in the implementation of an IT project of migration of information systems to the cloud. Several main methods for estimating the duration of operations are considered: the method of Expert Judgment, the method of Analogous Estimation and the method of analysis and revision of scenarios (Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). Among the methods considered, the PERT method was chosen as the one that best adapts to temporal uncertainties. The advantages and disadvantages of the original PERT method are considered. It is found that focusing on the most probable scenario with minimal consideration of the influence of other scenarios may not reflect all possible cases when estimating the duration of operations of IT projects. Attention is paid to the existing modifications, the purpose of their development and adaptability to solving the problems of estimating the duration of operations for IT projects of migration of information systems to the cloud. An analysis of the existing modification of the method (Modified PERT) on the possibility of solving the problem of focusing on the most likely scenario. Based on the results of the preliminary study, a method of parametric estimation based on the PERT method has been proposed to solve the identified problem. A comparison of the accuracy of estimating the duration of operations of the IT project of migration of IS to the Google Cloud for the original PERT method and the developed method of parametric estimation is carried out on the example of three tasks. It has been experimentally shown that for situations where the context of the operation is not based on the most probable scenario, the developed method provides a more accurate estimate than the original one. The change in the graph of the probability curve of the distribution of the time of the operation is clearly shown using the original PERT method and the parametric estimation method based on the PERT method.

Manajemen Pengendalian Waktu Dan Biaya Pada Proyek Daerah Irigasi Saluran Primer Ketonggo Dengan Menggunakan Metode Pert

This thesis presents the results of research about time and cost control management in Ketonggo Primary Canal Irrigation Area project. Time and cost in the best planning is needed in project implementation to ensure that project implementation can achieve maximum results by utilizing existing resources. This study uses the PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) method. By implementing Network planning which is one of the management techniques to plan and control the implementation of a project. Optimization needs to shorten the duration of the project with minimal expenditure. Total of this contract is Rp. 4,706,045,953.00 with 90 days of completion. The results of this analysis showed that the most likely project completion time was 90 days, with the fastest being 75 days and the slowest being 105 days. Based on the critical path analysis, obtained 9 work items that are very influential in the smooth running of the project. The optimal project cost at normal time is Rp. 4,249,989,942.19 and the total cost required for project acceleration is Rp. 4,710,928,986. Additional costs are used for additional manpower, additional working hours and additional hours of heavy equipment.

Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Analysis to Predict Completion Time and Project Risk Using Discrete Event System Simulation Method

The prediction of project completion time, which is important in project management, is only based on an estimate of three numbers, namely the fastest, slowest, and presumably time. The common practice of applying normal distribution through Monte Carlo simulation in Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) research often fails to accurately represent project activity durations, leading to potentially biased project completion prediction. Based on these problems, a different method is proposed, namely, Discrete Event Simulation (DES). The research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the simmer package in R in conducting PERT analysis. Specifically, there are three objectives in the research: 1) develop a simulation model to predict how long a project will take and find the critical path, 2) create an R script to simulate discrete events on a PERT network, and 3) explore the simulation output using the simmer package in the form of summary statistics and estimation of project risk. Then, a library research with a descriptive and exploratory method is used for data collection. The hypothetical network is used to obtain the numerical results, which provide the predicted value of the project completion, the critical path, and the risk level. Simulation, including 100 replications, results in a predicted project completion time and a standard deviation of 20.7 and 2.2 weeks, respectively. The DES method has been proven highly effective in predicting the completion time of a project described by the PERT network. In addition, it offers increased flexibility.

Perencanaan Proyek Pemasangan Jalur Pipa Angin dan Kompresor pada beberapa Mesin Produksi di PT X

A contractor is a party hired to complete a job. CV. Andhika Kencana is a contractor who has received wind pipe installation projects ranging from compressor machines to production machines. PT Compressor pipe installation is used to run automotion machines in the production area. Pressurized air is produced from the compressor which will later be connected to pipes until it reaches the automotion machines. The problem here is how to schedule pipe installation so that it is on time and in accordance with the budget that has been determined at the beginning. The methods used in this research are the Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). The results obtained are that the critical path in this project is activities A, B, D, F, H, I, K, M, N, O, and the probability that the wind pipe installation project can be completed in 60 days is 27.09%.

Implementation of CPM and PERT Method in Canteen Development Project CV Super Makmur

Project management is the science and art concerned with planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling projects to achieve predefined goals by utilizing available resources optimally. The CPM (Critical Path Method) method is a deterministic approach that identifies the longest path of activities in a project, while the PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) method is used to plan, estimate and control completion time by considering the uncertainty in each project activity. The goal to be achieved from this research is that the application of the method and implementation of the CPM and PERT methods can optimize project completion by knowing critical activities, operations, estimated time, costs and project resources, as well as reducing the risk of delays and additional project costs. This research adopts a quantitative approach and applies descriptive analysis using the CPM and PERT methods. Based on the analysis results, it is known that there are two critical paths, namely A-C-E-I and B-D-G-K, so accelerating the project time without delaying or waiting for completion in 11 weeks, with a value of Z = 2.27 in the normal distribution table shows the number 0.9984, meaning the probability that the project can be completed during 11 weeks is 99%. because there is an additional fee of IDR 2,588,940 which is an additional acceleration fee. So, the cost of completing a 12-week project is IDR 1,171,739,257 while for 11 weeks it is IDR 1,174,328,197.

PROJECT SCHEDULING ANALYSIS USING THE CPM AND PERT : A CASE STUDY

This article discusses the scheduling analysis of a project using the critical path method 
 (CPM) and the program evaluation and review technique (PERT) to find the project's critical path so that the overall project time can be determined. This problem aims to optimize the completion time of a project and minimize delays that cause project planning to be inconsistent with what is in the field based on activity time, activity implementation schedule, and project activity costs. This problem analysis is carried out with the help of Excel Solver software. The calculation results show that the optimal project completion time is obtained and the acceleration of project completion can be accelerated by selecting activities that can be accelerated with the project acceleration costs

Fluent Restoration Modelling Applied to a Real Power System Using Colored Petri Nets

In this article the Colored Petri Nets (CPN) and the Critical Path Method along with the Program Evaluation Review Technique (CPM/PERT) are described and their characteristics compared for application on the real-time fluent restoration of power systems. A CPN based method is proposed and has been found more suitable since it is able to represent the temporal sequencing and the logical dependency between restoration activities. The restoration planning of electrical power systems are based on a worksheet drawn up by experts, which contains a list of procedures for restoration. The restoration process has been improved and a real case study is presented using the CPN modeling applied with success to an operative fluent restoration post-outage in the Brazilian interconnected system

ANALISIS PENJADWALAN WAKTU MENGGUNAKAN METODE CPM DAN PERT PADA PEMBANGUNAN GUDANG DEXA MEDICA PALEMBANG

The project is a series of sensitive work mechanisms because each aspect of the project is interconnected with each other. The purpose of this research is to determine the planned duration, critical path activities, and probability in the implementation of the Dexa Medica warehouse construction project in Palembang. Primary data used for estimation of work time, while secondary data used time schedules (S-curve) and work plan drawings. The methods used are the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT). The planned project completion duration using the CPM calculation method is 39 weeks. The activities known to be on the critical path are preparation, earthworks and others on the 1st floor, concrete work on the 1st floor, architectural work on the 1st floor, site development, and genset room work. The planned project completion duration using the PERT calculation method is 40.2 weeks. The probability (Probabiliti) with the PERT method is found to be 0.7324, meaning that there is a 73.24% probability that the project will be completed within 41 weeks.

SCHEDULING ANALYSIS IN CONSTRUCTION WITH THE PERT METHOD USING MICROSOFT PROJECT

Since 2017, the Drinking Water Supply System (SPAM) of the Capital District (IKK) Ibu has not been functioning due to damage to the pipe network due to road widening work, damage to generators and pumps, thus PDAM West Halmahera will build a new SPAM network system with a gravity system and will analyze scheduling using the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) method using Microsoft Project 2021 to carry out development planning which has results where the time required for construction is 320 days and can be completed with a percentage level of 95.35%, with a critical path found in the implementation work occupational health and safety, preparation, piping work, procurement and installation of house connections and commissioning test work with a time of 273 days.

A knowledge transfer-based method for risk analysis and procedure optimization of emergency schemes

Due to insufficient knowledge of rare accidents, it is essential to transfer knowledge from source domain with sufficient cases (e.g., onshore blowouts) into target domain with limited cases (e.g., deepwater blowouts). In this paper, a knowledge transfer-based method is proposed to evaluate the performance of emergency schemes in presence of limited accident cases. By considering dynamic evolution and operational characteristics of the accident, to evaluate emergency schemes from the perspectives of emergency risk and timeliness, a hybrid model integrating dynamic Bayesian networks (DBN) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) is applied. In the integrated model, we transferred graph structures and parameters to obtain emergency schemes based on the similarities between the source systems and target systems. On the one hand, to evaluate and control emergency risk, DBN is utilized for dynamic risk analysis of emergency operations. On the other hand, to judge the response-time requirement, an optimized PERT is applied to enhance the completion probabilities of the emergency procedures. A case study on the installation of onshore blowout preventer and offshore capping stack is applied to illustrate the applicability of the proposed methodology. The results show that equipment failure and human error are crucial risk-influencing factors leading to emergency failure. Activities duration and completion probability of emergency schemes are optimized by emergency timeliness analysis.

Designing a phase-III time-to-event clinical trial using a modified sample size formula and Poisson-Gamma model for subject accrual that accounts for the lag in site initiation using the PERT distribution.

A priori estimation of sample size and subject accrual in multi-site, time-to-event clinical trials is often challenging. Such trials are powered based on the number of events needed to detect a clinically significant difference. Sample size based on number of events relates to the expected duration of observation time for each subject. Temporal patterns in site initiation and subject enrollment ultimately affect when subjects can be accrued into the study. Lag times are common as the site start-up process optimizes, resulting in delays that may curtail observational follow-up and therefore undermine power. The proposed method introduces a Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) model into the sample size estimation which accounts for the lag in site start-up. Additionally, a PERT model is introduced into a Poisson-Gamma subject accrual model to predict the quantity of study sites needed. The introduction of the PERT model provides greater flexibility in both a priori power assessment and planning the number of sites, as it specifically allows for the inclusion of anticipated delays in site start-up time. This model results in minimal power loss even when PERT distribution inputs are misspecified compared to the traditional assumption of simultaneous start-up for all sites. Together these updated formulations for sample size and subject accrual models offer an improved method for designing a multi-site time-to-event clinical trial that accounts for a flexible site start-up process.

Network Planning Application for Scheduling of Marine Diesel Engine General Overhaul Activities

There are many sub-tasks and tools in general overhaul activities, so that a planned and systematic arrangement are needed. In systematic general overhaul planning can use the Network Planning method. Scheduling by the Network Planning method describes a task into a network. The Network Planning has two commonly used techniques, namely CPM (Critical Method Path) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique). Therefore, in this study, scheduling will be carried out by the Network Planning method, CPM and PERT techniques. By using network planning in overhaul activities, it is hoped that it will be able to identify deviations and critical paths in the sequence of work processes so as to prevent delays in completing work.

Mastering Construction Schedules: The Power of CPM and Pert Integration

Abstract: Mastering construction schedules is a crucial task in project management, requiring a careful strategy for timely completion and overall success. This overview explores how Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) methods work together, highlighting the strength that comes from combining them. CPM, a certain method, focuses on putting tasks in order to find the critical path, which decides the project's duration. PERT, a method that considers uncertainties, provides a realistic view of timelines. Blending these methods creates a strong scheduling framework that balances certain and uncertain elements. This hybrid approach identifies critical paths, offering project managers a flexible scheduling model that adapts to uncertainties, helping them make more informed decisions. The abstract emphasizes the role of technology in integrating CPM and PERT, using computational power to seamlessly bring them together. Modern project management software automates critical path analysis, allowing real-time adjustments based on project conditions. This technology-driven integration is vital in today's project management. Moreover, the abstract highlights that CPM and PERT integration goes beyond traditional construction management, making it versatile for uncertain and dynamic projects, including research, development initiatives, and innovative construction. The adaptability of this integrated approach makes it valuable in various industries, indicating its broader impact on project scheduling. This overview outlines the core principles of the integration, demonstrating its practical use in addressing construction project management challenges. Embracing this integrated approach empowers project managers to navigate uncertainties, optimize resource use, and increase the chances of project success in a complex and dynamic environment.

Program evaluation and review technique – Data envelopment analysis in benchmarking sustainable supply chain management of the potato chips industry

Supply chain benchmarking of agroindustry can be done by emphasizing the perspective of sustainability. This paper aimed to analyze the efficiency of Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and provided a prospective benchmark with the potato chips industry as a study case. Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) estimated future input and output values to obtain prospective benchmarks and be added to the DEA formula later. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods were used to measure SSCM performance. The results showed that 17 of 20 Decision-Making Units (DMUs) were efficient (score 1). The other 3 DMUs were classified and got an efficiency score of 0.965, 0.955, and 0.995. In future estimates calculation, the efficiency score of one of the inefficient DMUs has changed to 1, while the other two got the scores of 0.996 and 0.980. The limitation of this research mainly comes from the scope of assessment, which is limited to the supply chain’s downstream sector and assesses only a limited number of MSMEs in a particular region. SSCM efficiency measurement variables were adjusted to be assessed and applied to MSMEs. PERT was also beneficial to gain future estimates of the assessment scope.

Multi-objective joint optimization for concurrent execution of design-construction tasks in design-build mode

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is suitable for evaluating schedule optimization of DBB (Design-Bid-Build) projects based on serial execution of design and construction. However, it is not suitable for evaluating the multi-objective joint optimization of DB (Design-Build) projects based on concurrent execution of design and construction. Therefore, focusing on the unique construction method and construction objective under DB mode, this study adopts the multi-parameter grey GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique) based on z-tag to construct a multi-objective joint optimization model of concurrent execution of design-construction tasks. The research methods adopted are as follows: Firstly, based on the modeling idea of PERT, a multi-parameter grey GERT was constructed, which was composed of sub-GERTs representing the execution flow of design-construction tasks. Second, based on discussing the functional relationship between time, cost and quality in normal execution and rework execution, a method of constructing a moment generating function for concurrent execution time, cost and quality to characterize the uncertainty of input and output parameters is proposed. Thirdly, on the basis of analyzing the solving methods of each parameter of the multi-parameter GERT, the solving methods for starting execution time, information transmission duration, and total execution duration of the critical time nodes are given. Finally, according to the requirements of DB projects, the multi-objective joint optimization models based on progress oriented and quality oriented are constructed respectively, and the gamultiobj algorithm is used to solve the models. The proposed approach provides a scientific quantitative analysis method for evaluating the progress, cost and quality objectives of the concurrent execution of design-construction tasks, and also lays theoretical guidance for further efficiency popularization of DB mode.

Project Planning Application to Juice Production Using PERT/CPM Technique: A Case Study

Timely delivery of natural and fresh juice to its’ growing customers is the focus of SCUBED 100%. The CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) techniques were applied in minimizing the expected time duration for juice production at SCUBED 100%. The current expected production time for a batch stood at 656.66 minutes. Modifications were made on the initial model to minimize the expected duration and after two modification processes, an estimated time duration of 458.33 minutes was realized, saving 198.33 minutes (about 3.3 hours) of production time. This study encapsulates the interplay of theoretical insights and practical implementation, confirming the potential of operational research and management techniques in designing real-world outcomes. SCUBED 100%'s journey towards operational excellence demonstrates the transformative potential of time optimization.