Profound Socioeconomic Changes Research Articles

Potentıals And Lımıtatıons Of Socıal Area Analysıs: The Case of Bağcılar Dıstrıct, Istanbul

This paper explores the interplay between social differentiation and urban space in Istanbul’s Bağcılar district, utilizing Social Area Analysis (SAA) to examine micro-level urban dynamics. Initial research involved a literature and META-Analysis on SAA, introduced by Shevky and Bell (1955) and evolved through advanced quantitative methods by Ostendorf and Musterd (2012). This study integrates macro-level perspectives, analyzing economic changes, socio cultural shifts, and government policies from 1923 to present. These dimensions are essential for understanding the spatial and social transformations in Istanbul. The micro-level analysis employs SAA components such as social rank, urbanism, and social differentiation, with data derived from the Turkish Statistical Institute and the Household Survey of Istanbul Transportation Planning. The analysis highlights how Bağcılar’s rapid growth since the 1950s, fueled by rural migration and industrial development, has led to profound socio-economic changes. The findings will be contextualized within Bağcılar’s specific characteristics illustrating the district's unique urban development and its implications for social stratification

Does Financial Development and Corruption reduce the level of Income Inequality? Evidence from Malaysia

Income inequality is an enduring issue and an important one to address, especially in the new era of digital transformation, as it is a crucial element in promoting persistent income inequality. The theory is that while financial development promotes economic growth, the mixed explanations of previous studies show that this does not always help low-income people in emerging economies. Moreover, the effects of globalization may reinforce motives and increase opportunities for international corrupt practices. It is, therefore, crucial to explore how corruption can be motivated by ineffective rules governing cross-border crimes and how technology can open up new avenues for corrupt behavior, for example by making it easier to find victims, accomplices and money. Profound socio-economic changes can also provide incentives and opportunities for corruption. This study examines how corruption and financial development affect the wealth gap in a developing country like Malaysia over the period 1995 to 2021. The empirical results show that financial development has a positive impact on income inequality. Moreover, the result also shows that corruption control is an insignificant determinant of per capita income in Malaysia. Even though the growth of the financial sector has led to a variety of outcomes, it has only helped to reduce income inequality. Income inequality is negatively and significantly affected by the interaction between financial development and anti-corruption. It is therefore important to promote financial development, prevent corruption and increase government transparency as these factors can promote sustainable economic development and resilience.

Social networks as a predictor of cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality: 10-year observation of the Polish HAPIEE cohort

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Sciene Center of Poland The inverse association between social isolation or low social support and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is known but the evidence comes mainly form countries of stable high socio-economic development while research from populations of different social backgrounds remains scarce. Societies of Central and Eastern Europe which underwent profound socio-economic changes followed by the decrease in CVD mortality provide an interesting setting for a study of social determinants of health. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between social networks and CVD incidence and mortality in Polish urban population. Additionally predictive performance of social networks index was compared with marital status alone. A cohort study with 10-year follow-up was conducted. A random sample of 10,728 residents of our city, aged 45 to 69 was examined. Social networks were assessed at baseline using questions on marital status, participation in groups and organizations as well as the number of friends and relatives with whom participants maintained contact. Points in individual categories were summed up and an index ranging from 0-4 was obtained where higher values meant bigger social networks. Information on new CVD cases was obtained from questionnaires in subsequent phases of the study and confirmed by the review of clinical records. Data on deaths and causes was obtained from the residents’ registry, Central Statistical Office, and participants’ families. The effect of social networks index as well as marital status on the risk of CVD was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. The observation for incidence included 3,289 men and 3,673 women, respectively (384 and 175 new CVD cases). For CVD mortality 3,595 men and 3,939 women with 156 and 95 CVD deaths were included, respectively. In fully adjusted models no significant associations between social network index and CVD incidence were found. However, marital status was a significant predictor of CVD incidence in men; compared to single or widowed men those married or cohabiting had lower risk of CVD event by 33% (HR=0.67 95%CI=0.49-0.91). Protective effect of bigger social networks against CVD mortality with dose-response effect was observed in men only. Compared to men with the lowest social network index, any increase in the index was related with reduced risk of CVD mortality up to 86% in men with the highest social networks index (HR=0.14 95%CI=0.03-0.62). Lower risk of CVD death was also observed in married or cohabiting men compared to single or widowed participants (HR=0.40 95%CI=0.26-0.61). No significant differences in risk prediction was found between social index and marital status alone. In conclusion, maintaining social networks in middle-aged and older men from the urban population is protective against CVD mortality. However, social network index including information on social participation was not a better predictor of CVD risk than information on marital status alone.

Aromanian Cultural and Linguistic Shift to Greek

Aromanian-armân, (Weigand, 1895) is an oral Eastern-Romance language spoken by the Aromanians (armâni, or armãneashti), an ethnic group historically known for transhumance, dispersed over a wide area of the Balkans in what is present-day Peninsular Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Southern Romania, Serbia, and Albania. These people have been noted as Aromanians or Vlachs sometime since the eighth century AD. (Caranica, 1990). Their ethnicity (Eriksen, 2010) is controversial with Greeks believing them Latinised Greeks, Romanians considering them Romanian, others as Balkan natives from Wallachia (Ruzica, 2006). In Greek, the current word for Aromanian is in fact ‘Vlach’ believed to originate from the Latin terms Volcae, Volci (Volks, Wolks) referring to a Celtic tribe from Gaul that had learnt Latin and become Latinized. The Volks-Wolks were the closest neighbors to Germanic tribes in the area, which resulted in Germans referring to all Latin speakers as ‘Volks,’ the same way they did with their language. For clarification, in this study: Aromanian, Vlach (-) Aromanian and Vlach will all be used to refer to this ethnic group and language. The word Volci was adopted by Germanic speakers and took different forms over time: Walachen, Welchland, Wallis, Wallais, Wallons, Wales, Welschme etc. These terms are still visible in different European languages today and refer to ‘Latin speaker.’ The Slavic speakers borrowed the word from the Germans as: Olahy, Olahi, Valachi, Voloh, Vloh whereas the Byzantines borrowed it as ‘Vlachs’ (Tapanikos, 2020). Their isolated modus vivendi, between pastoral valleys and high mountains, confined them to hardship and socio-cultural periphery, and allowed relative immunity from major European conflicts and periods of unrest spanning short of a millennium. From 1975 when the modern Greek Republic is finally consolidated, the ideology of ‘one people, one language’ is an intrinsic part of Greek nationality and nationalism (Moschonas, 2004). Lacking written, standardized forms, Aromanian has been transmitted orally from generation to generation in the Epirus, Macedonia and Thessally regions of Greece. With profound socio-economic changes and rewards, Aromanians left their pastoral lifestyle in large numbers (Beis, 2000) attracted by prospects of a better future in Greek urban centers and Western European countries, USA, or Australia. In modern times, with Greek being the only language of instruction and communication in the wider society (Chomsky, 1971), the generational language-transfer cycle has been broken, and Aromanian is now endangered (Dinas et al., 2011). On the other hand, Aromanian folklore and traditional festivals are very much alive through associations like the Pan-Hellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs, while many self-identified Aromanians do not speak a word of their ancestral language, by choice (Kahl, 2004). How did this (apparent) contradiction come to be? What drove Aromanians away from their language and led to the assimilation into Greek society, language, and culture so completely that it will lead to the death of Aromanian in Greece?

Value-Based Governance as a Performance Element in Social and Solidarity Economy Organizations: A French Sustainable Post-Modern Proposal

This article offers a general reflection on governance and managerial practices within a Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) and suggests that in a time of profound socioeconomic change, it is in SSE companies’ interest to establish global sustainable governance and responsible team management systems consistent with both the values structuring this domain as well as employee aspirations. This a French point of view with a sustainable dimension based on a literature review and on several published studies but not on an empirical approach. In a way it is an essay more than a demonstration. It is a proposal which could lead to methodological work. Here is a first step.

From the Welfare State to the Welfare Society: A Shift in Paradigm

Covid-19 and its aftermath brought home the lesson that in future we just cannot rely on welfare state to deal with sudden outbreaks or natural calamities. We would have to empower individuals in the era of digitalisation for quick support and social solidarity. We are living in a world today where profound socio-economic, political and cultural changes are taking place due to rapid technological changes and globalisation. The 2008 fiscal crisis made it clear that the new liberal philosophy is no longer valid in early 21st century. Unless and until there is solidarity at the societal level, the woes of modern men and women cannot be mitigated effectively. This study seeks to explore the possibility of a shift in paradigm from the welfare state to the welfare society in order to deal with some of the challenges faced by the welfare states in the 21st century. It concludes by highlighting the urgent need for associating participatory society and various stakeholders in the enterprise of welfare in future. The methodology adopted is analytical, comparative and empirical.

Variations in the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic across 5 continents: A cross-sectional, individual level analysis.

SummaryBackgroundCOVID-19 has caused profound socio-economic changes worldwide. However, internationally comparative data regarding the financial impact on individuals is sparse. Therefore, we conducted a survey of the financial impact of the pandemic on individuals, using an international cohort that has been well-characterized prior to the pandemic.MethodsBetween August 2020 and September 2021, we surveyed 24,506 community-dwelling participants from the Prospective Urban-Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study across high (HIC), upper middle (UMIC)-and lower middle (LMIC)-income countries. We collected information regarding the impact of the pandemic on their self-reported personal finances and sources of income.FindingsOverall, 32.4% of participants had suffered an adverse financial impact, defined as job loss, inability to meet financial obligations or essential needs, or using savings to meet financial obligations. 8.4% of participants had lost a job (temporarily or permanently); 14.6% of participants were unable to meet financial obligations or essential needs at the time of the survey and 16.3% were using their savings to meet financial obligations. Participants with a post-secondary education were least likely to be adversely impacted (19.6%), compared with 33.4% of those with secondary education and 33.5% of those with pre-secondary education. Similarly, those in the highest wealth tertile were least likely to be financially impacted (26.7%), compared with 32.5% in the middle tertile and 30.4% in the bottom tertile participants. Compared with HICs, financial impact was greater in UMIC [odds ratio of 2.09 (1.88–2.33)] and greatest in LMIC [odds ratio of 16.88 (14.69–19.39)]. HIC participants with the lowest educational attainment suffered less financial impact (15.1% of participants affected) than those with the highest education in UMIC (22.0% of participants affected). Similarly, participants with the lowest education in UMIC experienced less financial impact (28.3%) than those with the highest education in LMIC (45.9%). A similar gradient was seen across country income categories when compared by pre-pandemic wealth status.InterpretationThe financial impact of the pandemic differs more between HIC, UMIC, and LMIC than between socio-economic categories within a country income level. The most disadvantaged socio-economic subgroups in HIC had a lower financial impact from the pandemic than the most advantaged subgroup in UMIC, with a similar disparity seen between UMIC and LMIC. Continued high levels of infection will exacerbate financial inequity between countries and hinder progress towards the sustainable development goals, emphasising the importance of effective measures to control COVID-19 and, especially, ensuring high vaccine coverage in all countries.FundingFunding for this study was provided by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the International Development Research Centre.

Hunting and feasting in the pre-Columbian Andes: Exploring the nature and scale of early ceremonial aggregations in Tulan Ravine (5300 to 2400 yr cal. BP) through the circulation of obsidian artefacts

In the pre-Columbian Andes, ceremonial centres were places for large-scale periodic celebrations that facilitated interaction and the reproduction of social life; however, little is known about their role and emergence in early periods. In order to explore the nature and scale of social aggregations, we study the circulation of obsidian artefacts from two early ceremonial centres: Tulan-52 (5300 to 4200 cal. BP) and Tulan-54 (3200 to 2400 cal. BP). Compositional analyses indicate the exploitation of local obsidian, but with a significant contribution from several extra-local sources in the north of the Salar de Atacama (Chile), the Andes highlands (4000 masl) and the northwest of Argentina. According to technological studies and other complementary data, obsidian was employed mainly for the production of bifacial projectile points used in collective hunts and ritual feasts. Our data supports the existence of wide, decentralised inter-community networks fostered by inclusive access to these periodic congregations. We argue that early ceremonial centres were intended to maintain social cohesion and cooperative labour between trans-egalitarian groups in the face of the profound socio-economic changes introduced by the adoption of a more sedentary, pastoralist way of life.

Financial Inclusion with Hybrid Organizational Forms: Microfinance, Philanthropy, and the Poor Law in Ireland, c. 1836–1845

The turbulent 1830s saw a sequence of great political and social reforms in the United Kingdom. One such reform was the introduction of a locally funded Poor Law in Ireland. The development of a nascent welfare system in 1838 coincided with a boom in the formation of microfinance institutions in Ireland. The focus of this study is the expansion of a hybrid organizational form, Loan Fund Societies (LFSs), in the ten years prior to the Great Irish Famine of 1845–1849. LFSs were legally established with a conflictual structure: acting as commercially viable charitable institutions required to provide credit to the deserving poor (to enable them to be self-sufficient) while dedicating their “profits” to supporting the indigent poor. This study uses an analytical framework drawing inspiration from institutional logics to explore and better understand Irish microfinance in the early nineteenth century, a period of profound socioeconomic and socioreligious changes. It seeks to explain the factors that motivated the establishment and de-establishment of microfinance institutions amid this tumult. Legislative changes in LFS business parameters in 1843 made the tensions between being charitable and commercially sustainable salient; and, for some, it made continued existence untenable.

Le rôle du secteur financier dans l’économie marocaine : les enseignements tirés de l’analyse input-output

Certainly, much academic work has been interested in understanding the link between finance and the real economy of developed countries. However, few studies have focused on examining these interactions in developing economies like the Moroccan economy, which is already undergoing profound socioeconomic changes. Indeed, it is obvious to believe that the importance of the financial sector is by no means limited to the simple quantification of its share of production in an economy, but necessarily extends to the exchange relations it maintains with other sectors activity. It is therefore legitimate to question the real impact of the Moroccan financial sector and its ability to exert an influence on the entire national production system. The main objective of this article is to examine the ability of the Moroccan financial sector to disseminate spillover effects through purchases and sales (Backward and Forward linkages) on the real economy. To achieve this, we will use input-output analysis which exploits the flow of sales and purchases of goods and services between the different branches of activity contained in the Input-Output Table of the High Commission for Planning. This analysis will make it possible to assess the intensity of the links between the financial sector and the other sectors of the productive system of the Moroccan economy during the period 2007-2018. For this purpose, two methods of measurement are deployed to appreciate this force of intersection relation, in fact, Normalized Backward and Forward Linkages and Hypothetical Extraction Method “HEM”. The results obtained show that the domino effects exerted by the financial sector on the remainder of the economy are very important and that they strongly contribute to the growth of the productivity in the other sectors, and this, with a downstream more marked influence than upstream. The thing which attests that the service sector financial is able to contribute favorably to the acceleration of the transformation structural of the Moroccan economy.

Urban densification and social capital: neighbourhood restructuring in Jinan, China

Urban densification and massive restructuring projects in China have dictated profound socioeconomic changes. This paper explores changes in social capital and residents’ daily practices (cooking, eating, cleaning, shopping and socialising) in Jinan, Shandong province, after their low-rise courtyard dwellings were demolished and replaced with high-rise apartments. At the neighbourhood scale, privatised practices have reduced the use of urban streets and communal facilities. At the building scale, a transition for longterm residents from a courtyard housing typology to high-rise has led to a radical change in their daily practices that has moved from outdoors to indoors. Such changes have increased privacy and reduced social relations and social capital in the neighbourhood. These residents continue to maintain very close relationships with each other, but this can exclude ‘newcomers’ who have moved to the neighbourhood after the restructuring—an outcome regarded as the ‘dark side’ of social capital. Residents in high-rise flats have developed a preference for privacy and increased use of indoor spaces for activities such as sleeping, cooking, eating and socialising. By showing how urban densification changes material arrangements and residents’ practices and social interactions, the study reveals the unintended consequences of policy-driven densification in China. <em><strong>Policy relevance</strong></em> This research reveals the unintended impacts of urban densification on neighbourhood social capital and the division between ‘stayers’ and ‘newcomers’, underlying the importance of social sustainability when planning urban restructuring projects in China. Three recommendations are made for policymakers. First, residents’ lived experiences and social impacts are vital for planning urban restructuring. The utility of urban spaces can generate social capital, which improves the social sustainability of the project. The courtyard house typology encourages more outdoor activities and social interaction than the high-rise typology. Decisions made at the neighbourhood level and about density will impact the local residents. Second, the categories of ‘stayers’ and ‘newcomers’ can be used to better understand the diversity of practices and neighbourhood social capital, instead of limiting to demographic indicators, e.g. income levels. Third, residents’ appreciation of the gated communities makes it more difficult to implement the current government policy of opening the gates.

Natural disasters and their impact: a methodological review

Natural disasters generate profound socio-economic changes in the affected communities. A consistent methodology that allows quantifying its impacts is essential for the implementation of adaptation and mitigation policies. The objective of this work is to provide a systematic review of existing methodologies to quantify the economic impact derived from the occurrence of natural disasters. To do this, a keyword search is conducted in two search engines (Scopus and Science Direct). The results suggest the existence of wide differences between methodological proposals. Consideration of physical damage (direct effect) is more frequent than the impact on productive flows (indirect effect). The destruction of the natural environment (loss of ecosystem services) is not usually included. In the context of global climate change, these findings highlight the importance of having a consistent methodology.

Fossil fuels markets in the “energy transition” era

The global energy sector is undergoing a global transformation under the influence of technological breakthroughs in several sectors of production and consumption, as well as profound socioeconomic changes in approaches to energy use. This process became known as “energy transition.” In this paper, the authors investigate the long-term impact of the energy transition and related processes on the markets of key fossil fuels: oil, natural gas, and coal. Research shows that all fossil fuel sectors will face a significant increase in competition, both within traditional markets and from other energy sources, due to the development of inter-fuel competition. At the same time, energy policies and efforts to combat greenhouse gas emissions will mostly determine the energy balances of the largest countries, and will have an even greater impact on the market. Natural gas, as the most environmentally friendly of fossil fuels, with a large potential to supplement the generation of new renewable energy sources (NRES), will be the least impaired by the energy transition. In the next 20 years, its consumption and production are expected to grow significantly. Oil is under serious pressure from environmental legislation and growing inter-fuel competition in the transport sector. It is highly likely that consumption will peak before 2040, yet the depletion of traditional resources is supporting prices. The coal market is set for an almost inevitable reduction in consumption. New technologies for capturing emissions can only partially mitigate the rate of coal use decline.

Spouses’ division of household labour in urban areas of Iran

ABSTRACT In developing countries, women are 3.5 times more likely than men to participate in unpaid work. As a traditionally patriarchal society, strict gender roles existed in Iran but there is no empirical evidence to show whether profound socio-economic and demographic changes in the society have altered these deep-rooted stratified gender roles. This paper uses data from the 2014–2015 Time Use Survey, conducted in the urban areas of Iran, to describe the spouses’ division of household labour and determine the correlates of this division. The correlates are selected based on the relative resources and time availability approaches. The results suggest that wives are five times more likely than husbands to participate in the household labour, which is wider than the average gender gap observed in developing countries. The findings provide partial support for the relative resources and time availability approaches, with wives’ experience being more consistent with these approaches. The existing profound gender gap in the division of household labour and its correlates suggests that in urban areas of Iran gender roles are defined beyond socio-economic and demographic attributes, at least on the individual level.

The role of drought in agrarian crisis and social change: the famine of the 1890s in south-eastern Africa

During the second half of the 1890s, south-eastern Africa was hit by a drought-driven ecological crisis. Using records previously unexploited for climate and climate impact research, and which cover the area from modern-day Zimbabwe and Botswana to eastern South Africa, this study explores the complexity of this crisis through an analysis of the spatial extent, duration and severity of the regional drought and its associated socio-economic and environmental repercussions. This interdisciplinary study stands at the nexus of environmental, economic and social history. The records used include (a) British administrative sources, (b) reports and letters by members of various Protestant missionary societies from diverse environments across the study area, together with (c) local newspapers. Analysis of these materials reveals that generally the period was marked by a sequence of considerably delayed rainy seasons, which in turn negatively impacted upon the rain-fed agriculture. Below-average levels of summer rainfall also adversely affected the development of young crops. The drought was more severe and continuous in the interior of the region than towards the Indian Ocean coast. The prolonged dry conditions were accompanied by, and likely exacerbated, locust outbreaks and the spread of cattle plague (Rinderpest). We demonstrate in this paper that drought, as the original driver of the crisis, triggered a cascade of responses from harvest failure to famine and ultimately led to profound socio-economic change.

Stefan Kuryłowicz. Architecture of change 1989 - 2011

The work of prof. arch. Stefan Kuryłowicz (1949-2011) marked a new chapter in the history of Polish architecture. His activity concurred with a profound socio-economic change that took place after the overthrow of the communist regime. For Polish architecture, this situation was a deeply pioneering one, as it brought the need of developing new types of buildings and a necessity to develop a different standard of architectural services. Design activities of prof. Stefan Kuryłowicz were combined with didactic and scientific work at the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology. The result of his academic involvement were publications containing texts referring to: the theory of architecture, principles of practicing the profession and analysis of the change of public spaces. The paper shows architectural works of prof. Kuryłowicz and his theoretical description of the discipline on the background of the time in which both, building design and theory, were created and formulated by him. The main theme of theoretical achievements of prof. Stefan Kuryłowicz is the relationship of built architectural work and concepts of idea, expression and message. The idea is understood as principles formulated at the design concept stage. Expression of the work - as the sum of materially built means, that may realize the idea. The message - as a result of activities of all parties involved in the team’s creation of the architectural object and the influence of the environment of realisation shaped a part of the meaning of the architecture. The message in his interpretation becomes a way of denoting a part of the possible meaning of architecture. The analysed objects are: competition works from which a set of buildings of the Baltic Opera in Gdańsk (1973) and a set of buildings of Operetta Dolnośląska in Wrocław (1975) were selected, sacral buildings from which the church in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki (1979-1984) was chosen, commercial buildings of public utility - Fuji Film (1993), Zielna Point (1998), Nautilius (1996), Focus (1997), PLL LOT (1999), housing - Eko-Park estate (2002) and the National Forum of Music (2008). Buildings - awarded regularly - have become the determinant of the typology for Polish architecture in the environment of freedom after the transition of 1989. Prof. Stefan Kuryłowicz died in a plane crash in Spain in 2011.

Subjective well-being in China’s changing society

There is now recognition that a population's overall level of well-being is defined not just by income and wealth. Where we live and who we interact with are likely to be equally important in our overall levels of satisfaction with our lives. This thinking has stimulated studies of subjective well-being, or happiness, at both national and local scales. These studies suggest that where you live does matter, although it is health and family status that have the most direct effects on well-being. In this study, we use a detailed dataset on well-being from the China Household Finance Survey to reexamine well-being across China, where profound socioeconomic changes are taking place. The study controls for self-reported health and examines subjective well-being across extensive and varied Chinese urban and rural environments. We find that the earlier pessimism about China's well-being, which emphasized declining happiness, may be misplaced. We make two contributions: first, we show a rising level of subjective well-being, and second, we show that there is a narrowing gap in well-being across different social indicators. Methodologically, we bring in the perspectives of both social capital and geographic context.

Revival of traditional best practices for rangeland restoration under climate change in the dry areas

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to illustrate the benefits of reintroducing traditional grazing systems practices for improving arid rangelands. Grazing is the most extensive land use in southern Tunisia, but the rangelands have suffered many decades of severe degradation due to profound socioeconomic changes and the emergence of an agro-pastoral society in place of the former pastoral one. Traditional grazing systems (gdel and herd mobility), which had historically allowed for grazing deferment and control of grazing livestock were abandoned. Yet grazing management strategies are important tools to sustain integrated livestock rangeland production systems in dry areas in the face of ongoing climate change and human pressure.Design/methodology/approachThis study assesses the revival of traditional best practices of rangeland resting in a representative community. Total plant cover, species composition, flora richness and range production were determined in six rangeland sites subjected respectively to one, two and three years of rest; one and two years of light grazing after rest; and free grazing (control).FindingsResults showed that dry rangelands keep their resilience to the negative effects of climate change once human pressure is controlled. A maximum of two years of rest is enough to sustainably manage the rangelands in southern Tunisia, as this protection showed considerable and positive effects on the parameters scored.Originality/valueThe revival of the traditional best practices under new arrangements adapted to current biophysical and socioeconomic conditions would be an excellent tool to mitigate the negative effects of frequent droughts and reduce the animal feed costs that poor farmers face.

Necessity and feasibility of improving mental health services in China: A systematic qualitative review.

It has been nearly 40years since the reform and opening up of Mainland China. The mental health services system has developed rapidly as a part of the profound socioeconomic changes that ensued. However, its development has not been as substantial as other areas of medical care. For the current qualitative systematic review, we searched databases, including China Biology Medicine disc, Weipu, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang digital periodical full text data, China's important newspaper full text database, China Statistical Yearbook database, etc. The content of primary research, literature, and policy papers about the evolution and development of Chinese mental health services was systemically reviewed and analysed by using thematic analysis. Two main themes relative to the necessity and feasibility of reforming the current mental health services system emerged. We discuss 5 corresponding subthemes under the umbrella of the necessity of improving the current treatment, rehabilitation, prevention, and service systems and 7 requirements for the feasibility of reforming the current system. We conclude that as the development of the Chinese economy and the spirit of humanistic care continue, the improvement and reformation of the mental health services system are both necessary and feasible.

CONTROL OF DIFFERENTIATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF REGIONS ON THE BASIS OF THE MOBILIZATION OF INTERNAL AND ATTRACTION OF EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES

The study presents an approach to the measurement of differentiation of socio-economic systems of the regions through the mobilization of internal and attraction of external development resources. In the present context they are the main indicators reflecting the relationship between economic growth and social equilibrium, they show the effectiveness of governance and implementation of the principles of social partnership in society. The aim of the study is to establish a scientific and reasonable mechanism for the regulation of differentiation of socio-economic development of the region through the mobilization of internal and outsourcing development. The study is based on scientific methodology, providing the ability to apply systematic approach to management problems solving by differentiation of socio-economic systems of regions. In the globalized world economic space and the profound socio-economic changes the creation of effective system of public administration will improve the efficiency use of limited resources (financial, material, human) allocated for the problem decision of differentiation reduction.It is revealed the differentiation in regional development for the integrated indicator of regions priority(IRP) and proposed a typology of Central Federal district regions based on two criteria: "the level of development of IRP " and " development dynamics of IRP " showing the rate of mobilization of internal and outsourcing development. It is justified the order of selection of promising targeted measures of state regulation in the field of reduction of regions differentiation. The study includes recommendations for the establishment and development of effective tools for smoothing and control of differentiation of socio-economic development of regions through the mobilization of internal and attracttion of external resources of development. It will enhance the investment attractiveness of the regions by stimulating existing competitive advantages.