Intake Of Products Research Articles

Dairy product consumption and lung cancer risk: A prospective analysis

Current evidence on prospective associations between dairy product, dairy fat and lactose intakes and lung cancer risk is limited and inconsistent. We conducted a prospective analysis of associations of lung cancer risk with dairy product intakes in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO) cohort. Pre-diagnostic dairy product intake was assessed through a validated Diet History Questionnaire. All incident lung cancer cases were pathologically verified. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of lung cancer risk with intakes of total, full-fat, low-fat dairy, fermented or non-fermented dairy products; milk fat content preference; and intakes of total and saturated fats and lactose from dairy products. Among 101,709 adults (mean age of 65.5 years), a total of 1583 lung cancer cases were identified during 1,167,239 person-years of follow up. Mean total dairy product intake was 156g/1000 kilocalories (kcal), including 20g/1000kcal from fermented dairy products. Total dairy intake was not associated with lung cancer risk (HR [95% CI]=1.03 [0.89-1.18]) comparing the highest quartile with the lowest. Fermented dairy intake was inversely associated with lung cancer risk (0.85 [0.72-0.99]). In contrast, there were no statistically significant associations with low-fat, full-fat or non-fermented dairy product intakes. The preference of whole milk when consuming milk as beverage was associated with a higher risk of lung cancer than the preference of <0.5% fat milk (1.24 [1.03-1.49]). Total fat, saturated fat and lactose intakes from dairy products each were not associated with lung cancer risk. Our results suggest an inverse association of lung cancer risk with fermented dairy intake and a positive association with the whole milk preference in a US population. Future studies exploring underlying molecular mechanisms are warranted.

Milk and dairy product intakes, intestinal bacteria, and respiratory infections in children of elementary school age and older in Japan

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the associations between milk and dairy product intakes, intestinal bacteria, and respiratory infections in children of elementary school age and older in Japan. MethodsWe conducted cross-sectional surveys each year from 2013 to 2015 for grades 2, 5, and 8 students of an elementary and junior high school (n = 1020). Exclusion owing to ineligibility regarding data on dietary intake, respiratory infections, and intestinal bacteria led to 922 participants for the analyses. Dietary intake was assessed with a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. Respiratory infections occurring ≥ 4 episodes over the past year were determined based on the caregivers’ reports. Intestinal bacteria (species and counts) were analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. ResultsThe odds of ≥ 4 respiratory infection episodes decreased with higher milk intake after adjusting for potential confounders, and the ORs (95% CIs) for the second and third tertile categories, compared with the first tertile category, were 0.91 (0.58–1.42) and 0.48 (0.29–0.77), respectively (P for trend = 0.001). A decreasing trend in the ORs for lactic acid drink intake was observed only in those with a low count of intestinal Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. ConclusionsWe found that higher milk intake was inversely associated with respiratory infections in children older than preschool age. Higher lactic acid drink intake could be inversely associated only in children with a low F. prausnitzii count in the intestine.

Dietary Pattern, Nutrition-Related Knowledge and Attitudes of Working Women in Western Province, Sri Lanka.

Healthy eating behaviour of women is critical not only for their health but also for their children's health and well-being. The present study examined the dietary pattern, nutrition-related knowledge, and attitudes of working women in Western Province, Sri Lanka. In addition, this study identified the factors associated with dietary diversity score (DDS). A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 working women, aged 20-60 years, in Western Province, Sri Lanka. The data on socio-demography, dietary patterns, and nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes were collected. Overall, 38% of the women were overweight and 13% were obese. The median frequency of intake of chicken, fish, eggs, milk and milk products, green leafy vegetables, and fruits were 2, 5, 2, 9, 5, and 10 respectively, per week. A large majority of the women (70%) had tea/coffee with sugar and snacks (60%) at least four times a week. Only a third of the women met the minimum DDS, while more than half of the women had good nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes. Women with good nutrition-related knowledge were more frequent consumers of roots/tubers, shellfish, vegetables, fruit, fruit juice, nuts and oils, and fast food. Women with good nutrition-related attitudes had a significantly lower frequency of consumption of soya meat, while having a higher frequency of consumption of fast food. Multiple regression analysis showed that age and household income were significantly independently related to DDS, while attitudes were negatively associated. While there was a trend, the association of nutrition-related knowledge with DDS was not statistically significant (p = 0.057). The overall F ratio (8.46) was highly significant (p = 0.001) and the adjusted R2 was 0.093. The results demonstrate that a significant proportion of working women have good basic nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes, while two-thirds of them do not meet the minimum DDS. Furthermore, age, family income, and knowledge were positively associated with DDS, while attitudes were negatively associated. Before designing any intervention, further research is needed using a qualitative approach to understand how nutrition knowledge and eating behaviour are related in this population group.

Dietary diversity and possible sarcopenia among older people in China: a nationwide population-based study.

Sarcopenia is a common geriatric disease. Many dietary factors may contribute to the development of sarcopenia. Few studies have been conducted on dietary diversity and sarcopenia in Chinese older adults. Among a nationwide sample, the objective of this study is to assess the association between the dietary diversity score (DDS) and the prevalence of possible sarcopenia. We considered the different patterns of dietary diversity in relation to possible sarcopenia. We conducted this analysis utilizing the cross-sectional data from the 2012, 2014, and 2018 waves of the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey (CLHLS). A standard developed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 (AWGS2019) was used to assess the possibility of sarcopenia. On the basis of the DDS generated by previous studies, we have constructed four new indicators as follows: total diet, animal-based diet, plant-based diet, and plant-based diet without the consumption of legume products and nuts. We used the generalized estimation equation (GEE) model to evaluate the associations between the DDS of the total diet, animal-based diet, plant-based diet, and plant-based diet without the intake of legume products and nuts and possible sarcopenia. These associations were statistically adjusted for a variety of potential confounders. Sensitivity analysis was performed by excluding some participants who were long-term bedridden, had Alzheimer's disease, or were terminally ill. The analysis included 6,624 participants (mean age 83.4 years at baseline). In our study, we found that participants with a higher DDS of the total diet (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.51-0.77), animal-based diet (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.49-0.79), and plant-based diet (OR = 0.64;95% CI: 0.51-0.80) were at a lower risk of developing sarcopenia. In sensitivity analyses, the associations remained unchanged. Taking a diversified diet, including animal foods, may reduce the risk of developing sarcopenia. According to the findings of this study, adopting a diversified diet might reduce the risk of sarcopenia for older adults.

1843-PUB: Epidemiological Investigation on Diet and Drugs of Adult Diabetes Mellitus in Guangdong Province

Objective: To study the epidemiological characteristics of adult diabetes, and effect of food composition on blood glucose in Guangdong Province. Methods: The data of this study were from the China DiaChronic Study. This study investigated diabetic patients in eight urban and rural centers in Guangdong Province. Questionnaire survey, physical examination and fundus photography were carried out, and blood and urine indexes were measured. All 1621 subjects were finally included. Results: (1) The prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hyper LDL-C, were 15.8%, 37.9%, 50.5% and 79.3% respectively. The prevalence rates of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy were 33.6% and 16.7% respectively. The treatment rate of subjects was 93.6%, and the compliance rate of HbA1c of them was 49%. (2) In all subjects, the median of total caloric intake of food was 1660 kcal/d, of which grains account for the most with 810 kcal, and milk were the least with 0 kcal. Men's caloric intake in grains, livestock meat, poultry meat and aquatic products were significantly higher than that of women, while women's caloric intake in potatoes and milk were significantly higher than that of men (P&amp;lt;0.05). The caloric intake of grains, vegetables and livestock meat in rural were significantly higher than that in urban, while the caloric intake of miscellaneous grains, potatoes, beans, fruits, milk, poultry meat, aquatic products, eggs and nuts in urban areas were higher than that in rural areas (P&amp;lt;0.05). For subjects with HbAIc&amp;lt;6.5%, the energy intake of vegetables, fruits, poultry meat and eggs was significantly higher than that of them with HbA1c&amp;gt;6.5% (P&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: Despite patients try to control blood glucose, half of them have poor blood glucose control. At present, the diet of rural residents mainly include grains, vegetables and livestock meat. Vegetables, fruits, poultry and eggs may be beneficial to blood glucose control, which needs further research to confirmation. Disclosure X.Chen: None. W.Jiang: None. F.Xiong: None. L.Yang: None. W.Xu: None. L.Zeng: None. S.Te china national diabetic chronic complications : n/a.

Correlation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) intake with prehypertension incidence among adults

Background : The incidence of prehypertension in adults has a threefold risk of developing hypertension and triggering heart disease when compared to other ages population. This study aimed to correlate the intake of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with the incidence of prehypertension in adults in Kota Jambi.&#x0D; Method : A cross-sectional study using the correlation method with a sample of 134 people aged 21 – 59 years who came for treatment at the Tanjung Pinang Public Health Center, Kota Jambi and sample selected by purposive sampling. Data collected by using a questionnaire and analyzed by Spearman rank.&#x0D; Results : a strong relationship between AGEs intake and prehypertension (p = 0.000; r: 0.725)&#x0D; Conclusion AGEs intake has a correlation with the incidence of prehypertension in adults.

Longitudinal study of dietary patterns and hypertension in adults: China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991–2018

China is undergoing the nutrition transition that may explain partly the high prevalence of hypertension. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between dietary patterns and hypertension in Chinese adults over 28 years of follow-up. We used data collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2018. Adults aged 18 years and above (n = 15,929) were included in the analysis, for whom questionnaires and anthropometric data were collected during at least two waves. Factor analysis was conducted to derive food patterns based on 18 foods or food groups. We constructed three-level mixed-effect linear regression models to estimate systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in relation to quartiles of dietary pattern score and performed three-level mixed-effect logistic regression models to assess the risk of hypertension. Participants in the top quartile of the modern pattern had a decrease in SBP (β = − 0.51; 95% CI −0.86, −0.16; P < 0.01) when adjusted for all potential confounders, whereas participants in the top quartile of the meat pattern had an increase in DBP (β = 0.31; 95% CI 0.08, 0.53; P < 0.01). Participants in the highest quartile of the meat pattern were more likely to have hypertension (OR = 1.14; 95% CI 1.03, 1.24; P < 0.01). Adherence to the modern pattern characterized by high intake of fruits and dairy products was inversely associated with SBP, whereas the meat pattern was positively associated with DBP and the risk of hypertension. These findings may well have important public health implications.

Association between dairy products consumption and the prevalences of combined prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Brazilian adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

The association between dairy products consumption in adults and the likelihood of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been described, but more information on the adolescent population is needed. This nationally representative, cross-sectional school-based study aimed to describe the consumption of dairy products and their subtypes and to evaluate their association with prediabetes and T2DM in adolescents. The Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) includes adolescents aged 12-17 years. Dairy products consumption was evaluated by 24-h food recall. Associations with fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin resistance, as measured by homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), were evaluated by multivariate linear regression. Poisson regression was also used to assess the association between dairy products consumption and the combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic, nutritional, behavioural and anthropometrics. The final sample analysed consisted of 35614 adolescents. Total intake of dairy products was inversely associated with fasting blood glucose levels after adjusting for all covariates (β = -0·452, 95 % CI -0·899, -0·005). The associations were stronger for overweight and obese adolescents. Findings were similar for full-fat dairy products and yogurt. Higher consumption of low-fat dairy products and cheese were associated with a 46 % (prevalence ratio, PR 1·46, 95 % CI 1·18, 1·80) and 33 % (PR 1·33, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·57) higher combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM, respectively. The total consumption of dairy products and full-fat dairy products was associated with a lower combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM, while the consumption of cheese and low-fat dairy products was associated with higher combined prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM in Brazilian adolescents.

Assessment of Nutritional Status for Nutritional Rickets Identification in Children Less Than Five Years of Age

Aim: To estimate the nutritional status for nutritional rickets identification in children &lt;5 years of age. Study design: Prospective study Place and duration of study: Memon Hospital Hyderabad from 1st February 2022 to 31st January 2023. Methodology: One hundred children under the age of 5 were enrolled. Nutritional rickets diagnosis was based on clinical and biochemical examination followed by radiological imaging. The radiological X-ray was used for identifying spraying, fraying, cupping and widening of wrist presence. A 2cc blood of each patient was withdrawn and test for the levels of 25(OH) vitamin D3, serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) through Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay and calorimetric method respectively. For each patient a food frequency chart was fulfilled which included their breast feeding, supplementation, cerelac and cow milk diet intake as well as intake of other dairy products. Results: Radiological assessment of present study showed that cupping was the most prominent determinant followed by wrist widening and splaying in all age groups. In present study, rural participants are more exposed to sun light as compared to urban participants. Biochemical analysis revealed that means calcium, ALP and vitamin D levels was lower in almost every age group. Food frequency chart proved, 66% of the children were on breastfeeding but only 34% of the patients were taking supplements along with breastfeeding. Practical Implication: supplementation and adequate awareness are the key elements that can prove substantial in improving the vitamin D status in developing regions of the world. Conclusion: Majority of the children of present study were vitamin D and calcium deficient. Keywords: Rickets, Vitamin D, Calcium, Sunlight

Exercise-related abdominal complaints in a large cohort of runners: a survey with a particular focus on nutrition

ObjectivesAbdominal complaints (AC) during exercise are a common problem in runners. Nutrition is known to play a role in exercise-related AC, but information on the role of habitual dietary intake...

The Effect of Ophthalmic and Systemic Formulations of Latilactobacillus sakeion Clinical and Immunological Outcomes of Patients With Dry Eye Disease: A Factorial, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, and Triple-masking Clinical Trial.

Dry eye disease (DED) is one of the most prevalent eye diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Latilactobacillus sakei (L. sakei) either as an ophthalmic bacterial lysate (drops, no live organism) or as an oral probiotic (capsules) on immunological and clinical outcomes of patients with DED. This study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-masking clinical trial with four parallel arms. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2x2 factorial design combining active vs placebo capsules and active vs placebo eye drops in a 1:1x1:1 ratio. The ophthalmic drops are approved for use in the European Union as a medical device (CE registration code 0425-MED-004235). A total of 40 patients were evaluated. DED signs and symptoms decreased significantly by using active drops compared to placebo, as measured by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Tear Break-up Time (TBUT), and Schirmer I tests (all p<0.0001). Conversely, neither active capsules nor their interaction effect with active drops achieved significance vs placebo. There was also a significant decrease in the tear levels of IL-6 (p=0.0007), TNFα (p<0.0001), and IFNγ (p<0.0001) in patients receiving active drops. Intake of both active products (drops and capsules) was well tolerated. Postbiotic ophthalmic formulation containing L. sakei lysate significantly improved the signs and symptoms of DED and suppressed ocular surface inflammatory response. Conversely, oral intake of L.sakei as a probiotic capsule had no effect in these patients (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04938908).

Protective Role of an Extract Waste Product from Citrus bergamia in an In Vitro Model of Neurodegeneration.

A balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables and ensuring the intake of natural products, has been shown to reduce or prevent the occurrence of many chronic diseases. However, the choice to consume large quantities of fruits and vegetables leads to an increase in the amount of waste, which can cause an alteration in environmental sustainability. To date, the concept of a "byproduct" has evolved, now being understood as a waste product from which it is still possible obtain useful compounds. Byproducts in the agricultural sector are a rich source of bioactive compounds, capable of possessing a second life, decreasing the amount of waste products, the disposal costs, and environmental pollution. A promising and well-known citrus of the Mediterranean diet is the bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso et Poiteau). The composition of bergamot is known, and the rich presence of phenolic compounds and essential oils has justified the countless beneficial properties found, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cholesterolemic, and protective activity for the immune system, heart failure, and coronary heart diseases. The industrial processing of bergamot fruits leads to the formation of bergamot juice and bergamot oil. The solid residues, referred to as "pastazzo", are normally used as feed for livestock or pectin production. The fiber of bergamot (BF) can be obtained from pastazzo and could exert an interesting effect thanks to its content of polyphenols. The aims of this work were twofold: (a) to have more information (composition, polyphenol and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, etc.) on BF powder and (b) to verify the effects of BF on an in vitro model of neurotoxicity induced by treatment with amyloid beta protein (Aβ). In particular, a study of cell lines was carried out on both neurons and oligodendrocytes, to measure the involvement of the glia and compare it with that of the neurons. The results obtained showed that BF powder contains polyphenols and flavonoids and that it is able to exercise an antioxidant property. Moreover, BF exerts a protective action on the damage induced by treatment with Aβ, and this defense is found in experiments on the cell viability, on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, on the involvement of the expression of caspase-3, and on necrotic or apoptotic death. In all these results, oligodendrocytes were always more sensitive and fragile than neurons. Further experiments are needed, and if this trend is confirmed, BF could be used in AD; at the same time, it could help to avoid the accumulation of waste products.

Analysis of the prevalence and related factors of primary hypertension among adolescents and children in the Taicang area

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of hypertension in adolescents and children in the Taicang area and analyse related factors to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of hypertension in this region.MethodsA total of 1,000 students who were visited and surveyed in primary schools in the Taicang area in 2021 were selected for statistical testing using a cluster random sampling method, and a survey was conducted on their dietary habits. dietary habits, such as the consumption of meals that included protein-rich animal products, beans and dairy products, vegetables and fruits, salty foods and fried food, was taken into consideration, along with physical fitness indices, waist-to-height ratio and waist circumference.ResultsOf the 1,000 adolescents and children surveyed, 222 were classified into the hypertensive group and 778 into the normotensive group. There were 138 boys (a prevalence rate of 6.3%) and 84 girls (a prevalence rate of 4.1%) in the hypertensive group. The physical fitness indices of the hypertensive group were significantly higher than those of the normotensive group. Concerning dietary structure, the frequency of cereal intake between the two groups was comparable, while the hypertensive group’s intake of vegetables, fruits, beans and dairy products was significantly lower than that of the normotensive group. Finally, a logistic multivariate regression analysis of related factors was carried out, and it was concluded that waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference and salty and fried food intake were positively correlated with the prevalence of hypertension.ConclusionThe prevalence of hypertension among adolescents and children in the Taicang area is high. Body weight and dietary structure can be used as reference indicators for the prevalence of hypertension in this age group.

Correlation between serum advanced glycation end products and dietary intake of advanced glycation end products estimated from home cooking and food frequency questionnaires

Background & aimsTo our knowledge the association between dietary advanced glycation end-products (dAGEs) and cardiometabolic disease is limited. Our aim was to examine the association between dAGEs and serum concentration of carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) or soluble receptor advanced glycation end-products (sRAGEs), and to assess the difference on dAGEs and circulating AGEs according to lifestyle and biochemical measures. Methods and results52 overweight or obese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were included in this cross-sectional analysis. dAGEs were estimated from a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) or from a FFQ + Home Cooking Frequency Questionnaire (HCFQ). Serum concentrations of CML and sRAGEs were measured by ELISA. Correlation tests were used to analyze the association between dAGEs derived from the FFQ or FFQ + HCFQ and concentrations of CML or sRAGEs. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors and biochemical measures were analyzed according to sRAGEs and dAGEs using student t-test and ANCOVA.A significant inverse association was found between serum sRAGEs and dAGEs estimated using the FFQ + HCFQ (r = −0.36, p = 0.010), whereas no association was found for dAGEs derived from the FFQ alone. No association was observed between CML and dAGEs. dAGEs intake estimated from the FFQ + HCFQ was significantly higher among younger and male participants, and in those with higher BMI, higher Hb1Ac levels, longer time with type 2 diabetes, lower adherence to Mediterranean diet, and higher use of culinary techniques that generate more AGEs (all p values p < 0.05). ConclusionsThese results show knowledge on culinary techniques is relevant to derive the association between dAGEs intake and cardiometabolic risk factors.

The Role of Natural Antioxidant Products That Optimize Redox Status in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes.

The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and prediabetes is rapidly increasing, particularly in children, adolescents, and young adults. Oxidative stress (OxS) has emerged as a likely initiating factor in T2D. Natural antioxidant products may act to slow or prevent T2D by multiple mechanisms, i.e., (1) reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress, (2) preventing the damaging effects of lipid peroxidation, and (3) acting as essential cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Natural antioxidant products should also be evaluated in the context of the complex physiological processes that modulate T2D-OxS such as glycemic control, postprandial OxS, the polyol pathway, high-calorie, high-fat diets, exercise, and sleep. Minimizing processes that induce chronic damaging OxS and maximizing the intake of natural antioxidant products may provide a means of preventing or slowing T2D progression. This "optimal redox" (OptRedox) approach also provides a framework in which to discuss the potential benefits of natural antioxidant products such as vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, selenium, and manganese. Although there is a consensus that early effective intervention is critical for preventing or reversing T2D progression, most research has focused on adults. It is critical, therefore, that future research include pediatric populations.

Association between the Japanese Diet and Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography.

Several cohort studies have reported that the Japanese diet is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease mortality. However, the results were not always consistent, and most of those studies conducted dietary surveys around 1990. We investigated the association between the Japanese diet and coronary artery disease (CAD) in 802 patients undergoing coronary angiography. The Japanese diet score was defined as the sum of scores of the intakes of fish, soy products, vegetables, seaweed, fruits, and green tea. CAD was found in 511 patients, of whom 173 had myocardial infarction (MI). Intakes of fish, soy products, vegetables, seaweed, fruits, and green tea were lower in patients with CAD, especially in those with MI, than in those without CAD. As a result, the Japanese diet score was significantly lower in patients with CAD than in those without CAD (p < 0.001). To clarify the association between the Japanese diet and CAD, the 802 study patients were divided into three tertiles by the Japanese diet score. The proportion of CAD decreased with the Japanese diet score, reaching 72% in patients at T1 (lowest score), 63% at T2, and 55% at T3 (highest) (p < 0.05). The proportion of MI also decreased with the Japanese diet score, reaching 25% at T1, 24% at T2, and 15% at T3 (p < 0.05). In a multivariate analysis, compared with T1, the adjusted odds ratios for CAD and MI were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26-0.63) and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.38-0.99) for T3, respectively. Thus, the Japanese diet was found to be inversely associated with CAD in Japanese patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Metabolic profiles reflect weight loss maintenance and the composition of diet after very-low-energy diet

Diet and weight loss affect circulating metabolome. However, metabolite profiles induced by different weight loss maintenance diets and underlying longer term weight loss maintenance remain unknown. Herein, we investigated after-weight-loss metabolic signatures of two isocaloric 24-wk weight maintenance diets differing in satiety value due to dietary fibre, protein and fat contents and identified metabolite features that associated with successful weight loss maintenance. Non-targeted LC-MS metabolomics approach was used to analyse plasma metabolites of 79 women and men (mean age±SD 49.7±9.0 years; BMI 34.2±2.5kg/m2) participating in a weight management study. Participants underwent a 7-week very-low-energy diet (VLED) and were thereafter randomised into two groups for a 24-week weight maintenance phase. Higher satiety food (HSF) group consumed high-fibre, high-protein, and low-fat products, while lower satiety food (LSF) group consumed isocaloric low-fibre products with average protein and fat content as a part of their weight maintenance diets. Plasma metabolites were analysed before the VLED and before and after the weight maintenance phase. Metabolite features discriminating HSF and LSF groups were annotated. We also analysed metabolite features that discriminated participants who maintained ≥10% weight loss (HWM) and participants who maintained <10% weight loss (LWM) at the end of the study, irrespective of the diet. Finally, we assessed robust linear regression between metabolite features and anthropometric and food group variables. We annotated 126 metabolites that discriminated the HSF and LSF groups and HWM and LWM groups (p<0.05). Compared to LSF, the HSF group had lower levels of several amino acids, e.g. glutamine, arginine, and glycine, short-, medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines (CARs), odd- and even-chain lysoglycerophospholipids, and higher levels of fatty amides. Compared to LWM, the HWM group in general showed higher levels of glycerophospholipids with a saturated long-chain and a C20:4 fatty acid tail, and unsaturated free fatty acids (FFAs). Changes in several saturated odd- and even-chain LPCs and LPEs and fatty amides were associated with the intake of many food groups, particularly grain and dairy products. Increase in several (lyso)glycerophospholipids was associated with decrease in body weight and adiposity. Increased short- and medium-chain CARs were related to decreased body fat-free mass. Our results show that isocaloric weight maintenance diets differing in dietary fibre, protein, and fat content affected amino acid and lipid metabolism. Increased abundances of several phospholipid species and FFAs were related with greater weight loss maintenance. Our findings indicate common and distinct metabolites for weight and dietary related variables in the context of weight reduction and weight management. The study was registered in isrctn.org with identifier 67529475.

Financial Status and Recurrence of Modifiable Gamble Variables of non-Transferable Sicknesses in Youthful Grown-ups (age 25-40 years) of Bahawalpur

Aims: To find out the frequency of modifiable gamble variables of non-transferable sicknesses in youthful grown-ups (age 25-40 yrs) of Bahawalpur and to compare modifiable gamble variables of non-transferable sicknesses among different financial status. Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study Place and Duration: Four areas of Bahawalpur City: Model Town A &amp;B, Tibba Badar Sher and Bhatta No. 2,3 from April 2019 to September 2019. Methodology: Multi stage sampling was done to draw the sample. The sample size of 240 was calculated by using WHO software sample size calculation after adding 10% response error. Data was collected through a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. BMI was calculated by measuring height and weight. The data was entered and analyzed through SPSS version 24.Mean and standard deviations were calculated for quantitative variables like age and BMI. Simple Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Chi square test was used as the test of significance for qualitative variables. Results: The frequency of various gamble variables was found highest in the participants falling in the working financial class (58.3%) i.e., smoking (11.3%), low dietary intake of natural products like fruits and vegetables 55.6% and 51.7% respectively while low physical activity 71%. The relationship of these factors with gender and age was statistically significant. Conclusion: Varieties in the dispersion of hazard factors contends specific concentration over individual ways of behaving, individual decisions and obligations to be featured . Purposeful planning of conditions to advance sound ways of behaving is fundamental and promising to diminish the pervasiveness of these ways of life sicknesses. Keywords: Modifiable gamble variables, youthful grown up, sickness

66 Randel Lecture: Ensuring a Leading Role for USA Animal Protein in Our World’s Food Future

Abstract Global population is expected to increase by 2.5 billion people by 2072 according to UN projections made recently. Africa will lead growth by adding.8 billion people to its continent (147% increase), and 45 of 50 global countries with greatest percentage growth will be in Africa. Europe’s population will decline by an estimated 100 million people (13% decline), Asia’s population will increase by 12%, and North and South America will increase about 20%. North and South America have 3- to 4-fold more cropland per capita than Africa, but East and South Asia have about one half as much as Africa. Coincidental with this growth in population, changes in climate will reduce yields of food crops in equatorial regions and in regions with shortages of water. Simultaneously, climate change will create an estimated 1.5 billion hectares of usable cropland that currently does not have a growing season sufficiently long to produce a crop, virtually all of this will be in northern Canada and Russia. Diets that include animal products feed more people than vegan-only diets, because essential amino acids and limiting nutrients are provided more efficiently through animal products. Among various diets, dairy and vegetable, egg and vegetable, and omnivore and vegetable diets can feed more people than vegan diets. Animal products must be produced efficiently and have limited detrimental impacts on environments and ecosystems. Currently, GHGs per unit of animal food are 7-fold greater in Africa than in North America and Europe, because yields per animal and output per hectare are up to 50-fold greater in Europe and North America. Two primary goals for the next 50 years are to improve outputs per animal and per hectare in poorly productive regions, and to produce affordable and acceptable animal products that can be exported to these regions from regions that have more land and produce products with low environmental impacts. A major challenge in improving productivity in African countries will be to alter cultural practices that are linked to inefficient production of animal products. Overeating is an issue in many countries, and it will be important for people in these regions to alter diets to reduce obesity and over-consumption of calories and protein. Historically, diets change over time, and during the last century there has been a significant increase in intake of plant-based products in the USA and other countries. Unfortunately, the primary plant-based products that make up more of our diet today are oils and sweeteners, both of which contribute to increased obesity. Thus, simply eating more plant-based products does not guarantee a healthier diet.

Association of dietary glycemic load during pregnancy with gestational weight gain and fetal physical development

To investigate the situation of women&apos;s dietary glycemic load during pregnancy and explore the correlations between dietary glycemic index(GI) and gestational weight gain and fetal physical development. The study was conducted in women in the third trimester of pregnancy and their new-born babies. The gestational dietary information was collected through a 3-day 24-hour dietary review. The general demographic information, diet and physical exercise, and weight were collected in questionnaire investigations, and the glycemic load during pregnancy were calculated. Participant were dived into low-glycemic-load group, middle-glycemic-load group and high-glycemic-load group according to the glycemic load. Gestational weigh gain, birth weight and birth length were measured. Multiple linear regression were used to analyze the relationship between glycemic load during pregnancy and gestational weight gain and fetal growth. The mean gestational glycemic load was 149.21±46.33. Women in high-glycemic-load group had higher intake of grain, potato, bacteria and algae, fruit, poultry and dairy but lower intake of aquatic product(P&lt;0.05). The mean gestational weight gain was(15.03±4.35)kg. The mean fetal weight and birth length was(3229.18±375.09)g and(49.60±1.48)cm. Women in high-glycemic-load group had higher gestational weight gain(P&lt;0.05). Multiple linear regression indicated that dietary glycemic load during pregnancy was postively correlated with gestational weight gain and birth length(β_1=0.011, β=0.003, P&lt;0.05). The higher dietary glycemic load during pregnancy is, the higher gestational weight gain and birth length will be.