Intake Of Products Research Articles

Breath Analysis for Early Detection of Rising Ketone Bodies in Postpartum Dairy Cows Classified as at Risk of Ketosis

Ketosis is a metabolic disorder associated with high production and low energy intake in dairy cows. Fat reserves are mobilized, and gluconeogenesis occurs. Traditionally, rapid tests for blood, milk or urine are used to detect increased ketone body levels in case of ketosis. Breath analysis is relatively new and relevant for the development of automatic sensor systems for early warning. This study aims to determine whether and when a postpartum rise in ketone bodies occurs in breath with elevated blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in cows at risk of ketosis. Postpartum breath, blood, urine and milk samples were taken daily until day 7, with one prepartum sample excluding milk, and ketone body concentrations were determined. Concentrations of blood BHB were 0.4–2.6 mmol/L (lab) and 0.3–3.1 mmol/L (rapid test), breath acetone was 2.3–20.0 ppm, urine acetoacetate 0–8 mmol/L and milk BHB 0–500 µmol/L. A rise in blood BHB was related to that in urine acetoacetate and milk BHB and followed by a rise in breath acetone. However, breath acetone levels of ketotic and non-ketotic cows were similar. We conclude that rising ketone bodies can be detected in blood, urine, milk and breath, but to use breath analysis as an alternative to rapid tests, longitudinal sampling is needed.

Adequate Dietary Intake and Consumption of Indigenous Fermented Products Are Associated with Improved Nutrition Status among Children Aged 6–23 Months in Zambia

Agroecological food systems and socioeconomic characteristics are known to influence household food security and food consumption patterns and consequently have an impact on child nutritional status. The present study examined food consumption patterns among children aged 6–23 months in two geographic regions of Zambia, with special focus on consumption of fermented products, and its association with illnesses and nutritional status. The cross-sectional survey enrolled a total of 213 children from Namwala and Mkushi districts of Zambia. A 24 h recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) were used to determine the number of food groups consumed and consequently dietary diversity scores and food consumption patterns, respectively. Determinants of child’s linear growth as measured by Height-for-Age Z-scores (HAZ) were assessed via multiple linear regression analysis. In total, 54% of the children met the minimum dietary diversity by consuming food from at least 5+ food groups. Maize meal porridge, Mabisi (fermented milk), Chibwantu and Munkoyo (fermented beverages based on cereals) and groundnuts were among the frequently consumed foods. A higher consumption of fermented beverages was observed in Namwala compared to Mkushi district. A significant association was observed between HAZ score (rho = 0.198, p = 0.004), Weight-for-Age Z-score (WAZ) (rho = 0.142, p = 0.039) and consumption of mabisi. Dietary intake had a positive association with child nutritional status. The frequent consumption of traditional non-alcoholic cereal and milk-based fermented foods underpinned their contribution to the children’s dietary intake. Moreover, the trend would be viewed as an indicator to nutrition and policy actors on possible unoptimized potential of indigenous fermented foods’ influence in nutritional and health status among children at regional and national levels. Although Zambia has a wide range of traditional non-alcoholic fermented food products, their prospects in provision of macro- and micronutrients along with microbiota benefits remain scanty despite global efforts increasingly advocating for the inclusion of such traditional foods in food-based recommendations.

Post-Disaster Mental Health and Dietary Patterns among Older Survivors of an Earthquake and Tsunami.

Research suggests that cardiometabolic disease risks are elevated among survivors of natural disasters, possibly mediated by changes in diet. Using the Brief Dietary History Questionnaire, we examined (1) dietary patterns among older survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, and (2) the contribution of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS)/depressive symptoms, as well as relocation to temporary housing on dietary patterns and (3) gender differences in the associations. Data came from a prospective cohort study of 1,375 survivors aged 65-89 years (44.6% male). PTSS/depression onset was evaluated in 2013, 2.5 years after the disaster. Dietary data was collected with a self-administered brief-type diet history questionnaire in 2020. A principal component analysis identified three posterior dietary patterns. Diet 1 consisted of high intake of vegetables, soy products, and fruits; Diet 2 consisted of carbohydrate-rich foods and snacks/sweets; Diet 3 consisted of high intake of alcoholic beverages, meat, and seafood. Least-squares linear regression revealed that individuals with PTSS/depression were less likely to exhibit Diet 1, while individuals with PTSS were more likely to exhibit Diet 2 and 3. Especially, males who had depression showed an unhealthy dietary pattern. Those who have lived in a trailer-style temporary housing reported less consumption of Diet 3. Survivors of disaster with symptoms of mental illness tended to exhibit less healthy dietary patterns after 9 years. Diet varied by type of post-disaster mental illness, gender, and current social circumstances. We lacked pre-disaster BDHQ data, which is a limitation.

Status and Constraints Evaluation of Artificial Insemination in Bishoftu and Its Environs

Efficiency of artificial insemination service might be lower due to various challenges including poor estrus detection, inefficiency of artificial insemination techniques, and distance from AI station, poor management system, inadequate nutrition and poor quality of semen. Failure of estrus detection and improper timing of insemination has been the most known problems of in diary animals. The intention of this study was to appraise the status, challenges and the outcome. AI service beneficiaries in and around bishoftu town. In this study, a total of 287 respondents (smallholder farmers, dairy farm, Animals health professionals and Artificial Insemination Techniques) were included through structured questionnaires survey and interviewed. In to this, Retrospective data study was included in the study to evaluate the status of AI service in the study site. As the result revealed that from 269 total farmer respondents 49.1% (132/269) had got AI service on time without any interruption while 50.9% (137/269) AI users couldn’t got service on time due to lack of input, unavailability of AITs and discontinuation of service on weekends and holidays with statistically significant among kebeles (p<0.05). Bellowing, clear mucous discharge from vagina, mounting, decrease production and feed intake, restlessness and nervousness, were found to be the most common estrus manifestation observed by diary owners as holidays, lack of appropriate collaboration and communication among stake holders, and repeat breeding. In case of repeat breeding, he maximum and minimum impression of AI users toward using AI repeatedly were 43.8% (Danbi) and 33.0% (Kality) respectively with statistically insignificant among respondents (p>0.05). Generally the questionnaire survey indicated that the application of assisted reproductive biotechnologies in the study area was at infant stage surrounded with challenge full so it requires urgent involvement of stakeholders before it aggravates.

P903 Lactase non-persistence and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Basque cohort

Abstract Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experience symptoms (e. g. abdominal pain, bloating, or diarrhoea) that could be partially due to food intolerances or malabsorption. Thus, those patients could restrict some foods in their diet to avoid the symptoms. Among others, they could restrict their intake of dairy products, since lactose intolerance is one of the most prevalent intolerances. Although the role of lactose intolerance in IBD has been studied, the results are not entirely conclusive. Recently, we analysed the genetic basis of IBD in a Basque cohort and we have taken advantage of the data we had available to study the role of the lactase non-persistence in IBD. Methods The genotype of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4988235 was retrieved from 1427 individuals (492 IBD cases and 935 controls from the general population) studied previously in a Basque cohort. The G allele of that SNP is associated with the non-persistence of lactase and the individuals were classified as carriers and non-carriers of that allele. The effect of the carriership of that allele in the risk of IBD was analysed through generalized linear models, adjusting by the first four principal components of the genetic distance between individuals. In addition, IBD subtypes and behaviour and location of Crohn’s Disease (CD) were analysed. Results On the whole, 1089 individuals (76.31%) were carriers of the non-persistent lactase allele. This high prevalence is due to the effect of the mixture of modern European (where the 68.08% was carrier) and ancient European (87.45%) ancestries of the actual Basque population. Although there is a trend, the carriers of the non-persistent lactase allele did not show a significantly higher risk of developing IBD (OR=1.5, 95%CI: 0.9-2.5, P=0.0749). When subtypes were analysed, there was no higher risk of developing Ulcerative Colitis (P=0.4261), while the risk of developing CD approached formal significance (OR=1.4, 95%CI: 0.99-1.9, P= 0.0584). Considering this result, we further analysed the effect of the non-persistent lactase allele regarding the behaviour or location of CD. The carriers of the non-persistent lactase allele had a higher risk of penetrating CD (OR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.1-7.9, P=0.0437) and of colonic CD (OR=4.7, 95%CI: 1.4-29.4, P=0.0375). Conclusion Although the sample size was limited, the carriers of the non-persistent lactase allele were higher in penetrating CD and colonic CD than in the general population. Thus, lactose consumption could affect those cases of CD and, therefore, follow-up analyses are needed to validate these results.

Taboos, food avoidances, and diseases: Local epistemologies of health among Coastal Endenese in Eastern Indonesia

To advance interventions targeting malnutrition among small-scale fishing societies, knowledge on the role played by taboos and dietary avoidances on the consumption of fish related products becomes crucial. The article builds upon ethnographic fieldwork (participant observation, focus groups and interviews), dietary questionnaires (n: 112), and archival research among Coastal Endenese in Eastern Indonesia to understand the role played by taboos and dietary preferences in regulating intake of marine products. Moving beyond binary notions of “good” and “bad” when considering the food-system implications of taboos, it explores how local beliefs about illness and food shape dietary practices that can have concrete consequences for an individual's health. Endenese consider fish as having originated from terrestrial creatures, creating a continuous cycle of movement from land to sea and back. Within this cosmology, food is seen as a medium that can bring about healthy outcomes but also disease. Results emphasize the need to understand taboos and food avoidances within the larger cosmological and religious system but also underscore the changing nature of dietary preferences and values due to market integration processes which may have long-term repercussions on health. This information is key to the design of culturally sensitive dietary strategies and alternative livelihoods approaches that seek to minimize poverty.

Effect of Social Beliefs on Consumption of Dairy Products and Its Predicting Factors Based on the Transtheoretical Model: A Population-Based Study.

Social beliefs on the consumption of dairy products are associated with health conditions, and the aim of this study is to investigate associated factors with the rate of dairy product intake, in accordance with social health-related beliefs and the elements predicting dairy consumption, based on the transtheoretical Model (TTM). 981 subjects (chosen from Mashhad citizens, Iran) were surveyed in random public places in 2014, using demographic surveys and questionnaires based on TTM and advantage/disadvantage by trained interviewers. 981 Subjects with a mean age of 30.39 ± 14.83 were surveyed in dairy nonconsumer and dairy consumer groups. There was a significant relationship between dairy consumption and gender (P < 0.001). Factors such as age, educational level, job status, and opium addiction were found to be significantly associated with dairy consumption status. Young and female subjects consume more dairy products than their older and male counterparts, respectively. People with a diploma degree and lower levels of education consumed substantially more dairy products than their educated equals. Unemployed participants consumed considerably more dairy products than their fellow employed participants. Opium-addicted subjects were more likely to avoid dairy products. Despite the general belief of dairy consumption being beneficial, subjects in the precontemplation stage as nonconsumers described dairy products as of poor taste having low diversity in markets. Also, among the reasons, dairies' short shelf-life and behaviours under the influence of society and family were the mains. The termination stage's subjects as consumers consumed dairy products mostly for losing weight.

Evaluation of Phytogenic Feed Additive on Egg Production, Egg Quality and Feed Intake in Layer Chicken

The commercial layer production in chicken farms has usually been exposed to wide range of stress stimulants, which adversely affect the feed intake and body weight that in-turn depress the egg production and quality. Hence, it’s a major area of concern to reduce the stress and increase the production benefiting the farmer and health of the bird. The present study was designed to evaluate the impact of phytogenic feed additive (PGC) on egg production, egg quality and feed intake in layer chicken. A total of 320 birds of age 65 weeks of BV300 layers were randomly assigned to 2 groups (Control and PGC groups) with 10 replicates comprising 16 birds each (n = 160). The control group was provided with standard commercial feed as recommended by NRC specifications. In PGC group PhytoceeTM was supplemented at 200 g/ton with standard commercial feed. The study period was 6 weeks (65 weeks to 70 weeks) and data was collected on 7 days interval. The data on egg production, feed intake and egg quality parameters (egg weight and shell parameters) were collected during the study. The group fed with PGC had showed numerical improvement in egg production and decreased egg defects during the study period when compared to control group. The feed intake was not much altered in both the groups. The egg density, egg strength, shell weight, shell thickness and shell percentage were numerically improved in PGC supplemented group when compared with control. The supplementation of PGC had considerably improved the egg quality and production parameters in layer birds by helping them in reducing the harmful effects of stress.

Climate-friendly, health-promoting, and culturally acceptable diets for German adult omnivores, pescatarians, vegetarians, and vegans – a linear programming approach

ObjectivesA frequently suggested approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) caused by food production is to reduce the intake of animal products, which can create nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to identify culturally acceptable nutritional solutions for German adults that are both climate friendly and health promoting. MethodsLinear programming was applied to optimize the food supply for omnivores, pescatarians, vegetarians, and vegans considering nutritional adequacy, health promotion, GHGEs, affordability, and cultural acceptability by approaching German national food consumption. ResultsImplementing dietary reference values and omitting meat (products) reduced the GHGEs by ≤52%. The vegan diet was alone in staying below the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) threshold of 1.6 kg carbon dioxide equivalents per person per day. The optimized omnivorous diet constrained to meet this goal maintained ≥50% of each baseline food and, on average, deviated from baseline by 36% for women and 64% for men. Butter, milk, meat products, and cheese were reduced by half for both sexes, whereas bread, bakery goods, milk, and meat were reduced mainly for men. The intake of vegetables, cereals, pulses, mushrooms, and fish increased by between 63% and 260% for the omnivores, compared with baseline. Besides the vegan dietary pattern, all optimized diets cost less than the baseline diet. ConclusionsA linear programming approach for optimizing the German habitual diet to be healthy, affordable, and meet the IPCC GHGE threshold was possible for several dietary patterns and appears to be a feasible way forward toward including climate goals into food-based dietary guidelines.

Dietary Habit Modifications in Paediatric Patients after One Year of Treatment with the Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet.

Gut microbiota alterations play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and its modification through specific diets is an emerging line of treatment that is currently being researched. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the dietary habits of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and their long-term adherence to dietary therapy with the Crohn's disease exclusion diet (CDED) after one year. To analyse the modification of dietary habits and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (DM), the KIDMED questionnaire, a food consumption frequency questionnaire, was used. Twenty-four hour recalls at two timepoints, namely prior to the start of the dietary therapy and one year later, were also carried out. The processing degrees of the foods consumed by the patients were analysed at both timepoints using the NOVA classification system. Data from 24 patients (15 boys), with a mean age of 12.7 ± 2.9 years at the start of the dietary therapy, were analysed. All patients showed an improvement in their dietary pattern in the form of a reduction in the intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs); a higher adherence to the MD; a decrease in the intake of cold meats, seafood, pasta, precooked foods, soft drinks, and pastries; an increase in the intake of eggs, legumes, dairy products, and nuts (p < 0.05); and adequate adherence, even in the long-term, to foods allowed during the different phases of the dietary regimen. Although more factors have an impact on the course of the disease in these patients, improving their dietary habits is essential.

The relationship between intake of fruits, vegetables and dairy products with overweight and obesity in a large sample in Iran: Findings of STEPS 2016.

The present study aimed to investigate the association between fruits and vegetables (FVs) and dairy product intake with body weight based on the data from the nationwide Stepwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) survey in Iran. STEPS is a national-based cross-sectional study conducted on 3,0541 people selected by stratified cluster random sampling in Iran from April to November 2016. The outcome of the current study was body mass index (BMI) which was classified as normal weight, underweight, overweight, and obese. Also, as exposure variables, dietary intakes of fruits, vegetables and dairy products were extracted from the STEPS questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between dairy products, FVs consumption, and BMI category in the crude and adjusted models. In the adjusted model, we observed 41% [odd ratio (OR) = 0.59; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.50, 0.68, P < 0.001], 27% (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.84, P < 0.001), and 26% (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.87, P < 0.001) lower odds of being overweight, and 46% (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.64, P < 0.001), 29% (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.84, P < 0.001), and 21% (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.95, P = 0.014) decrease in obesity odds among the participants who consumed 1, 2, and more than 2 servings of fruits per day in comparison to less than one serving, respectively. Also, we observed participants who consumed 1, 2, and more than 2 servings in comparison to less than one serving of dairy products per day had 31% (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.81, P < 0.001), 23% (OR = 0.77; 95 %CI: 0.65, 0.91, P = 0.002), and 21% (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.94, P = 0.011) lower odds of being overweight and 47% (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.64, P < 0.001), 36% (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.77, P < 0.001), and 32% (OR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.83, P < 0.001) lower odds of obesity, respectively. In addition, compared to participants who consumed less than 2 servings of vegetables per day, participants who consumed 2, 3, and more than 3 servings had 40% (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.76, P < 0.001), 29% (OR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.90, P = 0.006), and 26% (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.96, P = 0.027) lower odds of being overweight, respectively. Furthermore, we observed 36% lower odds of obesity among participants who ate 2 servings of vegetables per day compared to less than 2 serving (OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.84, P = 0.002). Our findings showed that intake of FVs and dairy products is associated with a healthier weight status in adults. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Association between Micronutrient-Related Dietary Pattern and Cognitive Function among Persons 55 Years and Older in China: A Longitudinal Study.

Appropriate dietary patterns for preserving cognitive function in China remains unknown. This study explored the association between dietary pattern and cognitive function in the Chinese population. A total of 6308 adults aged 55 and above who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey at least two waves from 1997 to 2018 were selected. The dietary pattern was determined using the reduced rank regression method with responses regarding vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, iron, copper, and selenium intakes. We used a three-level random coefficient model to evaluate the association. A "vegetable-pork" dietary pattern characterized by high intakes of Legume products, vegetables, fruits, nuts, pork, fish, and plant oil was identified. Compared to the first quartile (Q1) of dietary scores, the regression coefficients (p value) for the global cognitive score across Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.27 (p = 0.030), 0.45 (p < 0.001), and 0.50 (p < 0.001), respectively. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor cognition across Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 0.82 (0.73 to 0.93), 0.79 (0.69 to 0.91), and 0.74 (0.63 to 0.86), respectively. The relationship appeared to be stronger among people who were 65 years and older, women, people from the south, and smokers. Higher adherence to the "vegetable-pork" diet is associated with better cognitive function among Chinese elders.

Skin Anti-Aging Efficacy of a Four-Botanical Blend Dietary Ingredient: A Randomized, Double Blind, Clinical Study

Plant polyphenols have been found to be effective in preventing or reducing different skin alterations. A dietary approach based on these compounds could be a safe and effective method to slow down or prevent age-associated deterioration of skin appearance and function. In a previous study, a specific combination of four botanical extracts (pomegranate, sweet orange, herba Cistanche, and Centella asiatica) exhibited potential anti-aging effects in a dermal fibroblast cell model. The present study aims to clinically evaluate the safety and anti-aging efficacy of this new botanical ingredient (eternalyoung®). To this end, a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 60 Caucasian women with evident signs of both chrono- and photoaging. Product efficacy was measured as follows: skin moisturization (corneometer), transepidermal water loss (tewameter), skin radiance, and color (spectrophotometer), skin elasticity and firmness (cutometer), skin roughness (image analysis), and skin thickness (ultrasound). Both intergroup and intragroup analysis proved that the daily intake of 225 mg of the active ingredient was enough to produce visible and structural improvements to the skin and to the signs of aging without any side effects. Statistically significant improvements compared to the placebo group were observed as early as 4 weeks regarding wrinkle depth, elasticity, firmness, skin thickness, skin moisturization, transepidermal water loss, and dark spots pigmentation. In addition, the subjects who consumed the blend reported better scores on the self-assessment questionnaires. Our results suggest that the intake of the test product can positively affect the appearance, barrier function, and skin density of aged skin after 12 weeks of treatment.

Effect of a Plant-Based vs Omnivorous Soul Food Diet on Weight and Lipid Levels Among African American Adults

More African American individuals die from cardiovascular disease (CVD) than any other chronic disease condition. Despite this disparity, African American individuals are underrepresented in nutrition and CVD interventions. To compare the effects of an entirely plant-based (vegan) or low-fat omnivorous (omni) diet on change in body weight and lipids during a 2-year intervention. The Nutritious Eating With Soul (NEW Soul) study was a 2-year, randomized clinical trial conducted in 2 cohorts (2018-2020 and 2019-2021) that took place in a university teaching kitchen in Columbia, South Carolina (before March 2020), and via online videoconference sessions (after March 2020). Participants included African American adults aged 18 to 65 years with overweight or obesity (body mass index of 25.0-49.9) and without type 2 diabetes, uncontrolled thyroid disease, recent weight loss, or pregnancy. Data assessors and statisticians were blinded to study condition. Data analysis was performed from March to June 2022. The intervention included weekly nutrition classes for 6 months biweekly classes for 6 months, and monthly classes for 12 months. Dietary interventions either emphasized no animal product intake (vegan) or a low-fat omnivorous diet (omni). Both dietary patterns emphasized soul food cuisine (traditional African American southern foodways). Primary outcomes included change in body weight and lipid measures at 12 months. There were 568 participants who completed an online screening questionnaire; 409 were excluded and 159 were randomized (77 to the vegan group and 82 to the omni group). Of the 159 participants (mean [SD] age, 48.4 [10.6] years; 126 female [79%]) who began the study, the main outcome of body weight was obtained for 121 participants (76%) at 12 months. There were no differences in outcomes between groups, including 12-month changes in weight (mean, -2.39 kg [95% CI, -3.48 to -1.30 kg] for the vegan group vs -2.03 kg [95% CI, -3.07 to -1.00 kg] for the omni group; P = .64), total cholesterol (-1.05 mg/dL [95% CI, -9.60 to 7.50 mg/dL] for the vegan group vs 1.66 mg/dL [95% CI, -7.20 to 10.50 mg/dL] for the omni group; P = .67), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean, -2.56 mg/dL [95% CI, -9.52 to 4.40 mg/dL] for the vegan group vs -0.79 mg/dL [95% CI, -7.98 to 6.40 mg/dL] for the omni group; P = .73). Weight loss at 12 months among cohort 1, whose weight was assessed in 2019 before the COVID-19 pandemic, was significantly greater than that for cohort 2, whose weight was assessed summer 2020 during COVID-19 (-3.45 kg [95% CI, -4.67 to -2.22 kg] vs -1.24 kg [95% CI, -2.24 to -0.25 kg]; P = .01). In this randomized clinical trial examining weight loss and CVD risk factor reduction among African American adults, there were no differences between the groups, and the magnitude of changes overall was small. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03354377.

Effects of a Diet Containing Sources of Prebiotics and Probiotics and Modification of the Gut Microbiota on the Reduction of Body Fat.

In 2022, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) report, overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions in the WHO European Region, affecting almost 60% of adults. Based on the assessment of BMI (Body Mass Index), a group of 56 women aged 25-45 years (31 women group A average BMI 34.9 ± 4.86 kg/m2 and 25 women group B average BMI 33.4 ± 4.02 kg/m2) were qualified for the study. In a multi-center, two-arm, parallel, non-randomized study, two types of weight-reduction diets (A and B) were used over a 3-month period. In group A, a standard low-energy diet was used with individually adjusted caloric intake of 1100-1300 kcal, with an increase in the amount and frequency of consumption of sauerkraut and groats and a daily intake of fermented milk drinks (300-400 g), fermented cucumbers (100 g), mineral water (1 L) and cod liver oil (5 mL). In group B, a standard low-energy diet with individually adjusted caloric intake of 1100-1300 kcal with daily intake of fermented milk products (150 g), highly mineralized water (0.5 L), once a week fermented cucumbers, and once a week buckwheat groats was used. The following measurements were taken: body weight, body fat mass, water content, body height, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Body weight and body composition were measured using the Tanita MC-780 MA and TANITA BC-601 analyzer using the bioelectric bioimpedance method. The stool samples were analyzed in the microbiology laboratory where quantification of Bifidobcaterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species, Akkermansia muciniphila and total bacterial count (TBC) was performed. Under the influence of the introduced nutritional intervention, a statistically significant reduction in body weight, body fat, waist circumference, and hip circumference was demonstrated after 3 months. Under the influence of weight reduction, as well as dietary changes, there was an increase in the number of Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria in the women studied. The low-energy diet containing sources of natural prebiotics and probiotics had a more favorable effect on the number of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii bacteria compared to the standard diet.

AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION OF FOODS AND OF FOODS ACCUMULATING LEAD AND CADMIUM IN YOUNG PEOPLE

Purpose of the study is to investigate food consumption in young people and the contribution of food to heavy metal pollution. Methods: The object of the study are 60 healthy young people aged 19-29 years (average age – 23,9 ± 2,6) from Pleven and the Pleven district. Assessment of food intake was made according to A two-day, 24-hour diet recall method and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method. A documentary method was used to assess the content of heavy metals- data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre Data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre. 2,471 food samples were analyzed for lead and cadmium over a 7-year period. Result: The food group importing complex carbohydrates could have a probable contribution to the dietary exposure to Pb and Cd, as they are consumed in the recommended amounts, although no content of lead and cadmium above the maximum permissible amounts was found in the studied foods. Intake of vegetables and fruits is significantly below recommended - vegetables and fruits would likely contribute to dietary exposure to Pb and Cd provided they were consumed as recommended. The average daily intake of dairy products is compared to the references. Game meat and offal could contribute to dietary exposure to both heavy metals, but these were also not consumed by the respondents. Fish and seafood likely contribute to dietary exposure to heavy metals, but their consumption is low and significantly below recommendations. Conclusion: The obtained results confirm the importance of a healthy food model for the protection of human health, including protection from chemical hazards in food.

Disparities of obesity and non-communicable disease burden between the Tibetan Plateau and developed megacities in China.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) including risk factors, e.g., obesity, are the major causes of preventable deaths in China, yet NCD disparities in China remain under-studied. This study aimed to compare the determinants and burden of NCDs within four selected provinces in mainland China: the least developed Qinghai-Tibet Plateau group (PG, Tibetan Autonomous Region [TAR] and Qinghai Province) and most developed megacity group (MCG, Shanghai, and Beijing). Studies, reports, and other official sources with comparable data for NCD burden and related determinants for the four provinces were searched. Geographic, demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary characteristics and selected health indicators (e.g., life expectancy) were extracted from the China Statistical Yearbook and China Health Statistics Yearbook. Data on NCD burdens were extracted from the National Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance Study and other nationally representative studies. The overall NCD mortality rates and prevalence of metabolic risk factors including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in mainland China have increased in the past 20 years, and this trend is expected to continue. The PG had the highest level of standardized mortality rates (SMRs) on NCDs (711.6-896.1/100,000, 6th/6-level); the MCG had the lowest (290.6-389.6/100,000, 1st/6-level) in mainland China. The gaps in SMRs were particularly high with regard to chronic respiratory diseases (PG 6th/6-level, MCG 1st/6-level) and cardiovascular diseases (6th/6 and 4th/6 in TAR and Qinghai; 1st/6-level and 2nd/6-level in Shanghai and Beijing). In contrast, the prevalence rates of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes were generally higher or comparable in MCG compared to PG. Diabetes prevalence was particularly high in MCG (5th/5-level, 13.36-14.35%) and low in PG (1st/5-level, 6.20-10.39%). However, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension were poor in PG. Additionally, PG had much lower and severely inadequate intakes of vegetables, fruits, and dairy products, with additional indicators of lower socioeconomic status (education, income, etc.,) compared with MCG. Evidence showed large disparities in NCD burden in China's provinces. Socioeconomic disparity and dietary determinants are probably the reasons. Integrated policies and actions are needed.

Dietary replacement of soybean meal by fermented feedstuffs for aged laying hens: effects on laying performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, follicle development, and biological parameters in a long-term feeding period

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with fermented soybean meal (FSM) or fermented miscellaneous meal (FMM, cottonseed meal: coconut meal=at a 1:1 ratio) on the intestinal health, laying performance, egg quality, and follicle development of laying hens. A total of 1,008 54-wk-old laying hens were randomly divided into 7 treatment groups and fed a corn-soybean base diet in addition to 2%, 4%, and 8% FSM or FMM. The results showed that fermentation increased the contents of crude protein, amino acids (Ser, Gly, Cys, Leu, Lys, His, and Arg), and organic acids (butyric acid, citric acid, succinic acid) and decreased the contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber in the soybean and miscellaneous meals (P < 0.05). Compared with the results found for the control group, feeding with 4% FSM increased the egg production, egg mass and average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feeding with 4% FMM increased the ADFI of laying hens (P < 0.05). Furthermore, feeding with 8% FMM reduced the productive performance and laying performance, supplementation with 4% FSM increased the eggshell strength and weight, and 2 to 4% FSM increased the egg albumen height and Haugh unit (P < 0.05). Moreover, 2 to 8% FSM or 2 to 4% FMM enhanced the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and NDF for laying hens (P < 0.05). The relative weight, villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the jejunum were higher in the 4% FSM- and FMM-fed groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occluding, and Claudin1), the intestinal stem cell marker Lgr5, and the proliferation cell marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was upregulated in the jejunum of laying hens fed 4% FSM and FMM (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the ovaries, and the number of small yellow follicles and large white follicles were elevated after 4% FSM or FMM supplementation. Furthermore, the levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were increased in the 4% FSM and FMM groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of laying hen feed with FSM and FMM improved the laying performance, egg quality, intestinal barrier function, and follicle development of aged laying hens, and 4% FSM supplementation was optimal.

Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Seasoning Flour Products in Hunan, China.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants with carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects. Dietary intake is one of the significant exposure pathways of PAHs. In this study, gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to detect 16 priority PAHs listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in seasoning flour products distributed in Hunan Province. The consumption of seasoning flour products by the Hunan population was investigated by questionnaire. The results showed that the detection rate of PAHs in seasoning flour products in Hunan Province was 92.41%. Among them, benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA), and chrysene (CHR) were dominant. The total PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) contents of soggy seasoning flour product samples were higher than those of crisp samples and chewy samples. The total amount of PAHs in rod-shaped and flaky samples were higher than that in filamentous and granular samples. The margin of exposure (MOE) values of various seasoning flour products and all age groups (children, adolescents, and adults) was much more significant than 10,000. Moreover, the incremental lifetime of cancer risk (ILCR) values of all age groups were below 1 × 10-5. The above results indicate that PAHs in seasoning flour products have a relatively low health risk for the Hunan population. Still, it is recommended that susceptible populations (children, adolescents, etc.) should control their intake of flour products.

Dietary intake of animal-based products and likelihood of follicular lymphoma and survival: A population-based family case-control study.

The association between dietary intake of foods of animal origin and follicular lymphoma (FL) risk and survival is uncertain. In this study, we examined the relationship between dietary intake of dairy foods and fats, meat, fish and seafoods, and the likelihood of FL and survival. We conducted a population-based family case-control study in Australia between 2011 and 2016 and included 710 cases, 303 siblings and 186 spouse/partner controls. We assessed dietary intake of animal products prior to diagnosis (the year before last) using a structured food frequency questionnaire and followed-up cases over a median of 6.9 years using record linkage to national death data. We examined associations with the likelihood of FL using logistic regression and used Cox regression to assess association with all-cause and FL-specific mortality among cases. We observed an increased likelihood of FL with increasing daily quantity of oily fish consumption in the year before last (highest category OR = 1.96, CI = 1.02-3.77; p-trend 0.06) among cases and sibling controls, but no associations with spouse/partner controls. We found no association between the likelihood of FL and the consumption of other types of fish or seafood, meats or dairy foods and fats. In FL cases, we found no association between meat or oily fish intake and all-cause or FL-specific mortality. Our study showed suggestive evidence of a positive association between oily fish intake and the likelihood of FL, but findings varied by control type. Further investigation of the potential role of environmental contaminants in oily fish on FL etiology is warranted.