Triticale Production Research Articles

Crossability of tetraploid and hexaploid wheats with ryes for primary triticale production

Crossability of wheat and rye was investigated during thirteen crop cycles in two contrasting locations to 1) evaluate tetraploid and hexaploid wheat parents in crosses with rye, 2) identify genotypes with high crossability and 3) assess the impact of environment on seed development. The majority of the tetraploid wheats crossed with rye had seed set around 20%, but very low embryo viability. Several wheat genotypes with seed set above 50% were identified. The hexaploid wheats crossed with rye showed poor seed set, but plant recovery was relatively high. The majority of the hexaploid wheats with highest seed set (20–30%) were from China. The results suggest differences in crossability between the rye populations, and wheat species by rye interactions. The crossability of the tetraploid and hexaploid wheats was affected by climate in the two locations.

Production of Primary Triticale from Calluses of Immature Abnormal Hybrid Embryos between Triticum durum and Secale cereale

AbstractPlant regeneration was attempted in callus induced from the immature abnormal hybrid embryos between T. durum and S. cereale, using 4‐Huorophenoxyacetic acid as a growth regulator. In particular, the relationship of numerical variation in chromosomes between the callus tissues and the regenerated plants was investigated. Cytological observation revealed that there was no distinctive numerical difference between the shoot‐forming (SF) and the non‐shoot‐forming calluses and also between the SF calluses and the regenerated plants. The root‐tips of regenerated plants consisted of cells having various chromosome numbers, including the expected 2 n = 3 ×= 21 (genomes, ABR) of which the frequency was 69.8 %. The regenerated plants showed partial fertility, notwithstanding that the hybrid plants were expected to be sterile. Since the frequency of abnormal embryos was about 90 % in this cross, the utilization of abnormal embryos was demonstrated by use of callus culture.

A New Method to Produce 4× Triticales and their Application in Studying the Development of a New Polyploid Plant

AbstractF1 hybrids of triticale × rye derived from commercial varieties were backcrossed to the respective triticale parent. Selfing of the backcross generation yielded a large number of 4× triticales containing a genetically balanced wheat genome. This indicates that the 28‐chromosome F1 plants with the genomic constitution of ABRR produced functional 14‐chromosome gametes in high frequency each with a complete wheat and rye genome. The cytological mechanism leading to the formation of tetraploid triticales is described. The chromosomal constitution of the wheat genome in the progenies of 30 back cross plants was analysed by the C‐banding technique. One offspring possessed a complete B genome of wheat. The production of tetraploid triticale through backcrossing in comparison to selfing the ABRR hybrid is largely independent of the genotype; it leads to new tetraploids in just three generations and it reduces the chance of translocations between the homoeologous wheat chromosomes. The possibility of studying the effect of different mixtures of chromosomes of the A and B genomes of wheat on the phenotype of the tetraploid triticale is discussed.

Plant populations for triticale in a mediterranean environment

Abstract Plant population experiments with triticale were conducted for three seasons using a range of agronomic treatments at Aleppo, Syria. The optimum population (the population resulting in maximum grain yield) was higher under higher yielding conditions and varied between about 80 and 190 plants per m 2 for grain yield levels ranging from 2.1 to 6.9 t/ha. This corresponds to optimum seed rates of from about 30 to 150 kg/ha depending upon seed size and expected field establishment. Yield at the optimum population was also strongly correlated with growing season water supply indicating that selection of a plant population that matches the expected w There was a strong positive correlation between grain yield and the length of the grain maturation period. However, since the length of this period can be severely curtailed by high atmospheric evaporative demand and reduced water supply in Mediterranean environments, selection of varieties with a reduced grain filling period could lead to a reduction in risk in triticale production. Further, yield at the optimum population was more closely related to kernel size than to tiller or spike number and was not significantly related to spike size (seeds per spike). This also demonstrates the dependence of triticale yield on conditions during the grain filling period.

Effect of Seeding Rates and Row Spacing on Forage and Grain Production of Triticale, Wheat, and Rye1

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is being used for supplemental winter grazing and has potential to be a grain crop in the southeastern U. S. There is little information on the effect of cultural practices on the agronomic performance of triticale. An experiment was conducted on a Decatur silty clay loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) to study the effects of two row spacings (12.5 and 25 cm) and three seeding rates (50, 75, and 100 kg/ha) for two growing seasons on the performance of a triticale cultivar, 6TA 131, in comparison with commonly grown Wrens Abruzzi rye (Secale cereale L.) and Arthur 71 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Differences in forage yields due to row spacing and seeding rates of triticale, wheat, and rye were highly significant. The optimum rate of seeding for triticale appears to be 75 and 100 kg/ha for grain and forage production, respectively, when planted at 12.5‐cm row spacings. In wheat and rye, seeding rates of 75 and 100 kg/ha produced significantly more forage, whereas seeding at 50 kg /ha was adequate for grain yields. Clipping effects on triticale and wheat grain yields were inconsistent, but reduced rye yield considerably.

EFFECTS OF THE SPRING TRITICALE GENOTYPES INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

As objects of research, 40 varieties and lines of spring triticale of various ecological and geographical origins were used. To identify the degree of influence of the genotype-environment interaction on the formation of the yield of spring triticale, differentiation of varieties according to yield levels was carried out and dispersive, correlation and regression analysis was used. The linear nature of the reaction of spring triticale genotypes to the environment is maintained as long as the loads of environmental factors do not exceed the buffer capacity of the varieties. The spring triticale yields were ranked during different vegetation periods and AC Certa, Grebeshok, Lana, Ulyana, Uzor, Lotos, Victoria, Losinovsk, Sandio samples were selected with optimal environmental resistance to stress factors of the Middle Amur Region. In the dispersion of the yield of spring triticale, the influence of environmental factors is 41.3%, varieties - 19.6%, and genotype-environment interactions - 39.1%. This suggests that during the formation of spring triticale yields, the conditions of the Middle Amur region prevail over the genotypes and the genotype-environment interaction. Based on the multiple correlation analysis, the cumulative effect of environmental factors on the production process of spring triticale (R = 0.554) was established. A mathematical model of spring triticale productivity has been created depending on the weather and climatic conditions of the growing season. According to the coefficients of the regression equation, photosynthetically active radiation (the regression coefficient is 0.5533) and the relative humidity of the air (the regression coefficient is 1.9640) during the organogenesis of spring triticale have a significant impact on the plant yield. The low environmental sustainability of the studied varieties and lines of spring triticale in the Middle Amur Region indicates the need to create a new source material as the basis of highly productive and sustainable agrobiocenosis.