Production Of Total Solids Research Articles

Influence of caprine arthritis encephalitis on milk production and quality along the lactation curve in primiparous dairy goats

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) on the production of milk and its components (protein, fat and total solids) along the lactation curve of primiparous goats. The study was developed using a database from the years 2014 to 2018. Sixty-one animals were subjected to the serological test for CAE, whose result indicated that 42 were seropositive and 19 seronegative, and milk production and quality data were compiled. To adjust the curve for production of milk, fat, protein and total solids during lactation, the following nonlinear model developed by Wood (1967) was used: Y = atb e-ct, where Y represents the observations of milk, fat, protein or total solid production at time t; a is the parameter associated with the initial production; b is the parameter associated with the rate of rise in production until the peak; c is the parameter associated with the rate of decline of the lactation curve; and is the representative time of the day in milk. The parameters were compared by the confidence interval considering 95% probability. Peak production was calculated using the following formula: a(b/c)b e-b. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between seropositive and seronegative primiparous goats for initial production and the rates of rise and decline of the parameters of milk, fat, protein and total solid production. However, at their peak, these variables were 26, 27, 23 and 23% higher, respectively, in the seronegative goats than in their seropositive counterparts. In conclusion, CAE does not affect milk production or the production of fat, protein and total solids along the lactation curve, but seropositive goats produce less milk and respective components at the peak of the lactation curve than seronegative goats.

Longitudinal retrospective study on the effect of season on milk production and composition in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This longitudinal retrospective study evaluated production and composition of milk from dairy cows according to season on a rural property in Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January 2009 and December 2016. Milk yield per hectare per month was the primary variable measured, along with chemical composition (total dry extract, defatted dry extract, fat, protein, and lactose), somatic cell count, and total bacterial count of milk. Production in summer (513.53 kg/ha/month) did not differ (p > 0.05) from that in fall (504.69 kg/ha/month) or spring (564.63 kg/ha/month), but production in winter (639.20 kg/ha/month) was significantly higher than in summer (p < 0.0057). The real price of milk did not differ (p > 0.05) among seasons. The total dry extract content differed (p < 0.0059) between seasons. However, the cooler fall and winter seasons favored the production of total solids. The defatted dry extract content was higher (p < 0.0001) in winter (8.65%), compared to the other seasons of the year. Fat content did not differ (p > 0.05) among seasons. Protein content differed (p < 0.0200) between summer (3.01%) and winter (3.16%), but both seasons did not differ (p > 0.05) from fall (3.13%) or spring (3.05%). Winter lactose levels (4.52%) were higher (p < 0.0011) than during other seasons. The somatic cell count did not differ (p > 0.05) among seasons, demonstrating that the evaluated herd possesses standard mammary gland health. The total bacterial count did not differ (p > 0.05) among the seasons, demonstrating that the hygiene of the facilities remains constant. As expected, the temperature and humidity index varied (p < 0.0001) with the seasons, and the deleterious effects were more pronounced in summer and spring, as they are the hottest seasons in humid subtropical environments. The results emphasize that the organized management of milk production reduces the variation in milk composition, making it easier to maintain a consistent high milk quality and also generating extra revenue.

Milk yield and composition from ewes fed diets containing narasin and their lambs' performance.

The changes promoted by feed additives in ruminal fermentation, especially increasing the availability of propionate, can improve the energy balance of an animal, which is of great importance in the lactation period. This trial aimed to evaluate the inclusion of narasin in the diet of lactating ewes on milk yield, composition, dry matter intake (DMI), and plasma metabolites of the ewes and growth rate of lambs. Thirty-two lactating ewes (59.0 ± 2.42 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM) of coast cross (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) hay and 500 g/kg DM of concentrate, and the treatments were: N0—no narasin inclusion; N13—inclusion of 13 mg of narasin/kg DM. Once a week, from week 2 to 10 of lactation, ewes were separated from their lambs, injected with oxytocin, and milked mechanically to empty the udder. After 3 h, the milk production was recorded, using the same procedure, and sampled to evaluate the composition. The blood samples were taken weekly, 4 h after feeding. The average daily gain (ADG) and starter DMI of the lambs were evaluated weekly from week 2 to 12 of age. The inclusion of narasin did not affect (P = 0.93) DMI of ewes; however, it increased milk production (P < 0.01) and feed efficiency (P = 0.02; FE). Ewes fed N13 had a greater milk fat (P < 0.01), protein (P < 0.01), lactose (P = 0.04), and total solids production (P < 0.01). Narasin inclusion in ewe’s diet increased plasma glucose concentration (P = 0.05) at weeks 8, 9 and 10; however, there was no effect on plasma urea concentration (P = 0.96). The lambs of N0 ewes had a greater starter DMI (P < 0.01) at weeks 7, 8, 9, and 10; however, the ADG and body weight at weaning and after weaning were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The results showed that the inclusion of 13 mg of narasin/kg DM improved the milk production and FE of the ewes without altering the composition of the milk. The lower initial consumption of concentrate by N13 lambs before weaning was caused by the higher production of milk. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the possible productive gain with the inclusion of narasin in diets for lactating ewes.

Losses in milk production and quality due to milk somatic cell count and heat stress of Holsteins cows in temperate climate

&lt;p class="Pa7"&gt;The aims of present study were to evaluate the effects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) and heat stress on yield and milk composition of cows in a herd for commercial production in a temperate region during the period 2008-2012. Data from the monthly milk test-day records of 161±9 Holstein, totaling 9,650 milkings, were provided by the Association of Holstein Cattle Breeders of Parana State, and analyzed by descriptive analysis, correlation, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. The average daily milk yield was 31.78 kg/cow, which decreased to 29.31% when the somatic cell score (SCS) was 9, and to 11% when the Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) was 32 or above. Lactose content decreased from SCS 0 until 9 and fat content decreased from SCS 1 until 9, totaling decrease 7.88 and 9.23%, respectively, when the SCS was 9. An opposite effect was observed for the protein content, which increased by 3.6% at SCS 8, when compared to SCS 0. Losses were observed in the daily total solids production from the SCS 0, totaling 30.64% at SCS 9.The increase in ETI to 32 or above reduced all milk constituents as much as 3.42%, except protein. These results, combined with the losses in milk yield at that ETI level, led to a decrease of up to 12.74% of milk solids. It is concluded that since losses in milk quality and yield resulting from SCC and ETI are significant, actions to prevent infection in the mammary gland and to provide a comfortable environment for dairy cattle are needed even in temperate regions.&lt;/p&gt;

Losses in milk production and quality due to milk somatic cell count and heat stress of Holsteins cows in temperate climate

&lt;p class="Pa7"&gt;The aims of present study were to evaluate the effects of milk somatic cell count (SCC) and heat stress on yield and milk composition of cows in a herd for commercial production in a temperate region during the period 2008-2012. Data from the monthly milk test-day records of 161±9 Holstein, totaling 9,650 milkings, were provided by the Association of Holstein Cattle Breeders of Parana State, and analyzed by descriptive analysis, correlation, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. The average daily milk yield was 31.78 kg/cow, which decreased to 29.31% when the somatic cell score (SCS) was 9, and to 11% when the Equivalent Temperature Index (ETI) was 32 or above. Lactose content decreased from SCS 0 until 9 and fat content decreased from SCS 1 until 9, totaling decrease 7.88 and 9.23%, respectively, when the SCS was 9. An opposite effect was observed for the protein content, which increased by 3.6% at SCS 8, when compared to SCS 0. Losses were observed in the daily total solids production from the SCS 0, totaling 30.64% at SCS 9.The increase in ETI to 32 or above reduced all milk constituents as much as 3.42%, except protein. These results, combined with the losses in milk yield at that ETI level, led to a decrease of up to 12.74% of milk solids. It is concluded that since losses in milk quality and yield resulting from SCC and ETI are significant, actions to prevent infection in the mammary gland and to provide a comfortable environment for dairy cattle are needed even in temperate regions.&lt;/p&gt;

Monensina sódica sobre vacas em fase inicial de lactação: produção de leite e peso vivo

Avaliou-se o efeito do fornecimento de monensina sódica no desempenho de vacas leiteiras em fase inicial de lactação, cuja alimentação, em sua dieta total no cocho, compôs-se em 81,4% de silagem de milho e 18,6% de concentrado, em que se fez uso de maior proporção de silagem de milho de que concentrado. Foram utilizadas 14 vacas multíparas 7/8 Holandês, aos 20±10 dias pós-parto aproximadamente, com média de 22±0,5kg vaca-1 dia-1 de leite, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, adotando-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, em modelo de medidas repetidas. Os tratamentos nas parcelas foram diferenciados pela presença (200mg animal-1dia-1) ou ausência da monensina na ração e, nas subparcelas, pelos diferentes períodos de avaliação. Não se observaram diferenças no consumo em matéria seca da dieta, conversão alimentar, produção de leite in natura e corrigida e peso vivo nas médias diárias de cada período. No entanto, a produção de sólidos totais foi superior para os tratamentos com o ionóforo, sinalizando que a administração da monensina sódica para vacas no início de lactação modifica o rendimento em produção de leite.

Two-phase anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: estimation of methane production

Energy generation from methane (CH(4)) is one of the primary targets of the anaerobic digestion process. Consequently, the focus of this study was to investigate the effect on CH(4) production of total solids (TS) loading (measured as % TS) and hydraulic residence time (HRT) during the treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). Laboratory-scale, two-phase anaerobic digestion systems were employed with each system consisting of an acidogenic reactor and a methanogenic reactor linked in series. The group A runs in the experiment explored the effect on digester performance of four variations in methanogenic HRT (15, 20, 25 and 30 days) at three different feed TS concentrations (8, 12 and 15%). The group B runs compared the actual methane yield (0.14 to 0.45 L g VSfeed−1)) to that predicted by the Chen-Hashimoto model. Results from the group A runs indicated that acidogenesis improved with an increase in % TS and a decrease in HRT; while, methanogenesis behaved inversely, achieving higher yields at the lower % TS and longer HRT values. In comparison with the group B runs, the Chen-Hashimoto model under-predicted (by an average of 16.5 ± 6.6%) the CH(4) yield obtained from the digestion of OFMSW.

Effects of rearing, sire and calving season on growth and milk efficiency in dairy cows

32 primiparous cows were used. We tested the hypotheses that live weight and milk efficiency were influenced by the system of rearing from the second week of life to weaning, by the sire, and by the season of calving. Three groups were created according to a rearing system (A &amp;ndash; pens with automatic drinking cups, H &amp;ndash; individual huts and N &amp;ndash; pens with nursing cows). Primiparous cows originated from four sires and were divided according to the season of calving (spring, summer, autumn and winter). Group N had the highest LW (540.5 kg) and group A the lowest (504.8 kg) in the 1st month of the first lactation. In the 10th month of lactation, the weights were 554.5 kg (A), 566.9 kg (H), and 575.1 kg (N). ADG from the 2nd to 10th month of lactation were statistically different between the groups. Other significances were found by the comparison of animals according to sires (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Group N had the highest milk efficiency almost in all months of lactation. The lowest production was recorded in group A. Daughters of the sire F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; reached the highest milk production except the seventh and eighth months. Significant differences were calculated in the 5th and in the 6th month between daughters of sires F&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and F&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. Dairy cows calving in summer showed the lowest milk yield in the 3rd, 4th, 7th and 9th month. The most productive were cows calving in WIN and in SP. Group N achieved the highest production of milk for 305-day lactation (N 6 894.1 &amp;plusmn; 879.8 kg) and animals fed from automatic drinking cups the lowest (A 5 757.5 &amp;plusmn; 865.5 kg). A&amp;nbsp;similar trend was recorded also in FCM milk. The content of fat was highest in group A (4.1%) and the lowest in group H (3.57%). Animals of group N produced highly significantly more proteins than group A (215.3 kg versus 180.9 kg, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Group A produced the significantly lowest amount of lactose and nonfat solids over 305 days of lactation. The content of total solids was the highest in group A. Production of total solids was the highest in group N and the lowest in group A (846.5 kg versus 749.8 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.05). The effect of the sire lineage was significantly expressed in milk production and in the content of fat, proteins, lactose, nonfat solids and total solids. The production of milk, proteins, lactose, nonfat solids and content of fat and lactose for 305-day lactation statistically differed according to the season of calving. Dairy cows calving in WIN yielded the highest amount of milk and proteins, cows calving in SP produced the highest amount of lactose and nonfat solids. Dairy cows calving in SU produced the lowest amount of milk, protein, lactose and nonfat solids. &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;

Two-phase homogeneous model for particle formation from gas-saturated solution processes

Particles produced from a gas-saturated solution process (PGSS) in a capillary nozzle are assumed to be in steady, 1-D, inviscid, and two-phase equilibrium homogenous flow. Fluid dynamic equations including mass, momentum and energy conservations are established to describe the mixture’s pressure, temperature, velocity and density change along the nozzle. The aerosol dynamic equation for crystallization of the natural lipid hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) in the pseudo-single phase is proposed considering that homogenous nucleation, condensation, and coagulation occur simultaneously along the nozzle. Using the Peng–Robinson equation of state for the fluid properties and phase equilibrium, the coupled model equations are numerically solved to describe the PGSS process for the CO 2/HPO system. Axial profiles for the concentration of CO 2 in HPO, total pressure, temperature, velocities and densities of the two phases, particle size, and particle size distribution inside the nozzle have been calculated. The model also shows that HPO particles produced by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) are about 3.5 % (in mass) of the total solid production at 18 MPa and 359 K and, therefore, can be neglected.

Veal waste management systems in the northeastern U.S.

There is very little data on veal manure characteristics in the literature. Total solids production values from three references ranged from 1.6 to 5.2 kg/1000 kg live weight per day. Kjeldahl nitrogen values ranged from 0.20 to 0.27 kg/1000 kg live weight per day. Good sanitation is important for veal health, so large volumes of wastewater are produced in cleaning the stalls. Wastewater volumes will average 120 to 130 L/calf/wk. Earthen basins and storage tanks are the most common manure systems used in the northeast. Irrigation is a more economical disposal method than a slurry spreader.

Snowmelt Runoff and Total Solids Production in a Discontinuous Permafrost Basin

Snowmelt runoff and total suspended solids were measured for two years on Glenn Creek, a small, second-order, subarctic stream located near Fairbanks, Alaska, within the Yukon-Tanana Uplands physiographic province. The stream drains a 2.25-km2 research watershed of which 70 % is underlain by permafrost. The two years of study represent very different snowmelt hydrographs due to differences in the snowpacks. In 1985, the snowpack was 180 % of the long-term average, while in 1988 it was only 56 % of the average. During both years, 60 % of the total snowmelt-season water yield had passed before a significant rate of solids yield was observed. Also in both years the peak in total suspended solids concentration lagged the stream discharge peak by three days. Diurnal fluctuations in discharge and total suspended solids concentrations are well-defined, including a peculiar occurrence of double diurnal peaks in the discharge hydrograph during portions of the snowmelt season. The diurnal fluctuations in solids concentration are shown to be consistent with water temperature fluctuations. In 1988, the percentage of organics in the total suspended solids was scattered from 0 % to 66 % during the snowmelt season.

Estimation of milk fat, solids-not-fat and total solids production in zebu and their brown swiss crosses

ABSTRACTThe present study estimates the mean fat and solids-not-fat concentrations, and 305-day yields of fat, solids-not-fat, total solids and milk for three zebu breeds (Tharparkar, Sahiwal and Red Sindhi) and for halfbred F1 and F2 Brown Swiss ♂ × Sahiwal ♀ and ¾ Brown Swiss ♂ × Sahiwal 9 cattle maintained at this Institute during the period 1972–75. Mean fat and solids-not-fat concentrations ranged from 46·4 to 47·8 g/kg and 90·3 to 90·9 g/kg respectively, which were similar for all breeds. The 305-day fat, solids-not-fat, total solids and milk yields differed significantly between different breeds (P &lt; 0–01). These yields were similar for the three zebu breeds (86 to 96 kg fat, 164 to 186 kg solids-not-fat, 250 to 282 kg total solids and 1 814 to 2 054 kg milk), but crossbreds showed significantly higher yields (125 to 171 kg, 242 to 332 kg, 368 to 503 kg and 2 670 to 3 676 kg, respectively), the highest being for F1 halfbreds. Season of calving had no significant effect on mean fat and solids-not-fat concentrations whereas the lactation yield parameters were found to be significantly higher for Tharparkar, Sahiwal and F1 Brown Swiss × Sahiwal cattle calving in the winter, followed in order by those calving in the monsoon and those calving in the summer. Selection of animals based on milk production alone was also found to increase the yield of milk constituents.

Valine requirement of the lactating sow.

An experiment was conducted using production and metabolic criteria to estimate the valine requirement of the lactating sow. Ground corn, gelatin, corn sugar, vitamins, minerals and indispensable amino acids were used to formulate a diet containing all the essential nutrients except valine. L-valine was added to provide .23 (basal), .38, .53, .68 and .83% valine. Twenty-five mature Landrace x Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments. Milk production and average pig weight gain increased quadratically (P less than .01) and were maximized at .68% dietary valine. Total solids production (p less than .05) and protein production (P less than .01) increased with increasing level of valine, and both were maximized at .68% dietary valine. Protein content also was maximized (P less than .01) at .68% dietary valine. Fecal (P less than .05) and urinary (P less than .01) nitrogen decreased with increasing valine, yielding greatest (P less than .01) nitrogen retention (excluding milk nitrogen) at .53% dietary valine. Because daily milk nitrogen production also increased (P less than .01) with increasing valine, there were no treatment differences (P greater than .05) in nitrogen balance (including milk nitrogen). Plasma valine concentration increased (P less than .01) gradually until .53% valine was fed, after which there was a rapid increase in concentration. Plasma isoleucine and leucine decreased (P less than .01) with increasing dietary valine. Plasma urea concentration was minimal (P less than .05) with .38% dietary valine. When all the criteria measured are considered, the lactating sow's requirement of valine is between .53 and .68%. The metabolic data support .53% dietary valine for the requirement, although the maximum response in production parameters at .68% dietary valine suggests that the requirement is above .53% dietary valine.

The influence of dietary protein intake on milk production and blood composition of high-yielding dairy cows.

Cows were fed either 75 or 100% of the recommended intake levels for protein and 100% of recommended energy levels (Agricultural Research Council, 1965) from 8 weeks pre-calving until 14 weeks post calving. From 14 weeks post calving and to the end of lactation all the cows received 100% of the recommended protein and energy intakes. The mean of the 305-d milk yields of the 2 groups was not significantly different and although cows on the lower protein intake produced less lactose during the first 14 weeks of lactation there was no significant difference in total lactose, fat, protein or total solids production between the groups. In both groups blood packed-cell volume, red cell count and haemoglobin decreased during the first 10 weeks of lactation and then began to increase in the high-protein group. The cows receiving the low-protein diet showed a similar increase only when they received the high-protein ration from 14 weeks post calving. The mean interval from calving to conception was 27-5 weeks in the high-protein group and 20 weeks in the low-protein group. It is concluded that feeding 75% of protein requirements to dairy cows during the first 14 weeks of lactation does not reduce milk yield or quality significantly and probably has no adverse effect on fertility.

Lysine requirement of the lactating sow.

An experiment was conducted using production and metabolic criteria to estimate the valine requirement of the lactating sow. Ground corn, gelatin, corn sugar, vitamins, minerals and indispensable amino acids were used to formulate a diet containing all the essential nutrients except valine. L-valine was added to provide .23 (basal), .38, .53, .68 and .83% valine. Twenty-five mature Landrace x Yorkshire sows were randomly assigned to the five dietary treatments. Milk production and average pig weight gain increased quadratically (P less than .01) and were maximized at .68% dietary valine. Total solids production (p less than .05) and protein production (P less than .01) increased with increasing level of valine, and both were maximized at .68% dietary valine. Protein content also was maximized (P less than .01) at .68% dietary valine. Fecal (P less than .05) and urinary (P less than .01) nitrogen decreased with increasing valine, yielding greatest (P less than .01) nitrogen retention (excluding milk nitrogen) at .53% dietary valine. Because daily milk nitrogen production also increased (P less than .01) with increasing valine, there were no treatment differences (P greater than .05) in nitrogen balance (including milk nitrogen). Plasma valine concentration increased (P less than .01) gradually until .53% valine was fed, after which there was a rapid increase in concentration. Plasma isoleucine and leucine decreased (P less than .01) with increasing dietary valine. Plasma urea concentration was minimal (P less than .05) with .38% dietary valine. When all the criteria measured are considered, the lactating sow's requirement of valine is between .53 and .68%. The metabolic data support .53% dietary valine for the requirement, although the maximum response in production parameters at .68% dietary valine suggests that the requirement is above .53% dietary valine.

The length of change-over periods in change-over designs with grazing cattle

The data obtained from a change-over experiment with grazing dairy cows was used to estimate the optimum length of the change-over period. Two models were investigated to describe the change in production following the feeding of 2.72 kg (six lb) of crushed oats per day. The total difference in production obtained from the eight cows when they were receiving the supplement and when they were not was related to the length of time following the implementation of supplementary feeding. Milk, four per cent F.C.M., milk fat, solids not fat, protein, and total solids production data were fitted to two models and coefficients of determination of between 0.582 and 0.880 were obtained when relating change in production following a dietary change with time. The data indicated that with period lengths of two weeks or less changeover periods of four days should account for about 95 per cent of the total change in production that can be expected.

Variation in Lactation Yield of Milk Constituents

The lactation production of milk, milk fat, solids-not-fat (SNF), and total solids from cows of six breeds in seven Midwest states was used to investigate gross environmental effects on these traits and to consider correlated responses due to selection for a single trait. The average lactation production of all constituents was higher for cows calving in the winter than for cows calving in the summer. Cows calving in August and September had the highest lactation average percentages, and those calving in early spring had the lowest.Lactation yields of most constituents are correlated, both phenotypically and genetically. Selection for any single trait is expected to produce changes in this and other traits. Selection for milk production only would be expected to cause substantial increase in milk fat, SNF, and total solids production, with slight decreases in the percentages of the latter three constituents.

Effect of Unequal Milking Intervals on Lactation Milk, Milk Fat, and Total Solids Production of Cows

Effect of Unequal Milking Intervals on Lactation Milk, Milk Fat, and Total Solids Production of Cows