Production Of Porous Scaffolds Research Articles

Fabrication of 3D-Printed Scaffolds with Multiscale Porosity.

3D printing is a promising technique for producing bone implants, but there is still a need to adjust efficiency, facilitate production, and improve biocompatibility. Porous materials have a proven positive effect on the regeneration of bone tissue, but their production is associated with numerous limitations. In this work, we described a simple method of producing polymer or polymer-ceramic filaments for 3D-printing scaffolds by adding micrometer-scale porous structures on scaffold surfaces. Scaffolds included polycaprolactone (PCL) as the primary polymer, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as the ceramic filler, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a porogen. The pressurized filament extrusion gave flexible filaments composed of PCL, β-TCP, and PEG, which are ready to use in fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printers. Washing of 3D-printed scaffolds in ethanol solution removed PEG and revealed a microporous structure and ceramic particles on the scaffold's surfaces. Furthermore, 3D-printed materials exhibit good printing precision, no cytotoxic properties, and highly impact MG63 cell alignment. Although combining PCL, PEG, and β-TCP is quite popular, the presented method allows the production of porous scaffolds with a well-organized structure without advanced equipment, and the produced filaments can be used to 3D print scaffolds on a simple commercially available 3D printer.

Productionof poly(L-CO-D,L LacticAcid) porous fibers by electrospinning

The production of porous scaffolds has been widely investigated by the scientific community due to its suitability for tissue engineering. Among techniques that allow the fabrication of porous materials, electrospinning is appealing for being robust and versatile. This research investigated the pore formation in poly (L-co-D,L lactic acid) fibers obtained by conventional electrospinning and the influence of chloroform as a single solvent on fiber morphology. Random and highly porous fibers with a mean diameter of 2.373 ± 0.564 µm were collected. Chloroform affects the fiber morphology, mainly for its fast evaporation and low density of charges. The solvent on the surface evaporates quickly, and the low stretch of the jet does not help the polymer to reorganize over the length of the fiber, forming pores. In conclusion, the low dielectric constant and boiling point of chloroform induce pores formation along the PLDLA fibers.

Generation of Porous Scaffolds from Cacao Mesocarp for Biomedical Applications Using Surface Response Methodology

Tissue engineering is the area where cells are applied in combination with biomaterials that induce the proliferation of these cells, in order to regenerate different types of tissues in an organism. Different cytocompatible biomaterials have been developed for this application; however, there is no production of this type of materials in Ecuador. A viable alternative, to produce biomaterials that help cellular regeneration is the use of lignocellulosic material which can be found in agroindustrial waste, due to its high biocompatibility. Therefore, the present study evaluates the use of waste from the pod shell of cacao type CCN-51, which is abundant in Ecuador, for the production of porous scaffolds by alkaline treatments applying a response surface design (Central Composite Designs). Scaffolds were produced by means of an alkaline attack using NaOH, varying operating conditions such as reactant concentration, biomass concentration, operating time, temperature, and mesocarp dimensions to generate a prediction model through the implementation of a central composite design (CCD). It was found that temperature and NaOH concentration were the most influential variables in the model. The CCD analysis allowed to partially predict the behavior of each output variable (lignin content, cellulose, ash and yield) with respect to the input variables mentioned before, obtaining maximum values of yield and cellulose content of 7.91% and 63.77%, respectively. A physicochemical analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed important morphological and structural changes depending on the composition of the scaffold.

Processed Tissue–Derived Extracellular Matrices: Tailored Platforms Empowering Diverse Therapeutic Applications

AbstractTissue‐derived decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM) have gradually become the gold standard of scaffolds for tissue engineering, owing to their close mirroring of the intricate composition, architecture, and topology of the native extracellular matrix (ECM). Intriguingly, further manipulation of these acellular tissues through various processing techniques has been demonstrated to be an effective strategy to control their characteristics and impart them with ample valuable new traits, thereby expanding their applicability to a significantly wider spectrum of research and translational applications. Herein, state‐of‐the‐art processed dECM platforms and their potential applications are focused on. The ECM characteristics that make it so appealing for tissue engineering are presented, followed by a concise discussion on the main considerations for choosing a dECM source for such applications. The key methodologies for dECM processing, including hydrogel production, bioprinting, electrospinning, and production of porous scaffolds, microcarriers, and microcapsules, as well as their inherent advantages and challenges, are introduced. To demonstrate the use of processed dECM platforms for tissue engineering, selected in vivo and in vitro applications recently developed utilizing these platforms are highlighted. Finally, concluding remarks and a prospective outlook for future developments and improvements in the field of processed dECM‐based devices are given.

Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Produced by Hydrothermal Deposition of Monetite on Polyurethane Sponges Substrates

Hydroxyapatite scaffolds have been being produced by a wide range of processes. The optimun material to be used as bone graft has to be partially resorbable, with resorption rates similar to new bone formation ones. The samples must have porosity compatible with tissue ingrowth. Hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate ceramics are good choices for designing such materials. In the present study, polymeric sponges were coated with hydroxyapatite and sintered. The method consists of coating polyurethane sponges substrates in an aqueous solution rich in phosphate (PO4)3-and calcium (Ca)2+ions. The solution is composed by 0.5M Ca(OH)2, 0.3M H3PO4and 1M CH3CHCO2HOH (lactic acid) at pH of 3.7. The sponges were immersed in a beaker with the solution and heated up to 80°C to precipitate monetite on the sponge. Continuous and adherent coatings were formed on the surface of sponges interconections. These coatings were characterised by X-ray diffractometry and the only identified phase was monetite. The substrates were converted to hydroxyapatite in an alkali solution.The total conversion from monetite to hydroxyapatite was confirmed by XRD analyses. The struts were heat treated in order to eliminate the organic sponge and sinter the scaffolds. After sintering, hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate were identified on the struts. Optical microscopy revealed the morphology of the struts, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the precipitates morphology. The method showed to be efficient in the production of porous scaffolds.