Production Of Mineral Fertilizers Research Articles

Displaying geographic variability of peri-urban agriculture environmental impacts in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona: A regionalized life cycle assessment

Peri urban agriculture (peri-UA) can supply food locally and potentially more sustainably than far-away conventional agricultural systems. It can also introduce significant environmental impacts depending on the local biophysical conditions and resources required to implement it and, on the crops managing practices, which could vary widely among growers. Sophisticated methods to account for such variability while assessing direct (on-site) and indirect (up/down stream) environmental impacts of peri-UA implementation are thus needed. We implemented an attributional, regionalized, cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) for which we derive spatially explicit inventories and calculate 14 impacts due to peri-UA using the ReCiPe method. Further, to show the importance of impact assessment regionalization for the environmental assessment of peri-UA, we regionalize eutrophication impacts characterization. We use the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) to illustrate these methodological developments. Vegetables and greenhouses, the prevalent peri-UA land uses, had the largest impacts assessed, of all peri-UA land uses. European NPK mineral fertilizer production to cover N demand of these crops drives all impacts. For fruit crops, on-site N emissions drive marine eutrophication impacts and for irrigated herbaceous crops, phosphate runoff drives freshwater eutrophication impacts. Geographic variability of peri-UA metabolic flows and impacts was displayed. Management practices at the plots, which are linked the land use, are responsible for impacts variability. Regionalization of eutrophication impacts highlights the importance of accounting for the biophysical aspects at the geographic scale at which peri-UA takes place, which is a much finer scale than those implemented in current regionalization of impact assessment methods in LCA. This study provides a fundamental baseline needed to assess transition scenarios of peri-UA at an appropriate geographic level of analysis and gives essential knowledge to guide appropriate circular and sustainability strategies for the sector.

Энергосбережение в производстве аммофоса на основе эффективного использования тепловых ВЭР-технологий

Background. The need to increase the production facilities of the key sectors of the Russian economy arises as the consequences of the covid condition and is justified by social, economic and food crises. Guarantees of food security are provided due to stability and development of national facilities of the agro-industrial complex. Thus, on the legislative level a strategy to develop chemical networks has been developed. Also, a plan to develop mineral production in the agricultural sector has been made. The plan is to be carried out based on the best available technologies when redesign and install new facilities that ensure the efficient use of fuel and energy resources. In addition, it is necessary to work out scientific and technical solutions based on energy-saving technologies. All the global problems and the existing tasks in the field of mineral fertilizers production determine the importance of this study, the main purpose of which is to develop energy-saving measures in the production of ammophos. Materials and methods. The subject of the study is an industrial workshop to produce compound fertilizer (ammophos). The production technology is analyzed, the sources of irrational utilization of energy are determined, and the thermal processes of the technology are studied to assess the thermodynamic efficiency. The methods of thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analysis are applied to assess the efficiency of the developed project. Results. Promising trends to improve technological processes are proposed. Also, an energy saving solution based on the utilization of secondary heat of chemical reactions has been developed. An energy-saving cogeneration system has been developed that allows generating heat and electricity. The characteristic of this solution is given. The possibility to use the obtained types of energy in production is considered. The promising outlook to implement the developed solution into production is discussed based on the methods of assessment of performance. Also, the possibility to scale this technological solution to similar industrial facilities is considered. A quantitative assessment of the environmental performance indicator (reduction of the annual volume of CO2) is given when introducing an energy-saving solution into manufacturing. Conclusions. In the future introduction of the developed energy saving measures will make it possible to improve, modernize and build new production facilities that will have different performance indicators both in terms of energy and environmental components. The use of the applied technologies can significantly improve the economic efficiency indicators not only of a specific facility, but of the entire agro-industrial complex.

The effectiveness of the use of Aminoseleferon-B with immunodeficiency in highly productive cows under conditions of technogenic environmental load

Highly productive animals, which are characterized by a more intense metabolism and regulation of the neurohumoral system, are more sensitive to a pool of adverse environmental conditions and can often be accompanied by metabolic disorders, a decrease in the immunobiological status of the macroorganism, reproductive function disorders and the development of pathological processes of various etiology and localization. The studies were carried out in the conditions of a large dairy complex in the Voronezh region located 25 km from a chemical plant for the production of mineral fertilizers: ammonia, ammonium nitrate, nitric acid. Its total emissions to the environment are 5316.5 tons per year, including 4480.3 tons of gases. Studies have been carried out to study the effectiveness of the use of Аminoseleferon-B to correct the immune status of highly productive cows in an immunodeficient state, under conditions of technogenic environmental stress. It was established that Аminoseleferon-B contributed to the activation of humoral and cellular links of nonspecific immunity, the reduction of birth and postpartum pathology, the increase in the effectiveness of treatment, and the improvement of reproductive function.

Iron(III) removal and rare earth element recovery from a synthetic wet phosphoric acid solution using solvent extraction

Phosphoric acid produced from phosphate rock is an intermediate product in mineral fertilizer production. Purification stages are commonly used to extract unwanted elements such as iron associated with the phosphate rock after the initial wet acid treatment. The current work presents a process that extracts iron(III) and recovers high-value rare earth elements (REEs) during phosphoric acid purification. A cross-flow solvent extraction process with four stages is used and a final raffinate with 684 mg/L P without losses during the process is obtained. Iron(III) removal (98.1 ± 0.7%) was achieved after the first two stages using Cyanex 572 as extractant. The metal loaded was fully stripped using 2 mol/L HCl with a single-stage reaching a solution purity >99.8%. 96.6 ± 1.2% REEs were subsequently recovered by Cyanex 923 in the next two solvent extraction stages. Water as a strip solution was used to re-extract these valuable metals from the organic phase. The purity of the aqueous solution was >99.6%. The study presents a promising approach in which a single technique was utilized for phosphoric acid purification and valuable byproduct recovery that next needs to be tested under industrial conditions.

Improving Legal and Institutional Arrangements for the Integrated Management of Fertilizer Waste: Challenges, Opportunities, Prospects

Problems of ecosystem pollution with phosphogypsum, by-product (waste) in mineral fertilizers production in chemical industry have been considered. Examples of the waste-free technology use for processing of phosphogypsum and the extraction of components that are strategically important for the country’s economy, including rare earth metals and gypsum stone have been given. The basis of the State environmental policy in the field of recycling and disposal of industrial waste has been studied. Foreign experience has been analyzed. Legal and organizational mechanisms have been proposed for improving the development of the mineral fertilizer industry.

РОЛЬ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The article is devoted to the role of the chemical industry in ensuring food security. The objectives of ensuring the food security of the state are defined, and the need to activate the internal resources and potential of the state to ensure the food security of the state is justified. The connection of the chemical industry with agriculture and their impact on food security is shown. The statistics of the main indicators of the production of mineral fertilizers and indicators of self-sufficiency are presented, which confirm the importance of the chemical industry and agriculture in ensuring food security.

Tehnološka šema proizvodnje krečnjačkog punila sa ležišta "Međeđa" - Nikšić

This paper presents the results of testing the possibility of using limestone from the "Međeđe" - Nikšić deposit in different industries. During the examination, the coarse moisture, chemical composition, granulometric composition, bulk and particle density, degree of whiteness, oil and water absorption, granulometric composition of micronized samples and specific surface area were determined. All tests were performed on 8 samples taken from different parts of the deposit and the mean values of the obtained results are presented here. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics, it can be stated that this limestone has a high content of CaO and CaCO3 of 99.01%, as well as a relatively low content of MgO of 0.32% and a low content of SiO2 of 0.26% and alkali and R2O3, with also low content of heavy metals, which is very favorable for limestone. With these physico-chemical properties, this limestone can be used in the following industries: paints and varnishes, paper, rubber and PVC, foundry and foundry industry, sugar industry, metallurgical purposes, glass production, animal feed production and mineral fertilizer production. A serious defect of "Međeđa" limestone is the low degree of whiteness, which does not exceed 89.6%, which prevents its use in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, while the relatively high content of K2O, Fe and Mn prevents its use in calcification of acid soils.

Разработка биосубстрата как стимулятора роста для выращивания органических видов сельскохозяйственных культур

Environmental pollution, the energy intensity of the production of mineral fertilizers, and the consequences of the globalization of the economy have led to the search for alternative farming systems focused on the biologization of agriculture, the development of environmentally friendly technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops based on the use of modern forms of organic and bacterial fertilizers. A comprehensive solution to the problem of maintaining the balance of nutrients in the soil is the use of bioorganic fertilizers that combine the ability to improve the mineral nutrition of plants, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, as well as stimulate the growth and development of plants. In this paper, the growth-stimulating effect of biosubstrate on seeds of organic agricultural crops such as wheat, lentils, peas, and buckwheat is investigated. The object of research was a biosubstrate consisting of a biopreparation (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Z4 YRKM 0843, Lactobacillus casei 12/2C B-RKM 0844, Streptomyces collinus P1 Ac-RKM 0845) and cattle manure effluents. During laboratory research, the growth-stimulating effect of the biosubstrate on seed germination and their growth indicators was established. Namely, a 10% and 50% solution of the biosubstrate improved the germination and germination of seeds of agricultural plants more than a 25% solution. This biosubstrate can be recommended as an environmentally safe growth stimulator when growing organic types of agricultural plants. Thus, the use of bio-organic fertilizers based on growth-stimulating microorganisms in the cultivation of various crops reduces the chemical load on ecosystems and also leads to an increase in yields and the quality of environmentally friendly agricultural products.

Rational Choice of a Basket for the Rotational Vibropriller

The use of processing units for the production of mineral fertilizers in the industry in today’s market requires improved product quality and increased productivity. As a result, there is a need to change the design of existing units or some structural elements. Rotary vibroprillers, having a relatively simple design, can be of different designs that directly affect the productivity indicators mentioned above. The study considers the influence of the shape of the basket bottom on the quality of the rotational vibroprillers. After using the governing equation of prills motion in the airflow, a program was developed for automatic control of the rotational speed of the priller based on changes in melt loads. It is established that the size of the spray swath can be changed by varying the rotational speed of the priller. There is a tendency to affect the vibropriller performance by controlling the rotational speed and shape of the basket bottom without performance degradation.

Prospects for processing man-made waste of the production of mineral fertilizers from phosphorites and apatites with obtain ing individual RZM

Prospects for processing man-made waste of the production of mineral fertilizers from phosphorites and apatites with obtain ing individual RZM

Study of cerium and neodymium leaching from Kazakhstan phosphogypsum

The processes of extraction of cerium and neodymium from Kazakhstan phosphogypsum, a large-tonnage waste of mineral fertilizer production of "Kazphosphate" LLP, have been studied. The influence of the nature of the leaching agent, temperature and duration of the process on the efficiency of cerium, neodymium leaching using the methods of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray phase and energy dispersive elemental analysis was studied. It has been found that the use of hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizer in the leaching of rare earth metals intensifies the process of recovery from phosphogypsum by 20% for cerium and by 28% for neodymium. Optimal parameters of cerium and neodymium leaching under atmospheric and autoclave conditions have been found. In atmospheric conditions, recovery of cerium and neodymium were 70.3% and 92.0%, in autoclave conditions 72.9% and 87.5%, respectively. The obtained results allow us to hope for the processing possibility of these wastes with the aim of rare-earth metals and other valuable products recovery.

Химизация земледелия в СССР: причины и следствия

In the article, based on the analysis of the works of D. N. Pryanishnikov, it is shown that these works do not contain the completeness of scientific justifications for the industrial production of mineral fertilizers.
 It is revealed that the industry of mineral fertilizers production created in the USSR, as devoid of sufficient scientific justification, led to unproductive costs in agriculture, unbearable for the USSR.
 It is shown that problems in food production are the result of institutional traps, the opening and getting rid of which is impossible without the Provision for scientific discussions.
 It is obvious that without overcoming the institutional pitfalls, food production will only decline, bringing the threat of famine closer to the Third World war for fertile land.

Determination of granule (prill) movement modes in the prilling tower for mineral fertilizer production

The object of research is the mode of movement of the granules of mineral fertilizers obtained in the towers. The subject of research is the effect of the physical and chemical properties of granules, their size and initial hydrodynamic parameters on the speed of movement of the granules in the tower. The fertilizer industry is characterized by high requirements for the production of mineral fertilizers, which makes it promising to use granulation plants of large unit capacity, tower production. The resulting product must have a stable physical and chemical composition, be monodisperse with a spherical shape of granules, which allows long-term storage in bulk without the use of auxiliary equipment and meet international quality standards. The main granulation equipment that is used in the tower production of mineral fertilizers is spray type granulation equipment. In such towers, there is a likelihood of crossing pellet flares, getting pellets into the walls of the pelletizing tower and adhesion of the melt on this surface in industrial conditions, which leads to negative consequences. Therefore, the determination of the modes of motion of granules is still important. Methods of mathematical modeling of the movement of granules under different conditions were used in the work. Numerical methods were used to solve the equations of differential equations. As a result, an equation was obtained to determine the speed components along the x and y axes. The calculation of the horizontal speed of the granule and the determination of the time of its movement in the working area of the prilling tower makes it possible to determine the length of the granule path in this direction, to determine the diameter of the spray torch of the granules. Provides information on preventing the ingress of granules into the walls of the prilling tower and adhesion of the melt on this surface in industrial conditions, which leads to negative consequences. The magnitude of the speed, especially for the vertical component, changes its value several times over time due to a change in the mode of motion of the granules when moving from the granulator down the tower. This indicates the need to also take into account the change in the value of the resistance coefficient over time. When deriving the equations, simplifications were used, and the motion of a solid granule was considered. However, a drop begins to move from the granulator (disperser), which then crystallizes into a granule. Comparing the obtained results, allowing to predict by calculation the behavior of the spray plume of granules, with the initial ones obtained in industrial conditions, it is possible to conclude that the error of the equations obtained is 10.5%. Therefore, work on improving the obtained equations describing the mode of motion (speed) of the granules will be continued.

Современные тенденции и перспективы экономического развития предприятий севера на примере Мурманской области через призму реляционного взаимодействия.

The production of mineral fertilizers is a priority direction for the development of the chemical industry of the Russian Federation. The importance of studying the state and prospects of mineral fertilizer producers for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is due to the high dependence of the economy of one of the northernmost regions of our country, the Murmansk Region, on the enterprises of this industry. In particular, the Kirov branch of JSC Apatit (PhosAgro company), Kovdorsky GOK (Eurochem Company) and JSC North-Western Phosphorus Company (a subsidiary of PJSC Akron) operate in the Murmansk Region. These enterprises make significant contributions to the regional budget of the Murmansk region as well as to the budgets of municipal formations, create jobs and make a significant contribution to the development of the towns of presence. Russian manufacturing companies in their activities are mainly focused on the external market, which is due to the excess of supply over demand and the lack of use of mineral fertilizers on 39 % of Russian sown areas. The main Russian producers of mineral fertilizers include PhosAgro, Akron, EuroChem, Uralchem and Uralkali. The only company claiming the priority of the domestic market is PhosAgro. Analysis of the annual reports of the largest Russian producers of mineral fertilizers indicates their desire to expand the geography of supplies. In the domestic market, there is a positive trend in the consumption of mineral fertilizers, which is associated with high prices for agricultural products, as well as the state policy of subsidizing agricultural enterprises, in addition, state regulation of prices in the domestic market leads to an increase in demand for fertilizers. For fertilizer producers, it is possible to use the three-level relational interaction model presented below. The article presents the results of testing the hypothesis of the need for the development of relational relations in the mineral fertilizers market. The assessment is based on the use of a three-level model of relational interaction of industrial market participants. The results of the analysis can be used in the development and implementation of relational cooperation in economic systems of various levels.

Features of hygienic assessment of atmospheric air quality in the area of the location of the enterprise for the production of mineral fertilizers

Introduction. The problematic environmental situation in the industrialized territories requires precise management decisions to ensure the excellent quality of atmospheric air to protect public health. Information on the atmospheric air quality is based on data from various monitoring systems: socio- hygienic, environmental, production control, as well as the results of control measures carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (Rosprirodnadzor)). Materials and methods. The analysis of normative permissible emissions, sanitary protection zones projects, the results of socio-hygienic and environmental monitoring, production control, as well as carried out own laboratory and instrumental laboratory and instrumental studies of 130 samples of atmospheric air in the sanitary protection zone of the chemical industry enterprise and the nearest residential area. The research was based on the North-West Public Health Research Center and the chemical-analytical centre “Arbitrage” D.I. Mendeleev Research Institute for metrology. Results. According to various monitoring systems and the results of own research, on the territory of residential buildings, the concentrations of pollutants did not exceed the MAC, mainly corresponded to the design values. However, the ammonia content in the atmospheric air on the territory of the nearest building to the enterprise exceeded the calculated design values by three times. At the border of the industrial site of the enterprise for ammonia and diPhosphorpentaoxide, concentrations comparable to the MAC were recorded, while hydrochloric acid and gaseous fluorides were not detected either at the border of the industrial site or in the nearest residential development. Conclusions. The programs of air quality control monitoring are based on the research and analysis of the project documentation. The developed scheme for monitoring atmospheric air can be applied to assess atmospheric air quality in areas around mineral fertilizer production enterprises.

Comprehensive Study of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Phosphorus Sludge and Cottrell Dust

The article presents the results of physico-chemical research of waste from the phosphorus industry – phosphorus sludge and cottrell dust. The reliability of the experimental results was ensured by the use of generally recognized research methods, as well as reliable physico-chemical and instrumental methods of analysis. The results of the experiment prove the suitability of these types of waste for the production of mineral fertilizers. This, in turn, will make it possible to improve the environmental situation in the southern region of Kazakhstan.

STUDY OF THE SORPTION OF AMMONIUM CATIONS ON A FIBROUS CARBOXYLIC SORBENT

Background: Wastewater from the mineral fertilizer production, agribusiness containing ammonium ions causes significant harm to fish farming; therefore, it must be purified before discharge. Ion-exchange sorption is a promising method for isolating ammonium cations. The object of the study was a chemisorption fiber VION KN-1, which has developed surface and high sorption rate. Purpose: To study the sorption kinetics of ammonium cations from aqueous solutions on VION KN-1; to train an ANN to predict the degree of recovery of ammonium ions from wastewater using Statistica Neural Networks Version 13. Methods: The ammonium ion concentration in the solution was established by direct potentiometry. Sorption isotherms were constructed using the method of variable concentrations. To determine the limiting stage, the obtained kinetic dependencies were represented in the coordinates of the Boyd-Adamson equations for internal/external diffusion. Results and Discussion: During sorption from solutions with different ammonium nitrogen contents, the values of distribution coefficients (Kd) are at the level of 2.3ꞏ103 cm3/g, which significantly exceeds this parameter for granular ionites. Experimental sorption data were verified using Freundlich (R2 = 0.9224) and Langmuir (R2 = 0.9996) isotherms. The maximum degree of recovery (over 96 %) was achieved by passing a solution with a concentration of 11.3 mmol/dm3. Using an array of experimental data, the MLP-3-5-1 neural network was trained. The coefficient of determination R2 = 0.999420 obtained for the training sample characterizes high network performance. Conclusions: The Langmuir equation better describes the process of NH4+ sorption on a fibrous sorbent. It is reasonable to use VION KN-1 at the fine treatment stage. Ammonium ion desorption from the fiber was performed by acid solution. The resulting solutions of ammonium salts can be used as liquid fertilizers. The trained neural networks can be used to predict the degree of recovery of ammonium ions by sorbent VION KN-1.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКИХ СВЯЗЕЙ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ МУЛЬТИМОДАЛЬНЫХ ПЕРЕВОЗОК МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ

Modern agriculture cannot do without the use of mineral and organic fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers are produced by large holdings both in Russia and abroad, and Russian enterprises have subsidiaries distributed throughout the world. The latter factor makes mineral fertilizers one of the most export-oriented branches of the chemical industry in Russia. According to official statistics in 2019 Russian agricultural companies supplied more than 21 million tons of mineral fertilizers to foreign markets, which determines the peculiarities of the country's market.
 The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal assignment of consumers to suppliers of mineral fertilizers in the organization of multimodal transportation. The article considers the period of the beginning of the reorientation of the production of mineral fertilizers for export. The issue of creating domestic ports specialized in the transshipment of fertilizers has been studied. The volumes of production and consumption of specific countries and regions that are included in export-import operations with each other are analyzed. Routes of transportation of fertilizers with determination of the shortest distances are studied. The optimization of the existing route option for the delivery of nitrogen and potash fertilizers to Brazil is proposed.

Industrial processing of phosphogypsum into organomineral fertilizer.

The purpose of this study is to solve the problem of industrial waste storage. Waste from the production of mineral fertilizers is considered in this study (as an example-phosphogypsum LLC «Industrial group «Phosphorit»). Waste storages on a landfill have a significant negative impact on the environment. This fact has been confirmed by studies of wastewater from the dump (drainage water). Phosphogypsum utilization as a mineral component of an organic-mineral mixture without preliminary purification is the most promising approach. In this case, the joint utilization of lignin sludge as an organic component is required. The absence of excess content of toxic elements and the presence of plant nutrients in the required quantities was established as a result of laboratory studies of soil additive. In addition, the authors noted an increased content of stable strontium in phosphogypsum. Localization of strontium in the soil mixture is ensured by fractional application. Strontium is replaced by covalent calcium when the components are absorbed by the plants. The developed soil mixture should be considered as a single-use organomineral additive with prolonged action. Forestry activities, reclamation of disturbed lands, slopes of highways and landfills of solid municipal waste are promising areas of implementation.

Animal waste use and implications to agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in the United States

The increasing production of manure is a challenge for livestock management systems as well as the global environment. Being traditionally, and still dominantly, used as fertilizers, land application of manure could preserve soil fertility and improve soil carbon sequestration. However, manure application also increases nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions that might outweigh the benefits of carbon gains. Here we quantify soil carbon change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from corn production systems in the United States from a life-cycle perspective. We show that utilizing manure can reduce mineral fertilizers use, and therefore avoid GHG emissions that would otherwise occur due to mineral fertilizer production and application. As a result, corn produced under manure has a reduced intensity of GHG emissions (1.5 t CO2e ha−1 or 0.15 t CO2e t−1 corn grain), about 15% less than those under sole mineral fertilizers. Owing to a sizeable amount of avoided emissions counterbalancing N2O, the soil carbon gain derived from manure use can largely contribute to net climate change mitigation. It should be noted that GHG emissions estimation can be largely improved as more robust and recent data become available to better represent spatially specific land management and to integrate ecosystem models with life-cycle model. Future studies are merited to further assess the alternative fate of manure, and expand the system boundary to assess agriculture and livestock sectors holistically.