Production Of Hybrids Research Articles

Hybrid molecular dynamic Monte Carlo simulation and experimental production of a multi-component Cu–Fe–Ni–Mo–W alloy

High-entropy alloys are a class of materials intensely studied in the last years due to their innovative properties. Their unconventional compositions and chemical structures hold promise for achieving unprecedented combinations of mechanical properties. The Cu–Fe–Ni–Mo–W multicomponent alloy was studied using a combination of simulation and experimental production to test the possibility of formation of a simple solid solution. Therefore, Molecular Dynamics and hybrid Molecular Dynamic/Monte Carlo simulations from 10K up to the melting point of the alloy were analyzed together with the experimental production by arc furnace and powder milling. The Molecular Dynamics simulations starting with a bcc type-structure show the formation of a single-phase bcc solid solution type-structure, whereas using Monte Carlo one, generally produced a two-phase mixture. Moreover, the lowest potential energy was obtained when starting from a fcc type-structure and using Monte Carlo simulation giving rise to the formation of a bcc Fe–Mo–W phase and a Cu–Ni fcc type-structure. Dendritic and interdendritic phases were observed in the sample produced by arc furnace while the milled powder evidence an separation of two phases Cu–Fe–Ni phase and W–Mo type-structures. Samples produced by both methods show the formation of bcc and a fcc type-structures. Therefore, the Monte Carlo simulation seems to be closer with the experimental results, which points to a two-phase mixture formation for the Cu–Fe–Ni–Mo–W multicomponent system.

A straight-forward seed production technology system for foxtail millet (Setaria italica).

For autogamous crops, a precondition for using heterosis is to produce sufficient pure male-sterile female parents that can be used to produce hybrid seeds. To date, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and environment-sensitive genic male sterility (EGMS) have been used commercially to exploit heterosis for autogamous species. However, neither CMS nor EGMS has been established for foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Here, we report on the establishment and application of a seed production technology (SPT) system for this crop. First, we established a DsRed-based SPT system, but found that it was unsuitable because it required the use of a fluorescent device for seed sorting. Instead, we constructed an SPT system with de novo betalain biosynthesis as the selection marker. This allowed us to distinguish transgenic seeds with the naked eye, thereby facilitating the identification of SPT maintainer line seeds. In this system, a seed sorter was not required to obtain sufficient seeds. The key point of the strategy is that the seed pool of the SPT maintainer line is propagated by artificial identification and harvesting of male-fertile individuals in the field, and the male-sterile line seed pool for hybrid production is produced and propagated by free pollination of male-sterile plants with the SPT maintainer line. In a field experiment, we obtained 423.96 kg male-sterile line seeds per acre, which is sufficient to plant 700.18 acres of farmland for hybrid seed production or male-sterile line reproduction. Our study therefore describes a powerful tool for hybrid seed production in foxtail millet, and demonstrates how the SPT system can be used for a small-grained crop with high reproduction efficiency.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И АДАПТИВНОСТИ ГИБРИДОВ КУКУРУЗЫ ООО «КВС РУС» НА СЕРЫХ ЛЕСНЫХ ПОЧВАХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of research conducted to study the productivity and adaptability of corn hybrids of the company "KVS RUS" LLC on gray forest soils of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Cromwell and Rodriguez hybrids are siliceous, plastic, universal use with FAO 180. Bodor is a hybrid with dynamic growth in the early stages of development, FAO 170, suitable for grain and silage. Nestor is a hybrid with a high potential for grain productivity, FAO 190, adapts well to stressful conditions. Lionel is one of the early–maturing hybrids of the KVS RUS line. It is the leader for testing in the territory of the Russian Federation. It is cultivated for silage and grain, FAO 180. Frederico is a hybrid with a stable yield of grain and silage. It has a good ratio of starch and easily digested fiber, FAO 190. Studies have shown that the tallest plants are formed in Frederico hybrids – 169.9 cm and Bodor – 149.2 cm (measurements were carried out during the sweeping phase). The shortest plants were formed in the hybrid Nestor 124.6 cm. The feeding potential was manifested in the hybrids of Frederico and Lionel. The aboveground mass of these hybrids was 23.3 and 18.7 t/ha, respectively. The smallest aboveground mass was formed in the hybrid Nestor 14.6 t/ha. The largest assimilation surface of leaves was formed in Lionel hybrids – 48.6 thousand m2/ha and Frederico - 37.9 thousand m2/ha. And the smallest leaf area was obtained from the Cromwell hybrid – 35.1 thousand m2/ ha. The best grain potential was shown in the hybrids of Bodor and Frederico. Grain yields were 6.08 and 5.75 t/ha. The lowest grain yield was obtained when growing the Nestor hybrid – 4.02 t/ha.

ROS accumulation-induced tapetal PCD timing changes leads to microspore abortion in cotton CMS lines

BackgroundCytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the basis of heterosis exploitation. CMS has been used to hybrid production in cotton, but its molecular mechanism remains unclear. CMS is associated with advanced or delayed tapetal programmed cell death (PCD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) may mediate this process. In this study, we obtained Jin A and Yamian A, two CMS lines with different cytoplasmic sources.ResultsCompared with maintainer Jin B, Jin A anthers showed advanced tapetal PCD with DNA fragmentation, producing excessive ROS which accumulated around the cell membrane, intercellular space and mitochondrial membrane. The activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes which can scavenge ROS were significantly decreased. However, Yamian A tapetal PCD was delayed with lower ROS content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and POD were higher than its maintainer. These differences in ROS scavenging enzyme activities may be caused by isoenzyme gene expressions. In addition, we found the excess ROS generated in Jin A mitochondria and ROS overflow from complex III might be the source in parallel with the reduction of ATP content.ConclusionROS accumulation or abrogation were mainly caused by the joint action of ROS generation and scavenging enzyme activities transformation, which led to the abnormal progression of tapetal PCD, affected the development of microspores, and eventually contributed to male sterility. In Jin A, tapetal PCD in advance might be caused by mitochondrial ROS overproduction, accompanied by energy deficiency. The above studies will provide new insights into the cotton CMS and guide the follow-up research ideas.

An intuitionistic fuzzy linear mathematical model to determine the hybrid manufacturing system’s optimal operation condition

The recycling of the used products collected by the manufacturing companies for recycling from their customers and their inclusion in the production system for remanufacturing has become an essential topic regarding sustainable production systems. Using parts and equipment in the remanufacturing system, especially in electronic products and products in the automotive sector, is preferred because of the opportunities to reduce costs and increase energy and workforce efficiency. In this article, we analyzed the management of a hybrid production system that processes new or returned materials in the manufacturing system. An intuitionistic fuzzy linear mathematical model is developed to demonstrate financial benefit and make decisions about using used parts in remanufacturing systems. Our study contributes to the literature by first adapting the magnitude function to the hybrid manufacturing and remanufacturing process optimization problem. Also, the innovative scope of the paper is expanded by applying IVITFN to the remanufacturing process optimization problem for the first time using comparative analysis. We consider relevant costs, the uncertainty about the number of returned products, demand, unit costs and unit production times, and capacity limitation in determining the optimal operation condition. The proposed model results show smaller cost values against other models in the literature.

MODEL PERSEDIAAN PADA SUPPLY CHAIN DENGAN MEMPERTIMBANGKAN EMISI KARBON DAN PERMINTAAN YANG BERGANTUNG PADA HARGA JUAL PRODUK

Emission from manufacturing contributes greatly to the increasing og greenhouse gas pollution. One of the activity in manufacturing is the supply chain. To deal with the risk of carbon emission, it is necessary to carry out green supply chain management, which is by implementing hybrid production, by regular production and green production. A company needs to consider the tradeoff between the use of green technology and the benefits that will be obtained. This research was conducted to form a supply chain inventory model by considering carbon policies and productselling price to maximize the joint total profit. The development of this model is carried by set the assumptions, formulating models, and gave the numerical examples by using secondary data. We used algorithm from the formulation model to find the optimal solution. The research is continued with a sensitivity analysis of the proposed scenarios by changing some of the parameter. This sensitivity analysis can be used as a consideration for a manager in making decisions according to those scenarios. The results of this study are the addition of green production facility is proven to reduce carbon emission by considering product selling price, lot size, number of shipping, and safety factor.

Effect of planting dates on growth and productivity of cucumber hybrids under the conditions of Minia Governorate

Effect of planting dates on growth and productivity of cucumber hybrids under the conditions of Minia Governorate

Distribution, Diversity, and Soil Associations of Wine Grape Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Georgia, U.S.A., Vineyards.

Wine grape (Vitis vinifera and V. vinifera hybrids) production in Georgia occurs in three distinct regions (North, West, and South) which can be characterized by sandy, sandy-loam, or sandy clay-loam soils. We studied plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) communities in 15 wine grape vineyards from the three primary growing regions to understand which nematodes are a concern and what soil characteristics are associated with their occurrence and relative abundance. Twelve genera of PPNs were detected throughout the state: Belonolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Paratrichodorus, Paratylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, and Xiphinema. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination and multirank permutation procedure identified PPN community differences and soil characteristics that were associated by region. Indicator species analysis identified Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema, Tylenchorhynchus, and Xiphinema as statistically associated with the West while Meloidogyne and Paratrichodorus were associated with the South. Our analyses further suggested that soil texture (percent sand, percent clay, and percent silt) and the lime buffer capacity at equilibrium (LBCEQ) were associated with PPN community structure while pH was not. When focused on a single vineyard in the North, multiple logistic regression analysis suggested a statistically significant association between Meloidogyne spp. and soil characteristics, including percentages of sand, pH, and LBCEQ. Our study supports the association between soil characteristics and specific nematode genera, as well as the emergence of LBCEQ, the soil measurement with the strongest statistical association with nematode community structure and Meloidogyne presence.

Dermal Thickness Increase and Aesthetic Improvement with Hybrid Product Combining Hyaluronic Acid and Calcium Hydroxyapatite: A Clinical and Sonographic Analysis.

This was a single-center, prospective, quasi-experimental study comprising 15 participants between 32 and 63 years of age. Each participant received a single-session treatment based on facial subcutaneous injections of HArmonyCa, a hybrid combination filler comprising hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxyapatite. This study involved an intrapatient control design and a 120-day follow-up with clinical and sonographic assessment. For this purpose, standardized photographic images, high-frequency ultrasound evaluations, and physician- and patient-oriented overall aesthetic improvement scores were recorded at 0, 30, 90, and 120 following the procedure. According to our findings, 20% of the subjects had an exceptional improvement; 20%, "very improved"; and 60%, "improved." Intrapatient sonographic comparison showed a significant increase in dermal thickness, at 90 and 120 days, only on the side treated (P < 0.001). In our clinical study, a single-session treatment with a hybrid product combining hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxyapatite resulted in positive cosmetic satisfaction and increased dermal thickness.

Nutritional Improvement of Fresh Cheese with Microalga Chlorella vulgaris: Impact on Composition, Structure and Sensory Acceptance.

The production of foods fortified with bioactive ingredients has been recognized by food companies as a way to position their products in health food markets. The fortification of cheese represents a major challenge, due to the chemical and structural complexity of the cheese matrix, as well as the complexity of the biochemical reactions occurring during the fermentation and maturation processes. Microalgae are nutritious and sustainable food sources with important bioactive compounds such as proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, chlorophylls, carotenoids, vitamins and minerals. This work aims to study the impact of the 2 and 4 % microalga Chlorella vulgaris addition on the nutritional composition, bioactivity, structure and sensory profile of quark and cream cheese, both probiotic fermented products. Texture profile analysis and fundamental rheology measurements (oscillatory and stationary) were performed to evaluate the impact of C. vulgaris on the mechanical properties of the fresh cheese. The nutritional composition was evaluated using standard methods and bioactivity through the determination of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.1. C. vulgaris had an impact on the firmness of both cheeses. In general, the cheese with added C. vulgaris had a better nutritional profile, with an increase in protein content, content of Mg, P, S, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn, and better bioactivity with an increase in the antioxidant activity. Sensory testing results were promising, especially for cream cheese. The enrichment of traditional foods such as fresh cheese with microalgae represents an interesting strategy to develop hybrid products (with protein from animal and vegetable sources), obtain innovative and more sustainable products, and improve their nutritional profile in terms of protein and mineral content and bioactivity.

Study on Improving the Processing Efficiency of Mixing Production Line

In order to improve the processing efficiency of the mixing production line and enhance product competitiveness, lean Six Sigma method is adopted to solve the faults that affect the output efficiency of the mixing production line according to the DMAIC path, which can assist workers to increase the average daily output of product processing from 1.3 to 2.6 units. Lean Six Sigma method can deeply analyze the production faults of the hybrid production line and effectively solve the problem of product production efficiency.

Lawsonia inermis Linn: A breakthrough in cosmeceuticals

Herbal cosmetics are formulated using different cosmetic ingredients to form the base in which one or more herbal ingredients are used to cure various skin ailments. The name suggests that herbal cosmetics are natural and free from all the harmful synthetic chemicals that otherwise may be toxic to the skin. Compared to other beauty products, natural cosmetics are safe to use. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic-pharmaceutical hybrid products intended to improve the health and beauty of the skin by providing a specific result. There are numerous herbs available naturally that have different uses in cosmetic preparations for skincare, hair care, and as antioxidants. The current study included a review and authentication of the various aspects of the plant Lawsonia inermis. L. inermis, commonly known as henna. It has been cultivated for thousands of years for its leaves, which contain a natural dye molecule called lawsone that is commonly used to dye hair, skin, and fabrics. Henna has a long history of use in traditional medicine, where it has been used to treat a variety of ailments. In addition to its medicinal and cosmetic uses, henna has cultural and religious significance in many parts of the world and is commonly used to decorate the skin for weddings, festivals, and other special occasions. Because of these therapeutic properties, the L. inermis plant can be used as a medicine against a wide range of pathogenic organisms and diseases. This review covers the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and traditional uses of the plant.

Chemical emasculation in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and dicotyledonous model species using trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TFMSA)

Hybridization plays an indispensable role in creating the diversity associated with plant evolution and genetic improvement of crops. Production of hybrids requires control of pollination and avoidance of self-pollination for species that are predominantly autogamous. Hand emasculation, male sterility genes or male gametocides have been used in several plant species to induce pollen sterility. However, in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a self-pollinated cleistogamous dryland crop, only hand emasculation is used, but it is tedious and time-consuming. In this study, male sterility was effectively induced in cowpea and two dicotyledonous model species (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and Nicotiana benthamiana Domin) using trifluoromethanesulfonamide (TFMSA). Pollen viability assays using Alexander staining showed that 30 ml of 1000 mg/l TFMSA with two-time treatments of one-week interval at the early stage of the reproductive phase under field or greenhouse conditions induced 99% pollen sterility in cowpea. TFMSA treatment induced non-functional pollen in diploid A. thaliana at two-time treatment of 10 ml of 125–250 mg/l per plant and N. benthamiana at two-time treatment of 10 ml of 250–1000 mg/l per plant. TFMSA-treated cowpea plants produced hybrid seeds when used as the female parent in crosses with non-treated plants used as male parents, suggesting that TFMSA had no effect on female functionality in cowpea. The ease of TFMSA treatment and its effectiveness to induce pollen sterility in a wide range of cowpea genotypes, and in the two model plant species tested in this study, may expand the scope of techniques for rapid pollination control in self-pollinated species, with potential applications in plant breeding and plant reproduction science.

Hybrid channel structure and product quality distribution strategy for online retail platform.

Currently, platforms (such as Amazon.com and JD.com) are gradually transitioning from pure resellers to platforms providing hybrid channel structures. In a hybrid channel, the reselling channel and the agency channel on the platform are simultaneously used. Therefore, according to the agent who sells through the agency channel (manufacturer or third-party retailer), two kinds of hybrid channel structurers can be selected by the platform. At the same time, due to the intense competition caused by the hybrid channel structure, platforms take the initiative to implement the product quality distribution strategy in which different quality products are sold through various retailing channels. Thus, from the perspective of platforms, how to coordinate the selection of hybrid channel structures and the implementation of the product quality distribution strategy is a significant issue that has been overlooked in existing literature. This paper proposes game-theoretic models to investigate whether a platform should choose "which" hybrid channel structure to use and decide "whether" to adopt the product quality distribution strategy. Our analysis shows that the game equilibrium is affected by the commission rate, the product differentiation level, and the production cost. More specifically, first, it is interestingly found that if the product differentiation level exceeds a particular threshold, the product quality distribution strategy can negatively influence the retailer to abandon the hybrid retailing mode. In contrast, the manufacturer continues to sell through the agency channel as a part of the product distribution plan. Second, regardless of the channel configuration, we find that the platform chooses to increase the order quantity with the help of the product distribution plan. Third, contrary to popular belief, the product quality distribution strategy can only benefit the platform when the third-party retailer participates in hybrid retailing with a suitable commission rate and product differentiation level. Fourth, the platform should make decisions on the above two strategies concurrently; otherwise, agency sellers (manufacturer or third-party retailer) will oppose the product quality distribution strategy. Our key findings can assist stakeholders in making strategic decisions about hybrid retailing modes and product distribution.

Enhancing Drought Tolerance and Water Productivity of Diverse Maize Hybrids (Zea mays) Using Exogenously Applied Biostimulants under Varying Irrigation Levels

Water deficit is a decisive challenge that tremendously affects maize physiological functions and productivity. Hence, it is crucial to ameliorate its tolerance to drought stress, in particular under abrupt climate change and a growing population. The present study aimed to explore the influence of exogenously sprayed moringa seed extract (Moringa oleifera) and α-tocopherol on physio-biochemical, morphological, and yield attributes of six diverse maize hybrids under three irrigation levels in poor-fertility sandy soil. The applied irrigation regimes were based on estimated crop evapotranspiration (ET) using the FAO Penman–Monteith equation. A split–split plot arrangement with a randomized complete block design and three replicates was applied for different treatments. Irrigation levels (100% ET, 75% ET and 50% ET) were established in the main plots, while foliar applications (moringa extract and α-tocopherol) were located in subplots and the assessed hybrids (SC162, SC166, SC167, SC168, SC176, and SC178) in subsubplots. Mild (75% ET) and severe (50% ET) drought stress gradually reduced the gas exchange, photosynthetic efficiency, water relations, and yield traits compared with well-watered conditions (100% ET). However, foliar application of moringa seed extract or α-tocopherol was effective in reinforcing maize tolerance to drought stress by enhancing the accumulation of osmoprotectants, improving antioxidant enzymes, and decreasing levels of peroxidation of membrane lipids and electrolyte leakage compared to untreated control. These positive impacts were reflected in boosting yield traits and crop water productivity under water deficit conditions. The physiological and agronomic performance of the assessed maize hybrids considerably varied under water deficit conditions. The hybrids SC168, SC176, and SC178 exhibited the best performance under mild and severe drought conditions compared with the other hybrids. Consequently, the integration of exogenously applied moringa seed extract or α-tocopherol with tolerant maize hybrids such as SC168, SC176, and SC178 is an efficient approach to ameliorating drought tolerance under water-scarce conditions in arid environments.

PRODUCTIVITY OF CORN HYBRIDS DEPENDS ON GROWING TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS

The main methods of growing new corn hybrids of different maturity groups in the forest-steppe remain insufficiently studied, and there are also few studies on the development and adaptation to specific soil and climatic conditions of integral technological systems, which would be based on the use of the biological potential of the culture and the application of resource-saving measures; to scientifically justify the principles of hybrid selection for specific subzones of the Forest Steppe and to theoretically argue the directions of resource saving in varietal technologies for growing different biotypes. The article presents the results of studies on the influence of sowing dates on the grain productivity of various corn hybrids in the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. Research has established that sowing dates affect the passage of phenological phases in corn. Late sowing times contribute to the shortening of the growing season and grain ripening period. The vegetation period of corn hybrids at the early sowing period varied between 117-134 days, medium - 115-136 days, and late - 113-132 days. A delay in sowing corn hybrids led to a decrease in yield, but this trend was not followed for all studied hybrids. So, in particular, in hybrid P 9619, early sowing led to a decrease in productivity. Therefore, it must be sown later in order to obtain high productivity. On the basis of two-year observations, it was established that the highest grain yield was formed on variants with mid-early hybrids: P 8904 – 15,1 t/ha, 10,7 and 13,4 t/ha; P 8666 – 14,5 t/ha, 12,6 and 13.0 t/ha, respectively, when sowing in the early, middle and late season. The realization of the genetic potential of its productivity in the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine depends on the selection of a corn hybrid of a certain maturity group with the available zoning and sowing dates.

Видеоклип как форма интерпретации поэтического текста

This article introduces the phenomenon of videopoetry as a hybrid product of mass media whose popularity is based on intermediality, i.e., the cumulative effect on different perception channels. Videopoetry is a productive form of verbal creativity in the contemporary media culture with its active reception of art. The research featured poems by W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot, and W. H. Auden presented as videos and the way they respond to someone else's poetic word. The authors analyzed 15 videos by comparing the original text and the video sequence in line with the method developed by N. V. Barkovskaya and A. A. Zhitenev. The analysis revealed several options for relaying a poetic work as a music video. Three videos provided a direct illustration of the source text, suggesting a complete or partial visual duplication of the original poetic imagery. Five videos offered an indirect illustration of the source text by using associative images in relation to the central images of the poem. Five videos gave a minimal illustration: the picture did not dominate the text of the poem, but its choice implied a certain interpretation. Two videos featured the video maker as a reciter. The video makers did not try to transform the poetic text but used the video sequence as a way to enter into a dialogue with the original poem or resorted to indirect illustration to generate occasional meanings. Thus, video makers keep the original text unchanged and see the video sequence and musical accompaniment as their responsibility but maintain a dialogue between the original text and its game reinterpretation.

Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of gynoecy trait in chieh-qua (Benincasa hispida Cogn. var. chieh-qua How).

Gynoecy demonstrates an earlier production of hybrids and a higher yield and improves the efficiency of hybrid seed production. Therefore, the utilization of gynoecy is beneficial for the genetic breeding of chieh-qua. However, little knowledge of gynoecious-related genes in chieh-qua has been reported until now. Here, we used an F2 population from the cross between the gynoecious line 'A36' and the monoecious line 'SX' for genetic mapping and revealed that chieh-qua gynoecy was regulated by a single recessive gene. We fine-mapped it into a 530-kb region flanked by the markers Indel-3 and KASP145 on Chr.8, which harbors eight candidate genes. One of the candidate genes, Bhi08G000345, encoding networked protein 4 (CqNET4), contained a non-synonymous SNP resulting in the amino acid substitution of isoleucine (ATA; I) to methionine (ATG; M). CqNET4 was prominently expressed in the female flower, and only three genes related to ethylene synthesis were significantly expressed between 'A36' and 'SX.' The results presented here provide support for the CqNET4 as the most likely candidate gene for chieh-qua gynoecy, which differed from the reported gynoecious genes.

Biopotential insights and structural chemistry of some zirconocene incorporated heterocyclic β-diketones and flexible N-protected α/β- amino acids

The interaction of zirconocene dichloride with the heterocyclic β-diketones (LH) and flexible N-protected α/ β-amino acids (AH) in the presence of triethylamine in 1:1:1:2 molar ratio in refluxing dry THF has been resulted in the formation of zirconocene complexes of the general formula (where R= -CH3, -CH2CH3, p-ClC6H4-, -C6H5 and CHR’ = -CH2CH2and R’ = CH(CH3)2). These newly generated zirconocene incorporated organic-inorganic hybrid products have been characterized by FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C) and mass spectrometry. Some of these complexes and their corresponding ligands have been tested for their antimicrobial activity to examine the biopotential activity-structure relationship.

The optimal vehicle product line strategy considering product information disclosure under government carbon regulation

As customers focus on information disclosure of new energy vehicles and automakers attach great importance to product line strategies under carbon regulation, we study the manufacturer's optimal product line strategy considering product information disclosure under the government's carbon regulation. This study contributes to the emerging vehicle product line area by investigating how manufacturers can establish reasonable vehicle product lines and the impact of different carbon regulation policies on product line strategies. Through comprehensive analyses, we find that the carbon tax rate and carbon trading price affect the revenue of different product lines of the manufacturer and the information disclosure level of products. Importantly, we find that if the valuation (market price) of fuel vehicles is low, manufacturers should adopt a single product line strategy. Conversely, if the valuation (market price) of fuel vehicles is high, manufacturers should adopt a hybrid product line strategy. Moreover, our analyses indicate that when the market valuation of new energy vehicles is high and the valuation of fuel vehicles is low, or when the market valuation of new energy vehicles is low and the valuation of fuel vehicles is moderate, manufacturers prefer to produce new energy vehicle to fuel vehicle. In terms of regret aversion strategies for product line design, our research reveals that a low carbon tax rate (carbon trading price) is beneficial to the fuel vehicle, while a high carbon tax rate(carbon trading price) and high information disclosure cost are beneficial to the revenue of new energy vehicle. Finally, we obtain the automakers’ preferences for carbon regulatory policies through manufacturers’ willingness to disclose information, tax rate and carbon trading price.