Production Of Artemia Research Articles

A Compact and Efficient Brine Shrimp Hatching Device.

Artemia is considered an indispensable live food for rearing many fish and crustacean larvae and can be used in toxicity tests as a safe, practical, and economical method. It is straightforward to create and manipulate; however, many cysts do not hatch as expected. A new device was used to hatch Artemia salina. The device includes a tubularshaped reservoir, lid with a central hole, heater with a thermostat, air compressor, three porous stones, funnel-shaped bottom, light source, collection valve, switch, and electrical outlet, which permits better control of temperature and aeration in a single apparatus. Different patent devices were used for comparative analysis. Hatched eggs of Artemia showed that the device was 97% efficient; in comparison, commercial and other devices hatched approximately less than 80% of the cysts. Although Artemia is an easy-to-handle animal, the device described here facilitates changes in the growth parameters and produces more nauplii larvae. This paper presents a new device that is effective, compact, and successful for hatching brine shrimp cysts, thereby improving Artemia production.

Agricultural wastes for brine shrimp Artemia production: A review

AbstractAn increasing global population has meant aquaculture, one of the fastest growing food industry sectors, faces significant sustainability challenges as it tries to address the rising global protein demand. In many sectors, production is underpinned by fishmeal as dietary ingredient, but this is a finite resource with competing users from the poultry and livestock industries. Alternatively, some (planktonic) aquatic species, especially brine shrimp Artemia, can be produced using agricultural waste to provide food or biomass to support increasing aquaculture demand. This review investigates research and production of Artemia using agricultural waste. Various systems used for Artemia production in inoculated ponds are analysed and discussed to provide options for environmentally sustainable food systems that can be applied from either an artisanal level in developing countries with a considerable labour force, or in intensive systems in countries with large volumes of under‐utilised resources, for example, sugar/alcohol‐based waste and inland saline areas. Using agricultural waste, single cell protein production in a separate aerobic digester can be a simple, continuous food source for Artemia to enable daily biomass harvest. This could then be used as a fishmeal replacement or possibly for human consumption to promote a circular economy by remediating waste to produce protein, like a food production mine.

The Use of Artemia for Aquaculture Industry: An Updated Overview

Abstract The increasing global population tends many sectors to overcome the food security issue; sustainable aquaculture is one of the systems that reveal the food problem in the world. The aquaculture industry is drastically increasing to offer the growing demand for this food type. The high mortalities threaten this sector during the first larval stages because of the low supplies of suitable feed for the fish larva. Artemia is vital for the aquaculture industry as it is the primary feed source for fish larvae; it is distinguished by its small size, food carrier characteristic, and off-the-shelf food feature. However, the principal source of artemia cysts has been affected by climate change, ultimately affecting artemia cyst production. Consequently, many areas worldwide try to produce artemia locally to satisfy the aquaculture rearing requirements. As a feed transmitter, artemia can be enriched with essential elements to feed the fish larvae; this method increases survivability, growth performance, and other growth indicators for many fish species. This review aimed to update the academia and stakeholders involved in artemia production in relation to the aquaculture industry. An updated overview of artemia production is also presented in the current review.

Characterization of Salt Quality from Artemia (Artemia franciscana) Cultured Water with Dunaliella salina as Natural Feed

The high demand for domestic salt cannot be achieved by local salt production from traditional salt and PT. Garam fluctuates every year. In addition, the quality of traditional salt is still low. This causes the need for domestic salt consumption to be met by imported salt. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative to meet the domestic salt demand, namely the revitalization of salt ponds for the development of mass Artemia cultivation that produces both Artemia production and biomass and produces salt in one location. In its natural habitat, Artemia uses microalgae as its main food source. The quality of microalgae feeds greatly determines the production of Artemia franciscana. The availability of nutrients is a factor that determines the rate of growth, so the amount and quality of feed are the main factors to meet the nutritional content for optimal development. Therefore, the salt production in this study used saltwater cultured Artemia with Dunaliella salina as a natural feed with a water age of 3rd,7th, and 14th days. This study aimed to determine the best age of Artemia water cultured with Dunaliella salina as a natural feed in salt production. The results showed that the different ages in Artemia water cultured with Dunaliella salina had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on salt characteristics. The best result was D7 which is salt from Artemia cultured water with Dunaliella salina as a natural feed with water age 7th day. Their respective values are 0.66a + 0.33 water content, 91.55 + 0.32 NaCl, 0.87 water-insoluble part, 0.39% + 0.01 Ca, and 1.25a + 0.05 Mg.

The influence of the buoyancy of artemia cysts and shells on the results of determining its quantity in the volumetric method

Artemia crustacean cysts occupy one of the most significant places among natural aquaculture feeds. For the production and sale of artemia (at the stage of cysts), it is necessary to standardize methods for assessing the quality of the product. One of the main qualitative characteristics of the biomass of artemia cysts is the number of empty shells. The purpose of this work was to study the accuracy of the volumetric method used in the calculation of empty shells in the biomass of cysts. The method is based on the flotation features of the shells and cysts of crustacean Artemia in fresh water (whole cysts sink to the bottom, and the shells float to the surface). The accuracy of the method was verified by direct shell counting. The data obtained showed a significant deviation of the results of the volumetric method from the direct calculation of the shell in most samples of biomass of cysts harvested on three large commercial lakes of Western Siberia. The detected error of the volumetric method is not systemic, since in half of the samples the volumetric method underestimates the mass of the shell in the biomass of cysts by 1.06–4.23 times, and in the other half it overestimates approximately the same ratio. When calculating the mass of the shell in 1000 kg of biomass of cysts, the error can range from 1.28 to 19.38 kg. The main reasons for the distortion of the results when using the volumetric method are that cysts can have positive buoyancy in fresh water, and empty shells in some cases sink to the bottom. The reason for positive buoyancy may be a change in the individual properties of cysts under the influence of various environmental factors. In laboratory studies, in order to determine the qualitative characteristics of the biomass of cysts, it is more appropriate to use the method of direct shell counting.

Culturing live foods for fish larviculture using non‐microalgal diet: The role of waste‐generated bacteria and selected commercial probiotics—A review

AbstractCondensed suspension of live microalga cells, for example, Chlorella vulgaris, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis tetrathele is often utilized as diets for mass production of live food resources, that is, rotifers, copepods, cladocerans and Artemia. These live food resources are essential for fish larviculture in hatcheries. However, the production of sufficient microalgae is costly, laborious and fragile, and thus require cost‐effective and stable production technologies, especially for the emerging countries. Studies have shown that locally available biowastes such as fish wastes and chicken manure provide substrates for generating billions of heterotrophic bacterial cells and microparticles as well as growth hormones, which can be used in propagating live food resources. The fish wastes contain essential nutrients that are important for the growth of both live foods and fish larvae. With single feeding of fish wastes, the culture condition of live foods may become unstable, and thus bacterial isolates and selected probiotics, for example, genus Pseudomonas, Moraxella and Micrococcus are needed to stabilize the culture conditions to increase reproduction capacity of the cultured live foods. This article consolidates the results and conclusions of our recent studies on the culture of live food resources, that is, Proales similis de Beauchamp, Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff, Tigriopus japonicus Mori and Diaphanosoma celebensis Stingelin, using waste‐generated bacteria from fish waste diet (FWD) and selected probiotics. The non‐algal materials reviewed in this article are important to ensure constant supply of cheap live foods to improve aquaculture, especially in the developing countries, which lack sophisticated technology for production of high‐density microalgae.

Experimental studies to increase the natural resources of brine shrimp Artemia in hyperhaline reservoirs

A brief analysis of the available technologies for growing Artemia in the world and in Russia is given in the paper. The conditions for production of Artemia in natural reservoirs with a local Artemia population are shown. The results of laboratory experiments on reducing the incubation time of cysts to 2-23 hours (instead of the standard 24-48 hours) and the inoculation of nauplii and non-hatched cysts into the brine of natural lakes with salinity of 101, 125, 225 and 333‰ are given in details. The following indicators are analyzed: the rate of hatching during incubation, the rate of hydration of cysts during incubation and dehydration in brine; the survival rate of nauplii in brine, the possibility of hatching nauplii from cysts in brine with different salinity. The results of long-term observations of the survival of Artemia crustaceans in the brine of the lake in the absence of feeding are also presented. It is possible to reduce the incubation time to 6-20 hours is concluded in the paper. The dependence of the duration of incubation of cysts on the temperature, quality of cysts and salinity of natural brine was noted. To determine the optimal incubation time of cysts the formulas for calculating T90 according to the temperature and salinity of brine for cysts of different quality are given.

Use, Production and Existence of Local Artemia Resources in Uganda and Africa: A Review

The research was funded by National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) of Uganda. Abstract This study was aimed at reporting the existing Artemia habitats, its use and production in Uganda and Africa as a continent. In light of the great importance of Artemia as a starter feed in the aquaculture industry, its current shortage in supply, the need for commercial exploitation of local Artemia resources and development of new Artemia resources. Over 50 peer reviewed journal articles were reviewed to provide an understanding of the current status of Artemia use, production and existence of local existing Artemia resources in Uganda and Africa as continent. The study revealed neither local occurring Artemia resources nor commercial Artemia production is currently existent in Uganda, with its use mainly restricted to a few existing commercial hatcheries. Generally Artemia use in Africa is mainly restricted to the few commercial fish hatcheries. Literatures points to North African countries boarding the Mediterranean to be leading in the number of Artemia sites and production in Africa. Keywords : Artemia habitats, Hypersaline lakes, Aquaculture DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-18-04 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Hatchability of Selected Commercial Artemia Strains Using Waters from Selected Saline Crater Lakes of Western Uganda

The research was funded by National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) of Uganda. Abstract Hatchability of Artemia strains; Artemia franciscana from Great Salt Lake (GSL), A. franciscana from salt ponds in Vin Chao (VC), Chinese strain (Chinese), TUZ Parthenogetic Artemia from Kazakhstan (TUZ) and Parthenogenetic Artemia strain from Siberia (PAS) was examined using waters from lakes Katwe, Mururmuri, Bunyampaka, Bagusa and Maseche. The study purpose was to identify the best performing Artemia strain as well as the best suited saline crater lakes in Western Uganda for Artemia production based on hatchability. Artemia cysts were hatched under conditions described by Van Stappen (1996) in fabricated Artemia hatching cones at a salinity of 40ppm, temperature of 27±2°C, and light of 2000lux. Hatchability was monitored after 24hour and 48hour of incubation. Artemia franciscana (VC) had significantly higher hatching percentage than all tested strains (P-value <0.05). Lakes Katwe, Bunyampaka and Maseche waters presented the highest hatching percentages therefore are best suited for Artemia production. Keywords : Artemia , Hatching percentage, saline crater lakes DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-18-05 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

Effects of Salinity on Microbialite‐Associated Production in Great Salt Lake, Utah

Organosedimentary structures (microbialites) cover ~20% of the south arm of the hypersaline Great Salt Lake (GSL). Photosynthetic microbial mats associated with microbialites support secondary production in GSL, including that of brine shrimp (Artemia). However, the effects of predicted increases in lake salinity on the primary and secondary production of microbialites and Artemia, respectively, are not known. Here, we show that salinities >20% significantly influenced microbialite microbial community composition, abundance, and productivity and Artemia survivability. Results indicate that increased salinity affects primary and secondary production, which could have negative effects on higher ecological compartments dependent on these species, including migratory birds. Photo credit: Melody Lindsay. Photo credit: Melody Lindsay. Photo credit: Melody Lindsay. Photo credit: Melody Lindsay. These photographs illustrate the article “Effects of salinity on microbialite-associated production in Great Salt Lake, Utah” by Melody R. Lindsay, Rachel E. Johnston, Bonnie K. Baxter, and Eric S. Boyd published in Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2611

Artemia feeds: a review of brine shrimp production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

AbstractSeasonal Artemia pond production has been practiced for several decades by rural salt producing communities in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, with more success than elsewhere in the world. In spite of this success, yields have been stagnating for a long time due to suboptimal feeding conditions. As feeding is one of the most important factors affecting Artemia production, the aim of this article was to review the studies that have been done so far on the development and application of appropriate Artemia feeds and feeding protocols in this area. So far, there are three main approaches. Traditionally, phytoplankton blooming is stimulated by the use of fertilizers in so‐called fertilization ponds. This green water is supplemented by the use of cheap agriculture waste products and chicken manure, directly applied in Artemia ponds. As this technique, however, often results in suboptimal feeding levels and comes with high nutrient charges in pond effluents, recently a formulated feed has been developed specifically for Artemia pond production which allows further increasing production levels. Finally, also the biofloc technology can be applied in Artemia culture by adding tapioca flour or molasses as carbon source to obtain the ratio C/N ≥ 10 in order to stimulate biofloc development as feed for Artemia in ponds. The limitations of the above techniques are discussed. It is envisaged that the future success and further expansion of Artemia pond production, also outside Vietnam, will increasingly be determined by a flexible use of a combination of these techniques.

The Brine Shrimp Artemia Survives in Diluted Water of Lake Bunyampaka, an Inland Saline Lake in Uganda

Ugandan aquaculture is in the process of development; however, it requires access to an affordable live food source, such as brine shrimp Artemia. This study fits within a broader feasibility study of domestic Artemia production in salt lakes. Since Uganda is a landlocked country, the only opportunity for live water food sources lies in the salt lakes in the west of the country. This study used saline water from one of these lakes, Lake Bunyampaka (salinity 72 mg L−1). Two Artemia strains, i.e., the Great Salt Lake strain, which is the dominant strain on the market, and the Vinh Chau strain, which is by far the most inoculated strain in the world, were assayed for their survival, growth, and reproduction in diluted Lake Bunyampaka water, using natural seawater as control. The organisms were fed live freshly cultured microalgae Tetraselmis suecica ad libitum. Our study revealed that the Vinh Chau strain performed especially well in Lake Bunyampaka water diluted to 50 g L−1. The data presented in this study generate the first useful information for the future inoculation of Artemia in Lake Bunyampaka in Uganda, and hence domestic Artemia production in the country; however, further larger-scale laboratory work, followed by field trials, is still needed.

Ongrowing and enhancement of n-3 HUFA profile in adult Artemia: short- vs long-time enrichment

The use of adult Artemia is uncommon in aquaculture and limited to feeding adults of species not accepting inert diets. The aim of the present study was the development of a standardized technique for adult Artemia production in small volumes (25–100 L), and the assessment of ongrowing and enrichment diets for enhancement of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content. We firstly assessed the effect of initial nauplii density (1, 2, and 3 nauplii mL−1) and food dose (x1, x2, and x3 quantities of mixed Tisochrysis lutea, Spirulina, and Prolon) for production of Artemia. Intermediate nauplii densities and food doses yielded the best overall results (44–46% survival; 5.6–5.9-mm length; 365–456 μg Artemia −1). Secondly, four diets (mixtures of Tisochrysis lutea, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., Prolon, and Red Pepper) were tested for ongrowing. Ten short-time enrichments (STEs; 30 h) and a long-time enrichment (LTE; 9 days) were also assayed for n-3 HUFA (Highly unsaturated fatty acids) enhancement. The improvement in n-3 HUFA was rather limited in STE. However, LTE on a mixture of P. tricornutum, Prolon, and Red Pepper (regardless of further STE) in ongrowing Artemia yielded the highest contents in total fatty acids and in 20:4n-6 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3, and 22:6n-3. The quality of LTE Artemia was based on an equilibrated dietary source of protein (Spirulina), 20:5n-3 (P. tricornutum), and 22:6n-3 (Red Pepper). STE Artemia had a quality similar or even higher than that of captured zooplankton, and its use in our laboratory for the feeding of seahorses significantly enhanced breeding and newborn quality.

Influence of Chemical Parameters on Artemia sp. (Crustacea: Anostraca) Population in Al Wathba Lake in the Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE

Long term monitoring programme on Brine shrimp ( Artemia sp.) is being carried out by the Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (EAD) with the prime purpose of understanding the population dynamics, ecology and habitat requirements of Artemia at Al Wathba Lake, situated within Al Wathba Wetland Reserve, which is an artificial wetland near Abu Dhabi City. The present study, being a component of this programme, intends to understand the influence of chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia and total organic carbon on Artemia biomass and cyst production at different sites of the Al Wathba Lake. The study was carried out by sampling lake water quarterly for a period of 5 years from 2010 to 2014. The Artemia population was found to have direct impact of the above mentioned parameters on its abundance. The abundance was highest during the year 2010. Further, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrate and cadmium were found to be the most crucial parameters for production of Artemia . The study further aimed to determine the significant relationship between physico-chemical parameters and Artemia sp. population dynamics and cyst production.

Carbon supplementation and microbial management to stimulate artemia biomass production in hypersaline culture conditions

Two Artemia culture experiments were conducted in a zero water exchange system at salinity 80 g L−1. In Experiment I, different carbon sources including molasses, glucose, sucrose and corn flour were given to supplement suboptimal feeding with the microalgae Dunaliella viridis, whereas the control was fed only D. viridis. In Experiment II, molasses was supplemented to the culture medium, as well as the bacteria Alkalibacterium sp. or the archaea Halobacterium sp., isolated from the brine in the local saltponds. The control groups were fed only with D. viridis or with D. viridis and molasses. Our study shows that in laboratory culture biofloc development can be stimulated under hypersaline conditions. Supplementation of carbon sources, bacteria and archaea benefited biofloc development, water quality in terms of nitrogen load and enhanced Artemia production. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis on the bioflocs also indicates an increased biodiversity and richness of the microbial community in the culture medium. These results need to be confirmed for large scale Artemia pond production, in which case, we recommend molasses as carbon source.

Yield and Economic Efficiency of Green Water in Combination with Supplemental Feeds for Artemia Production in Vietnamese Salt Ponds

We evaluated the combined effects of different green water sources and feed supplements on Artemia biomass production and economic efficiency. A two-factor experiment was set up with two green water types produced from the ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus (N:P = 5 and N:P = 10) in combination with two types of supplemental feed (rice bran or pig manure). After 12 weeks of culture, total Artemia biomass yield with the N:P = 5 treatment (2.29 ton ha−1 crop−1) was 14% higher than that with the N:P = 10 treatment (1.97 ton ha−1 crop−1), although this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). There was no significant interaction between green water and supplemental feeding treatments for the final yield of Artemia biomass. Comparative cost-benefit analysis showed that the treatment of N:P = 5 combined with pig manure attained a significantly higher net profit and cost/benefit ratio than the other treatments.

Studies on the Algal Distribution in Various Salt-Pans of Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India

Aquaculture is a popular food producing sector with the target of farming useful organisms in water for food production. Microalgae are one of the many organisms cultured as live feed recently in India. Majority of the algal species can adopt themselves physiologically to a very wide range of salinity. Algae are efficient bio accumulators of inorganic nutrients. Microalgae grow efficiently in a medium having a variety of substances and nutrients in low concentrations instead of a single nutrient in high concentration. Recently, the utilization of saltworks for the production of artemia has increased considerably as it is an indispensable source of food for a number of fish and shrimp larvae. Salt-pans have a ruling temperature of around 24° to 35°C and a temperature of 25° to 30°C is sufficiently favoured to have an increase in biomass content of microalgae. The high nutritive value and adaptability to various environment with a wide range of pH, nutrients and other physical conditions make the microalgae an ideal feed in marine aquaculture enterprise and also a supplement item in human and animal nutrition. The cultivation of these algae with a proper scientific know-how, will improve not only the hatchery need of culture of fishes and shrimps, but also develop the socio-economic status of the coastal people. So, a study was conducted and it unfolds the distribution of algae in different stages of various salt-pans.

An Overview of Kenyan Aquaculture: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities for Future Development

The Kenyan aquaculture sector is broadly categorized into freshwater aquaculture and mariculture. Whereas freshwater aquaculture has recorded significant progress over the last decade, the mariculture sector has yet to be fully exploited. The Kenyan aquaculture industry has seen slow growth for decades until recently, when the government-funded Economic Stimulus Program increased fish farming nationwide. Thus far, the program has facilitated the alleviation of poverty, spurred regional development, and led to increased commercial thinking among Kenyan fish farmers. Indeed, national aquaculture production grew from 1,000 MT/y in 2000 (equivalent to 1% of national fish production) to 12,000 MT/y, representing 7% of the national harvest, in 2010. The production is projected to hit 20,000 MT/y, representing 10% of total production and valued at USD 22.5 million over the next 5 years. The dominant aquaculture systems in Kenya include earthen and lined ponds, dams, and tanks distributed across the country. The most commonly farmed fish species are Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, which accounts for about 75% of production, followed by African catfish Clarias gariepinus, which contributes about 21% of aquaculture production. Other species include common carp Cyprinus carpio, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, koi carp Cyprinus carpio carpio, and goldfish Carassius auratus. Recently, Kenyan researchers have begun culturing native fish species such as Labeo victorianus and Labeo cylindricus at the National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Centre in Sagana. Apart from limited knowledge of modern aquaculture technology, the Kenyan aquaculture sector still suffers from an inadequate supply of certified quality seed fish and feed, incomprehensive aquaculture policy, and low funding for research. Glaring opportunities in the Kenyan aquaculture industry include the production of live fish food, e.g., Artemia, daphnia and rotifers, marine fish and shellfish larviculture; seaweed farming; cage culture; integrated fish farming; culture of indigenous fish species; and investment in the fish feed industry.

The Great Salt Lake Ecosystem (Utah, USA): long term data and a structural equation approach: Comment

The Great Salt Lake Ecosystem (Utah, USA): long term data and a structural equation approach: Comment

Studi Penggunaan Mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) terhadap kelulushidupan dan Pertumbuhan Artemia

Artemia is the most enthused nature feed in the fish and crustaceans hatchery operations, which causing the increase of Artemia’s demand and the prices. Hence, we need to develop the Artemia production through aquaculture. The first larvae development are the crucial time which causes a big risk of death and the feed compositions still contain many harmful bacteria that can reduce the production of Artemia. By giving MOS for Artemia, can be expected to reduce mortality rates and accelerate the growth. The purpose of this research is to investigate the percentage of using MOS against the survival rate and growth of Artemia. The additional feeding treatments were 0% (A), 1% (B), 3% (C), and 5% (D) of MOS added to the amount of phytoplankton. ANOVA is used for analysing the data, then continued with Polinomial Ortogonal test. The Results showed that different treatment significantly different to the survival rate and growth of Artemia. The best survival rate (39,50%) was from the C treatment, indicated by the high weight (753,37 μg), and longest growth length (9,0 mm). Water quality during the research is still in a decent range for the life of Artemia. This research can be concluded thah the best percentage of MOS given for bast survival rate growth by weight and length were 4,1%, 3,7% and 3,6% respectively.