Production History Research Articles

Folklore opera “The Steppe” in the perception of the contemporaries

This work continues a series of articles about the composer Anton Eichenwald, published in the “Tatarica” Journal in 2022-2023: “Symphony Concert of Oriental Music in Kazan in 1923” (2022, No. 1), “Concerts of Oriental Music” in Paris (2022, No. 2), “Anton Eichenwald and the Kazan Cabinet of Musical Folklore” (2023, No. 1). Based on the archival materials, our study systematizes information on the history of creation and production of his opera “The Steppe”. We prove that the composer A. Eichenwald undertook this work in order to give a new life to his arrangements of Tatar folk songs.

QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER CONING AND BREAKTHROUGH TIME PREDICTION ON ZNC FIELD

Given the current public need for oil and gas as a primary energy, all oil and gas companies need to increase production to meet this demand. One of the things companies usually do to achieve this is to evaluate and analyze the productivity of each well. Of course, production decreases from time to time, so the company must try to increase its production. One of the reasons for the decline in oil production from the ZNC-1 well in the ZNC Field is the production of excessive water content. There are several factors that cause excessive water content in oil wells, and this is called water coning. The method used to determine the occurrence of the water cone problem requires qualitative and quantitative analysis. In using qualitative analysis, two analyzes were carried out, including an analysis of the production history of the well and an analysis of the Chan Diagnostic Plot showing bottom-water coning problems with late-time channeling. Meanwhile, based on the quantitative results, the critical flow rate of the ZNC-1 well calculated using the Bornazel and Jeanson method is 167 STB/D. With these results, the value of the critical flow discharge is greater than the actual discharge, which is 291.3 STB/D. Thus it can be ascertained that there has been water coning in the ZNC-1 well. After that, the breakthrough time obtained by the Bournazel and Jeanson method was 361.3 days.

The Empire Symphony Film: Fascist Documentary, Infrastructure, and the Avant-Garde

The article focuses on Corrado D’Errico’s The Path of Our Heroes (Il cammino degli eroi), a 1936 compilation documentary comprising footage shot by the Istituto Luce’s East Africa Film Unit operators. By reconstructing the production history of the film, it draws attention to the integration of cinema into the Second Italian-Ethiopian war (and later the empire) and the influence of cinematic and artistic avant-gardes in the making of the imperial documentary. Through a formal analysis, the essay proposes the notion of “empire symphony film” to examine how the film strives to render visible, while being fully integrated to, the infrastructure of the empire. In doing so, it invites a reconsideration of 1930s Italian documentary cinema in light of the reconfiguration of militancy, film culture, and aesthetics prompted by the Ethiopian war.

The mechanism analysis on the farmers’ motivation of using the quality traceability system based on TAM-ECM model

The quality traceability system for agricultural product plays an important role in tracing the production history or flow of agricultural products in China. At present, the quality traceability system is facing the problem of limited coverage and promotion. Understanding the continuous usage behavior of users can help solve this problem. This study constructed a model integrating TAM-ECM to analyze the mechanisms affecting the continuous usage intention and behavior of users of the quality traceability system, using PLS analysis method and survey data from 197 users of the GanNan navel orange quality traceability system with a usage time of up to two years. The results show that both satisfaction and usage habits directly promote the continuous usage of the quality traceability system. Lowering transaction costs significantly improves perceived value and satisfaction, and has a greater direct impact on satisfaction. Expectation confirmation level has a positive effect on perceived value, and lowering transaction costs also enhances perceived value. Perceived value、transaction cost, and satisfaction are important factors driving the continuous usage of the quality traceability system by users. The research findings provide a reference basis for the government to develop policies to attract users to use the quality traceability system for agricultural product.

Socioeconomic factors influencing the uptake of tissue culture banana technology in Kisii County, Kenya

Many nations have worked hard over the years to provide food security for there entire country, albeit with various degrees of success. The intensification of agriculture has been significant in order to feed the growing population. The banana tissue culture technology is one of the technologies used to aid the process of agricultural intensification. Due to its long history of food production, including the cultivation of bananas, the Kisii region is a significant contributor to Kenya's food security. However, because of issues brought on by social and economic considerations, the region's food output has been declining. Despite efforts to distribute this technology to small-scale farmers, majority of research studies in Kisii County show poor rates of technology adoption. The objective of this study was to examine the socioeconomic factors affecting implementing tissue culture bananas in Kisii County. The research used a descriptive study design. Two hundred respondents were chosen at random from the sample to participate in the study. Survey forms, interview schedules, and observation checklists were used for data collection. The means between adoption categories were declared at p < 0.05 in t-tests between tissue culture banana adoption and numerical factors. Chi-square tests were performed between adoption and categorical factors, and p < 0.05 was used to determine whether there were significant connections between the variables. The study adopted a logistic regression model with maximum likelihood estimation to calculate the likelihood that farmers will adopt tissue culture bananas as impacted by various socioeconomic factors. Results showed that the availability of extension services (p = 0.000), cost of seedlings (p = 0.000, x2=79.1), ability to purchase land (p = 0.006, x2=16.3), access to financing (p = 0.007, x2=7.468), education level (p = 0.015), ability to afford seedlings (p = 0.000, x2=17.6), labour availability (p = 0.005, x2=10.735), availability of farm inputs (p = 0.000, x2=35.9) and the size of household (p = 0.05, Std=1.8) were significant to tissue culture banana adoption. Socio-economic factors ought to be taken into account in order to assist a number of stakeholders in boosting banana output and enhancing food security.

Changing the land use from degraded pasture into integrated farming systems enhance soil carbon stocks in the Cerrado biome

Integrated agricultural production systems can increase soil organic carbon stocks over time and contribute to the mitigation of climate change. The present study aimed to evaluate soil carbon stocks, accumulation rates (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and the quality of soil organic matter (SOM) after the transition of a low-productivity pasture into agrosilvopastoral systems in the Cerrado biome. We evaluated an 11-year-old experiment, and the treatments studied were: Eucalyptus + buffel grass; Eucalyptus + cowpea; Eucalyptus + pigeon pea; eucalyptus + buffel grass + cowpea; Eucalyptus + buffel grass + pigeon pea; Eucalyptus in monoculture (with a 20 × 3 m tree arrangement and no cultivation between rows but with a history of forage and grain crop production); and a low-productivity pasture as additional treatment and reference to the soil condition previously the land-use change. In this study, TOC and TN stocks and accumulation, labile (LC) and non-labile carbon (NLC), and SOM humic fractions were evaluated at 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, and 0-40 cm depth layers. Integrated farming systems have increased TOC and TN, NLC, carbon contents and stocks in SOM chemical fractions in all depths and TOC and TN accumulation of 5.22 Mg ha-1 year-1 and 0.23 Mg ha-1 year-1, respectively, at the 0-40 cm depth layer. The integration of Eucalyptus with legumes or buffel grass increased the LC content in the surface layer of the soil. The transition from low-productivity pasture into integrated farming systems can promote the recovery of SOM and soil quality. Hence, our results suggest that agrosilvopastoral systems can be used as sustainable farming systems in the Cerrado biome.

Sedimentary record of microplastics in coastal wetland, eastern China

Microplastic (MP) dynamics can reflect history of plastic production and waste management in nearby areas. However, the stratigraphy of MPs in coastal wetlands and their link to policy and economic pattern changes are currently unclear. Here, MP stratigraphic records in sediment core from coastal wetlands in Yancheng, China, were used to reconstruct plastic pollution history. Neural network models simulated how policy intervention and economic development affected MP accumulation over time. We showed that MP abundance curves with boundaries from 1920 to 2019 had four stages. MP growth slowed or even decreased in the mid-to-late 1980s due to improved waste management and wastewater treatment since the late 1980s. Human activities were the primary factor affecting MP abundance and shape, followed by sediment properties. We predict that the environmental impact of MPs will continue to increase in the next decade. Current plastic policy measures focus on predictable waste emissions, but hidden sources like clothing fibers and tire wear that significantly contribute to MP pollution require further attention.

Mules and Madmen: On the Disabling Habitats of Zora Neale Hurston and Jean Toomer

This essay reads the work of two major Harlem Renaissance authors as underacknowledged sites of disability politics and aesthetics, situating this moment in African-American artistic innovation as integral to the literary history of disability and illuminating the theories of disability that shaped these authors' experiments in literary form. Specifically, it argues that texts by Jean Toomer and Zora Neale Hurston were attuned to the intertwined vulnerabilities of Black people disabled by early-20th-century labor exploitation and more-than-human ecologies debilitated by the same industries. These works represent a serious challenge to the long-running myth in white disability studies that claims nonwhite authors have historically distanced themselves from disability for fear of racist pathologization. Toomer’s story “Box Seat,” for instance, positions its protagonist's atypical mental state—represented by voiceover-like internal monologues—as both aesthetically generative and materially responsive to the commercialization of racialized, disabled, and nonhuman spectacle. Meanwhile, Their Eyes Were Watching God’s oft-cited “mule of the world” metaphor finds literal representation in the form of a work-disabled mule, whose appearance in the narrative occasions one of Hurston’s most memorable aesthetic innovations: the incorporation of folklore into the realist novel. For both of these authors, disability represents not only vulnerability to the machinations of racial capitalism, but also creative invention and formal resistance to white-dominated narrative norms. They show that a capacious, ecologically oriented disability politics is central to the history of Black cultural production.

Unnamed, not unskilled: Toward a new labor history of pharmacy.

By recovering the dependent, often enslaved, laborers who helped to make European medicines commercially available in the New England colonies, this article offers a new history of early American pharmaceutical knowledge and production. It does so by considering the life and labor of an unnamed, enslaved assistant who was said to make tinctures, elixirs, and other common remedies in a 1758 letter between two business partners, Silvester Gardiner, a successful surgeon and apothecary in Boston, Massachusetts, and William Jepson, his former apprentice, in Hartford, Connecticut. Using strategies from slavery and critical archive studies, as well as from social history and the history of medicine, this article emphasizes the materiality and embodiment of pharmaceutical production and follows fragmentary evidence beyond the business archive to reverse the systemic erasure of enslaved and indentured laborers from the records of eighteenth-century manufacturers of medicines. The medicine trades of men like Gardiner and Jepson appear more reliant upon dependent laborers - named and unnamed - who not only performed rote tasks but brought their experience and judgment to their labors as well. Their contributions could be obviously medical (preparing remedies) or more ambiguous (stoking fires, shipping goods), but these actions together constituted early modern pharmacy, enabled the expansion of the transatlantic medicine trade, and laid the foundations for the more self-sufficient and industrialized pharmacy that developed in the nineteenth century. Centering the skill and knowledge among subordinated laborers in one facet of an emergent transatlantic care economy affirms the entanglement of slavery and science and underscores the necessity of asking new questions of old sources.

Sondheim at the disco

Songs from Stephen Sondheim’s musicals have occasionally left the theatre to circulate through popular culture – and, in some unusual instances, they have even made their way to the dance floor. This article examines three disco adaptations of Sondheim show tunes: ‘Send in the Clowns’ by Grace Jones, ‘The Ballad of Sweeney Todd’ by Gordon Grody and ‘Losing My Mind’ by Liza Minnelli. Informed by histories of queerness and cultural production, the author interprets these dance tracks as reflections of queer life in the 1970s and 1980s, from gay liberation and radically camp exuberance to the homophobic ‘disco sucks’ backlash and the devastation of AIDS. While casting a critical eye on the artistic merit of these cover versions, the article argues that taking Sondheim from the Broadway stage to the discotheque can create new understandings of the meaning and social significance of a great songwriter’s work.

Ellen Craft's “Spanish” Masquerade: Racially (Mis)Reading Hispanicism in Her Cross-Dressing, Feigning Disability, and Running to Sea

An overlooked advertisement, entitled “An Incident at the South” (1849), calls attention to Ellen Craft's Spanish masquerade during her 1848 escape from American slavery. The author underscores her masculine costume, feigning disability, running to sea, and “a darkness of complexion that betokened Spanish extraction.” Despite contemporary criticism, the advertisement asserts Spanish-ness in the production history of Ellen's escape; thus the essay considers a reinterpretation of Ellen's transnational masquerades by reexamining the advertisement (1849) and in relation to her portrait (1850) and slave narrative (1860). Of emphasis is a history of hemisphere conflict – over land, at the borderlands, and at sea – during Anglo-American expansion, Spanish/Mexican displacement, and antebellum enslavement. Ellen's story is also contextualized with rising literary traditions of the mid-nineteenth century.

Gravity drainage of bitumen under controlled thermodynamic conditions in DME-steam co-injection

Dimethyl ether (DME), a water-soluble solvent, has been studied as a potential additive to steam for improving the efficiency of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) for bitumen recovery. This paper presents an experimental study of bitumen gravity drainage in DME-SAGD in comparison to SAGD and butane-SAGD (C4-SAGD).Small-scale experiments were conducted using a sand pack with a diameter of 1.5 inches and a length of 15 inches, which was housed inside a 25-L cylindrical steel vessel. A DME-SAGD experiment with 10 mol% DME was conducted at 3500 kPa with a total in-situ injection rate of 3897 cm3/min. Temperature distributions inside and outside the sand pack, as well as injection and production histories, were recorded during the experiment. Results were compared with previous studies of SAGD and C4-SAGD (20 mol% C4) that used the same experimental program. Then, numerical simulations were performed to history-match the experimental data and investigate the bitumen recovery mechanisms.The peak bitumen rate was 16.8 cm3/min for 10 mol% DME-SAGD, 9.8 cm3/min for SAGD, and 14.6 cm3/min for 20 mol% C4-SAGD. That is, DME was more effective than C4 as a steam additive even at the concentration reduced by half. The observed enhancement in bitumen drainage was attributed partly to the combined thermal and dilution effects on bitumen viscosity reduction, in which DME-SAGD exhibited a higher chamber-edge temperature than C4-SAGD. Furthermore, the oleic (L) and aqueous (W) phases were more evenly distributed with less gravity segregation in the sand pack in DME-SAGD than in SAGD and C4-SAGD, which facilitated the overall bitumen flow in the sand pack. Results collectively show that the slight polarity of DME as a solvent additive to steam enhanced the bitumen flow not only by L-phase viscosity reduction, but also by more uniformly enhanced bitumen flow in the sand pack.

Fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model with strain-dependent properties for numerical simulation of heavy oil production

Strain-dependency of permeability is a key feature for coupled multiphysics phenomena during heavy oil production under steam stimulation. This feature is also the basis for accurate estimation of steam needed to properly stimulate a given target heavy oil block. In this study, a fully coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical model is established and applied to the numerical simulation of steam injection in a block of western China Xinjiang region's heavy oil field. Strain-dependent relationships have been established for hydraulic conductivity as well as Young's modulus of reservoir formations. The distribution of reservoir temperature field and pore pressure field is obtained, and a quantitative evaluation of steam injection effectiveness is provided. The principal contents include: 1) A simplified fully coupled thermal-hydro-mechanical model for heavy oil reservoir under steam injection is presented. The model incorporates strain-dependent characteristics for rock's permeability/hydraulic conductivity and elastic modulus. 2) The simplified fully coupled model is implemented via the user subroutines of Abaqus software, and 3D finite element simulations are conducted for the steam stimulation operation and oil production processes in the heavy oil block. The temperature field and pore pressure field of the reservoir are obtained under given production history and steam injection conditions. These numerical results have provided an accurate evaluation of steam injection effectiveness. These numerical results indicate that: 1) The original design of steam injection volume and soak time is insufficient to connect the temperature rise regions around wells A1 and A2 in the block in order to get ideal production rate. The temperature rise data obtained from monitoring wells verify the accuracy of the calculation results, demonstrating the accuracy and practicality of the proposed theoretical model. 2) It is found that the maximum local pore pressure induced by steam injection may exceed the bottomhole pressure of injection wells. This is due to the thermal expansion of both solids and pore fluids caused by rapid temperature rise. 3) For the target reservoir, numerical results indicate that further steam injection for 17 days on top of the original design will connect the temperature rise regions around wells A1 and A2, and the minimum temperature at various points between wells will exceed 40 °C.

Staging Shanghai in Love and Duty 戀愛與義務 (1923, 1931)

Abstract This study explores the significance of the various urban locations for representations of gender in Love and Duty—the 1931 silent film from Lianhua Studios, as well as the 1923 illustrated serialized novel by “Luo Chen” (a.k.a. Madame S. Rosen Hoa/Horose). I show that both the novel and the film foregrounded the built environment to express the aspirations and frustrations of the female protagonist, played by Ruan Lingyu; and that the novel effectively served as a previsualization for the film as produced by Luo Mingyou and directed by Bu Wancang with cinematography by Huang Shaofen. Further, drawing on sources relating to the publication and film production, Shanghai and Beijing cultural history, and China’s changing geopolitical circumstances, I suggest that Lianhua strategically “staged,” even allegorized, Shanghai to signal its cosmopolitan ambitions while simultaneously alluding to Chinese filmmakers’ quest for a kind of “cinematic sovereignty” during the early Nanjing decade.

A New Approach to Apply Decline-Curve Analysis for Tight-Oil Reservoirs Producing Under Variable Pressure Conditions

Summary Decline-curve models inherently assume that the bottomhole flowing pressure (BHP) is constant. This is a poor assumption for many unconventional wells. For this reason, the application of decline-curve models might lead to incorrect flow regime identification and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). This work presents a novel technique that combines variable BHP conditions with decline-curve models and compares its results with traditional decline-curve analysis (DCA) for both synthetic and tight-oil wells. Using superposition, we generate a synthetic rate example using the constant-pressure solution of the diffusivity equation for a slightly compressible fluid (decline-curve model) along with a BHP history. However, we validate the technique using bottomhole and initial reservoir pressures that contain errors. The algorithm consists of three sequential optimizations. In each optimization, the algorithm estimates (1) the decline-curve model parameters, (2) the BHP, and (3) the initial reservoir pressure. The result of the synthetic example leads to an accurate production history match and corrected estimates of the initial reservoir pressure and the BHP history. Finally, we compare the results of the technique with traditional DCA in terms of (a) the model parameters, (b) flow regime identification, (c) production history matches, and (d) EUR for tight-oil wells using three decline-curve models: 1D single-phase constant-pressure solution of the diffusivity equation for a slightly compressible fluid, logistic growth model, and Arps hyperbolic relation. For the synthetic case, the algorithm estimates the model parameters and the true initial reservoir pressure within a 2% error. In addition, the method regenerates the true BHP history and provides an excellent production history match. The analysis of the tight-oil wells shows that the new approach clearly identifies the flow regimes present in the well, which can be difficult to detect using traditional DCA when the BHP varies. In contrast, the application of traditional DCA shows considerable errors in the estimation of the model’s parameters and a poor history match of the production data. Finally, this work shows that incorporating variable BHP into the decline-curve models leads to more accurate production history matches and EUR values compared to using only rate-time data. This paper illustrates a workflow that incorporates variable BHP conditions for any decline-curve model. Moreover, the approach can handle errors in both the BHP and the initial reservoir pressure and provides corrected estimates of these variables. The technique is computationally fast and history matches and forecasts the production of unconventional wells more accurately than traditional DCA. The major contribution of this work is the remarkable simplicity yet robustness of our solution to variable-pressure DCA. Finally, we developed a web-based application to provide the readers with a hands-on experience of this new technique.

Groundwater heavy metal(loid)s risk prediction based on topsoil contamination and aquifer vulnerability at a zinc smelting site

Groundwater pollution is a recurrent problem in abandoned non-ferrous metal smelting sites, and its severity is influenced by topsoil contamination, hydrogeological characteristics, and hydrogeochemical conditions. In such unique areas, traditional methods for evaluating groundwater pollution risk are biased, as the long production history of these sites have led to highly polluted and heterogeneous soil and groundwater. Herein, based on a typical lead-zinc smelting site, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and Ni were found to be the predominant heavy metal (loid)s in groundwater, with respective exceedance rates of 44.4%, 50.0%, 72.2%, 88.9%, 88.9%, and 61.1%. Combined with the groundwater pollution characteristics, the representative hydrogeochemical factors were screened out to optimize the following aquifer vulnerability evaluation using the AHP-DRASTICH method. A comprehensive evaluation model (DI-NCPI) for groundwater pollution risk was established by combining the DRASTICH index (DI) obtained after optimization and the Nemerow comprehensive contamination index (NCPI) of topsoil. The fit between DI-NCPI and groundwater heavy metal (loid) pollution index reached 0.956, which laterally confirms that the model has some reference value. In terms of distribution, the high-risk and very high-risk zones were mainly concentrated in the zinc smelting system, located in the southeastern and central-western parts of the site. These areas have relatively high levels of topsoil contamination and aquifer vulnerability and require focused attention in site remediation. This research highlights the importance of combining topsoil contamination and aquifer vulnerability to evaluate groundwater pollution risk in smelting areas. It provides a more targeted reference for groundwater remediation strategies in abandoned smelting sites, as well as severely polluted industrial areas.

Bicyclus: A statistical fuel cycle simulation framework for nuclear verification

Simulation codes are regularly used to model nuclear fuel cycles (NFCs), e.g., in energy transition scenarios. They are, however, not yet established in the context of verifying non-proliferation and disarmament. We present Bicyclus, the first open-source statistical framework tailored to analyse NFCs for such scenarios. Bicyclus combines Cyclus, an existing NFC simulator, with Bayesian inference and Monte-Carlo methods to provide a variety of verification tools. The Bayesian approach is suited to reconstruct past NFC operations, useful for nuclear forensics and nuclear archaeology, while the Monte-Carlo approach can improve the robustness of fissile material estimates and can complement the IAEA’s Acquisition Pathway Analysis. We showcase these features in a case study based on a military NFC with intertwined plutonium and HEU production paths. Here, we perform an independent assessment of the fissile material stockpiles. Furthermore, we reconstruct the production history using (synthetic) measurements of produced waste in a nuclear archaeology scenario.

A novel formulation of RNN-based neural network with real-time updating – An application for dynamic hydraulic fractured shale gas production forecasting

The Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) has found extensive application in production forecasting for fractured reservoirs, particularly excelling at accurately predicting self-regression in late-life prediction for wells with substantial historical data. However, forecasting for new wells or those with limited historical data presents greater challenges. The main difference lies in the insufficiency of historical data, which requires meaningful integration of a continuous production data stream to enhance prediction results. In the context of utilizing real-time data and continuously updating predictions, many existing formulations of RNN-based models in the literature either utilize inputs of sub-sequences instead of the entire sequence or require retraining of the entire model to handle new data and update the predictions. Therefore, we propose a novel prediction framework called Recurrent Updated Forecasting (RUF). This framework considers the entire time series structure, improves accuracy and training efficiency, and allows for prediction updates without retraining. In scenarios without production data, we employ a Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) to initialize the process. Once more extended production history becomes available, it can be utilized to enhance prediction results. We present a case study based on both synthetic and field data from the Montney shale gas reservoir, considering different production-related features as inputs to predict gas production rates over a three-year period. The proposed method is evaluated using the P10, P50, and P90 values of the testing Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing approaches, exhibiting outstanding efficiency, reliability, and accuracy.

Challenges and prospects of steel production using green hydrogen in Nepal

Steel is one of the most significant commodities for global development thus the production of steel cannot be condensed, however, steel making process can be transformed with a low-carbon fuel. The steel industry is a highly energy-intensive sector that alone is responsible for utilizing 8 % of global energy demand and accounts for 9% of global greenhouse gas emissions. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), United Nations Sustainable development goals-2030 (SDG), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the Paris agreement have directed to take necessary measures to confine global temperature rise to below 2°C till 2050. Green hydrogen is the most prominent energy carrier and with the help of renewable hydroelectricity to produce it, Nepal has the potential to be the cheapest producer and exporter of green hydrogen. Billet worth 865 USD was imported in 2020 to fulfil the annual steel demand of 1.2-1.4 million tons. Nepal has explored iron reserves (hematite) with a total Fe recovery potential of 70% which is sufficient to fulfil the steel demand of 50-100 years at Dhaubadi, Nawalparasi, and has prevailing iron reserves in other parts of Nepal. The history of steel production in Nepal has been studied and the reasons for the discontinuation have been analyzed. Secondary data from the literature and archival data have been used as methods to conduct the research. The status of energy demand and supply in Nepal and the energy management issues in Nepal during the wet season have been identified as opportunities to establish green hydrogen production in Nepal. The urgency to establish the steel industry and the need for compliance with climate change agreements are the motivation for the adoption of a green steel production process for Nepal. This paper reviews the current status and opportunities of the steel industry in Nepal using green hydrogen and proposes the future prospects and challenges that come along.

Comparison Study between Different Methods Used in Estimation of Initial Oil in Place for Asmari Reservoir, Southeastern Iraqi Oilfield

In the oil industry, estimating the presence of oil reserves is a key issue during the reservoir exploration, evaluation, and development stages and should be investigated because of the risks and inaccuracies that are considered inherent issues. Moreover, true and distinct hydrocarbon content can only be discerned upon field production or depletion. The challenge of estimating reserves is therefore a function of time and available data. In this study, Different Known modules with varying levels of analytical accuracy were utilized to establish the Initial Oil InPlace (STOIIP) of the Asmari reservoir in Fauqi Oilfield through analysis of production history from one well. The accuracy of the results obtained was examined and showed an acceptable level of reliability. Results from various models indicate that the most reliable estimate of OOIP is approximately 1.01MMMbbl for the Asmari reservoir using a multi-column model. Furthermore, by performing different analytical and numerical calculations on the Fauqi well production history, the uncertainty in the reservoir calculations of STOIIP can be reduced.