Product Technology Transfer Research Articles

Technological knowledge and transfer of Roman pottery production in Civitas Nerviorum (northern France, central Belgium) during the 1st–3rd centuries CE

Aspects of 1st to 3rd centuries CE Roman production technology and knowledge transfer in northern France and central Belgium (known as Civitas Nerviorum) were studied. To this aim, 43 pottery waste fragments from six workshops at Bavay, Pont-sur-Sambre, Blicquy, Cambrai, Les Rues-des-Vignes and Sains-du-Nord were studied macroscopically and analysed in thin section petrography and chemistry with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. This permitted to reconstruct the production technologies employed at the six workshops, and to infer inter- and intra-site knowledge transfer. More specifically, potters at Bavay transferred their knowledge to craftsmen at Pont-sur-Sambre. The epigraphic evidence on the discarded pottery further suggests that they passed on their technological knowledge through kinship. Craftsmen at Cambrai and Les Rues-des-Vignes also appear to have shared aspects of their technological knowledge. The reconstructed technologies were then used to tentatively indicate the production location of three conspicuous types of pottery, which circulated widely within and beyond the study region but were hitherto not known from production waste contexts. To this aim, seven samples from settlement, burial and sanctuary sites at Famars, Blicquy and Sains-du-Nord were selected and analysed in thin section petrography and chemistry with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.

Effect of low poly tunnel on the yield and economics of bottle gourd

The main objective of Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) is to demonstrate newly released crop production technologies and its management practices at the farmer’s field under different agro-climatic regions and farming situations. Realizing the importance of frontline demonstrations in transfer of off season production technologies in bottle gourd, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Maulasar, Nagaur-II conducted FLDs at farmers’ field to assess the economic feasibility of technology. Result of a comparative evaluation of low poly tunnel technology and traditional growing method of bottle gourd showed that the average yield of demonstrations was found to be 298 q /ha, whereas, for local crop, it was found to be 245 q/ha. The gross returns (Rs. 238400/ha), net returns (Rs. 138200/ha) and BCR (2.38) ratio were also recorded highest in bottle gourd grown under low tunnel compared to local check. The total bottle gourd yield and net profit per unit area were above normal when grown under low tunnels as the produce reached the market early avoiding the market glut.

Strategies to optimize women’s participation in palm cattle integration

Palm cattle integration as an integrated farming system is intrinsically complex. The model involves different processes and interactions between various actors in the value chain. The participation of women farmers in agriculture is considered the primary social capital in creating agricultural sustainability and improving productivity, but norms and socio-cultural aspects often dictate these roles. Investing in women in smallholder-based supply chains is expected to increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve broader goals. Approximately 49% of agricultural households comprise of women farmers. While both men and women contribute significantly to palm cattle integration, rural women’s roles in production activities and technology transfer are not fully documented. On the other side, women’s participation in agricultural activities is still faced with various constraints. Hence, this study’s aim is twofold: to analyze the driving factors and constraints that motivate women’s participation and formulate strategies to increase women’s participation in palm cattle integration. This study provides useful information to develop appropriate intervention policies and strategies to support, enhance, and increase women’s participation in palm cattle integration.

ФІНАНСОВА ПОЛІТИКА СТИМУЛЮВАННЯ ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО РОЗВИТКУ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ І МЕХАНІЗМ ЇЇ РЕАЛІЗАЦІЇ: ЗАРУБІЖНИЙ ДОСВІД

Анотація. Розглянуто фінансову політику зарубіжних країн в аграрному секторі та її вплив на стимулювання інноваційної діяльності. Систематизовано найбільш розповсюджені податкові важелі стимулювання інноваційного розвитку аграрного сектору. Проаналізовано фінансову політику ЄС, яка реалізує стратегію інноваційного розвитку аграрного сектору шляхом створення попиту на дослідження та інновації і формування конкурентного середовища, а податкові пільги надаються не науковим організаціям, а підприємствам та інвесторам. Розглянуто особливості Рамкових програм, які складаються з ряду цільових програм і направлені на стимулювання інноваційної діяльності шляхом фінансування з бюджету ЄС. Зазначено, що для впровадження інновацій підприємства і фермерські господарства можуть скористатися фінансовою підтримкою, використовуючи національні чи Європейського Союзу програми підтримки інноваційного розвитку. Сучасні тенденції у фінансовій підтримці аграрного сектору зазнають певних змін, акцент робиться на опосередкованій підтримці, забезпеченні гарантованого мінімального доходу фермерського господарства, фінансуванні трансферу технологій. Розглянуто особливості сучасного підходу до застосування інноваційних фінансових інструментів для розвитку аграрної сфери. Особливість сучасного підходу до застосування інноваційних фінансових інструментів для інноваційного розвитку аграрного сектору полягає в тому, що вони є альтернативою для фінансування у формі дотацій і дають можливість не тільки залучити більше фінансових ресурсів, а й використання цих ресурсів на поворотній основі, що дозволяє забезпечувати подальше стимулювання розвитку інновацій. Охарактеризовано сучасні моделі підтримки та фінансування інноваційного розвитку аграрного сектору в розвинутих країнах, зокрема модель розвитку аграрного сектору, яка передбачає не стільки зростання продуктивності, а пріоритети надаються сталому розвитку, інноваціям, поліпшенню умов утримання тварин, розвитку відновлюваних джерел енергетики, збереженню навколишнього природного середовища і розвитку сільських територій. Систематизовано підходи до фінансування інноваційного розвитку аграрного сектору і запропоновано джерела фінансування інноваційного розвитку в Україні. Ключові слова: аграрний сектор, інновації, фінансовий механізм, інноваційний розвиток, фінансове забезпечення. Формул: 0; рис.: 1; табл.: 0; бібл.: 14.

Spectroscopic-assisted archaeometric studies to determine the production technology of the VI BC Zeus Enthroned statue (Paestum, Italy) and Pre-Roman technology transfer

This work summarizes the spectroscopic-assisted archaeometric study of the most important terracotta statue of Poseidonia-Paestum (Italy), the so-called Zeus Enthroned (VI sec. BC). The selected analytical strategy combines the mineralogical and molecular information provided by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analysis with the elemental data obtained from X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled to Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS). To shed light on the raw materials used to create and decorate this unique artwork, the analytical results gathered in this study helped disclosing the applied production technology. As suggested by the detected mineral assemblages, the body was prepared in two steps, using calcareous clay (CC) rich in Mg- and Fe- minerals as raw materials. The inner core and the outer depurated layers were both fired in oxidizing conditions but reaching different temperatures (≥900 °C and 850–900 °C respectively). The statue was decorated by firing manganese- (jacobsite MnFe2O4) and iron- (hematite Fe2O3) oxides in oxidizing conditions. Knowing that the decoration techniques based on the use of Mn-oxides were mastered by Etruscans rather than by Ancient Greeks, the obtained results suggest a transfer of production technology across borders, thus providing an additional clue about the flourishing commercial and cultural exchanges occurred between Greek colonies and Italic pre-Roman societies.

Mediation Effect of Adaptive Planning between Social Capital and Business Innovation: Application to a Community of Pisco Producers in Peru

This study addresses the effects linking adaptive planning and social capital that drive business innovation. A case study has been selected that involves a community of pisco producers, grouped around a production innovation and technology transfer center (CITE agroindustrial) in the southern part of Lima, Peru. The study examines how their perceptions have changed over a six-year period (2012–2018). Results show the mediation effect that adaptive planning—promoted through CITE activities—has between social capital and innovation, which is also strengthened over time. In conjunction with this, a route is investigated for business innovation that goes further than the need–opportunity dichotomy, through associative and collaborative behaviors, and adaptive planning that stands out thanks to its actors (the community of producers). This represents a path for transforming needs into opportunities for innovation and development.

Industrial Pharmacy: The Way to Create a Product (Monograph Review)

The recently published monograph “Industrial Pharmacy: The Way to Create a Product” is devoted to topical problems in this field. The unique interdisciplinary features of drug development require specialists in this industry that possess a high level of qualification and knowledge in many fields such as chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy, toxicology, regulatory science, marketing, economics, law, information technology, etc. The monograph presents modern approaches to the implementation of each stage in the creation of a medicinal product: initial search, research and development, production and registration, marketing and sales, and medical use. The monograph highlights the legislative and regulatory documents needed as guides at each stage of the technology cycle. The second part of the monograph provides particular guidelines for technology transfer of drug production and the preparation of industrial production design. Actual significant aspects of many sciences and disciplines and technological processes are collected in one place in this monograph, making it a valuable practical guide.

Промышленная фармация. Путь создания продукта

В монографии «Промышленная фармация. Путь создания продукта» освещены насущные проблемы данного направления. Отдельно сделано указание на то, что уникальная межотраслевая специфика разработки лекарственных средств (ЛС) требует от лиц, занятых в данной сфере, высокого уровня квалификации и наличия специализированных знаний во многих областях, таких как химия, биология, медицина и фармация, токсикология, регуляторная наука, маркетинг, экономика, право, информационные технологии и др. Приведены современные подходы к реализации каждого этапа создания ЛС: поиск, разработка и исследование, производство и регистрация, сбыт и реализация, медицинское применение. Освещены законодательные и нормативные документы, которыми необходимо руководствоваться на каждом из этапов технологического цикла. Во второй части монографии приведены конкретные методические рекомендации по переносу технологий в производстве ЛС и составлению задания на проектирование производства ЛС. Собраны реально значимые аспекты множества наук и дисциплин, а также технологических процессов в одном месте, данную монографию можно рассматривать как уникальное современное издание, имеющее практическое значение.

Archaeometry should be based on Archaeology. A comment on

In their paper “The beginning of faience in China: A review and new evidence”, Lin et al. (2019) conclude that the Kayue people in Qinghai began making faience with a high potash content during the second half of the second millennium BC, prior to the Zhou people (1046-771BC). Based on a thorough assessment of the archaeological evidence, especially concerning the dates of the Kayue tombs, I conclude there is a lack of solid evidence that these faience beads predate the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771BC) so it cannot be inferred that the Zhou people learned production technologies for high potash faience from the Kayue people. A possible faience road for the transfer of production technologies from Xinjiang to Central China is further proposed. In this transfer process, some typology and production technologies for faience beads were adopted by the Western Zhou people, but the glaze recipe of most faience changed greatly in Central China due to adaptation to local resources.

Status Analysis on the Marketing Authorization Holder of China's Drugs

We analyze the basic situation of Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) of drugs in China. Mathematical analysis was carried out on the approval time, product category, dosage form, listing permit holder and production unit of 3239 MAH of drugs in China as of July 31, 2019. We found the following results. The approval time for MAH of drugs was concentrated in 2015, mainly based on chemicals, and the dosage forms were mostly tablets and injections. Furthermore, the number of MAH of drugs varies greatly among different provinces, and the number of Hebei, Guangdong, and Jiangsu ranks in the top three. Thirdly, there are time differences, variety types and geographical differences in the MAH of drugs. This is the application for examination and approval after the full implementation of the MAH of drugs system, and the patent and intellectual property protection in the process of entrusted production technology transfer. The research provides reference for enterprise declaration and regulatory approval management after the full implementation of the MAH system in China.

Effective Knowledge Transfer During Biopharmaceutical Technology Transfer

While knowledge management (KM) has been widely applied in other sectors, the international biopharmaceutical sector has struggled with the meaningful and sustained application of effective KM practices. This is evident even though KM has been highlighted in regulatory guidance for over 10 years, and the positive business impact of KM is well recognized in other sectors. This paper focuses on the topic of KM as applied to biopharmaceutical technology transfer, introducing new research that explores the importance and effectiveness of knowledge transfer as an integral component of a biopharmaceutical product technology transfer. Results from multiple sources explored in this paper are well aligned in recognizing that knowledge transfer is very important to enable technology transfer, yet the biopharmaceutical sector is not very effective at this knowledge transfer. This is especially true of tacit knowledge transfer which is often reported to be ineffective. Additional research will further define the barriers to improve knowledge transfer effectiveness and how the biopharmaceutical sector might improve in this area.

Methodical approach to analysis and evaluation of innovative enterprise development in regions of the Ukraine

The regions’ position in national competitive ability and the rankings of a country in global competitive environment is defined by innovative vector of economy development, the level of economic entities’ innovative activity, availability of fundamental and applied developments, technology transfer and integration of science and production, etc. Therefore, the issues of maintaining the development of innovative entrepreneurship in a region as an important direction of economy’s competitive ability at internal and external markets are the most relevant. The paper aims to develop a methodological approach to evaluation of innovative entrepreneurship development in the regions of a country. A review of existing methodological approaches to the analysis and evaluation of the development of innovation entrepreneurship in the regions of the state is outlined. The author's vision of the methodology of analysis and evaluation of the development of innovation entrepreneurship of the regions of the state is presented. The proposed methodology contains the following structural elements: the choice of the objective, object and tasks of the assessment of the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region, the choice of methods for assessing the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region, the choice of directions for assessing the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region (assessment of the stages of innovation business development in the region, assessment of forms of integration of innovation entrepreneurship, the estimation of entrepreneurial income), the choice of a system of indicators for assessing the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region, a comprehensive assessment of the level of innovation entrepreneurship in the region.

Support for small enterprise as a factor of the development of the national economy

The regions’ position in national competitive ability and the rankings of a country in global competitive environment is defined by innovative vector of economy development, the level of economic entities’ innovative activity, availability of fundamental and applied developments, technology transfer and integration of science and production, etc. Therefore, the issues of maintaining the development of innovative entrepreneurship in a region as an important direction of economy’s competitive ability at internal and external markets are the most relevant. The paper aims to develop a methodological approach to evaluation of innovative entrepreneurship development in the regions of a country. A review of existing methodological approaches to the analysis and evaluation of the development of innovation entrepreneurship in the regions of the state is outlined. The author's vision of the methodology of analysis and evaluation of the development of innovation entrepreneurship of the regions of the state is presented. The proposed methodology contains the following structural elements: the choice of the objective, object and tasks of the assessment of the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region, the choice of methods for assessing the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region, the choice of directions for assessing the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region (assessment of the stages of innovation business development in the region, assessment of forms of integration of innovation entrepreneurship, the estimation of entrepreneurial income), the choice of a system of indicators for assessing the development of innovative entrepreneurship in the region, a comprehensive assessment of the level of innovation entrepreneurship in the region.

Role of front line demonstration on transfer of moth bean production technologies in Barmer district of Rajasthan

Role of front line demonstration on transfer of moth bean production technologies in Barmer district of Rajasthan

Генезис і перспективи фітосанітарного моніторингу в системі трансферу цілісних технологій

Генезис і перспективи фітосанітарного моніторингу в системі трансферу цілісних технологій

Application of a tablet film coating model to define a process-imposed transition boundary for robust film coating

A scientific understanding of interaction of product, film coat, film coating process, and equipment is important to enable design and operation of industrial scale pharmaceutical film coating processes that are robust and provide the level of control required to consistently deliver quality film coated product. Thermodynamic film coating conditions provided in the tablet film coating process impact film coat formation and subsequent product quality. A thermodynamic film coating model was used to evaluate film coating process performance over a wide range of film coating equipment from pilot to industrial scale (2.5–400 kg). An approximate process-imposed transition boundary, from operating in a dry to a wet environment, was derived, for relative humidity and exhaust temperature, and used to understand the impact of the film coating process on product formulation and process control requirements. This approximate transition boundary may aid in an enhanced understanding of risk to product quality, application of modern Quality by Design (QbD) based product development, technology transfer and scale-up, and support the science-based justification of critical process parameters (CPPs).

GHGs and air pollutants embodied in China's international trade: Temporal and spatial index decomposition analysis.

Temporal index decomposition analysis and spatial index decomposition analysis were applied to understand the driving forces of the emissions embodied in China’s exports and net exports during 2002–2011, respectively. The accumulated emissions embodied in exports accounted for approximately 30% of the total emissions in China; although the contribution of the sectoral total emissions intensity (technique effect) declined, the scale effect was largely responsible for the mounting emissions associated with export, and the composition effect played a largely insignificant role. Calculations of the emissions embodied in net exports suggest that China is generally in an environmentally inferior position compared with its major trade partners. The differences in the economy-wide emission intensities between China and its major trade partners were the biggest contribution to this reality, and the trade balance effect played a less important role. However, a lower degree of specialization in pollution intensive products in exports than in imports helped to reduce slightly the emissions embodied in net exports. The temporal index decomposition analysis results suggest that China should take effective measures to optimize export and supply-side structure and reduce the total emissions intensity. According to spatial index decomposition analysis, it is suggested that a more aggressive import policy was useful for curbing domestic and global emissions, and the transfer of advanced production technologies and emission control technologies from developed to developing countries should be a compulsory global environmental policy option to mitigate the possible leakage of pollution emissions caused by international trade.

Best practices for the use and exchange of invertebrate biological control genetic resources relevant for food and agriculture

The Nagoya Protocol is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity that provides a framework for the effective implementation of the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including invertebrate biological control agents. The Protocol came into force on 12 October 2014, and requires signatories and countries acceding to the Protocol to develop a legal framework to ensure access to genetic resources, benefit-sharing and compliance. The biological control community of practice needs to comply with access and benefit sharing regulations arising under the Protocol. The IOBC Global Commission on Biological Control and Access and Benefit Sharing has prepared this best practices guide for the use and exchange of invertebrate biological control genetic resources for the biological control community of practice to demonstrate due diligence in responding to access and benefit sharing requirements, and to reassure the international community that biological control is a very successful and environmentally safe pest management method based on the use of biological diversity. We propose that components of best practice include: collaborations to facilitate information exchange about what invertebrate biological control agents are available and where they may be obtained; knowledge sharing through freely available databases that document successes (and failures); cooperative research to develop capacity in source countries; and transfer of production technology to provide opportunities for small-scale economic activity. We also provide a model concept agreement that can be used for scientific research and non-commercial release into nature where access and benefit sharing regulations exist, and a model policy for provision of invertebrate biological control agents to other parties where access and benefit sharing regulations are not restrictive or do not exist.

Economics of Crop Cultivation in Himachal Pradesh: Facts from Cost of Cultivation Data

Agricultural economy plays a significant role in the rural livelihood of Himachal Pradesh as about 90 per cent the population of the state resides in rural areas (highest in country in terms of (percentages) and nearly 70 per cent of the working population directly or indirectly depends on it to eke out its livelihood. Keeping in view the preponderance of agriculture in the state economy, the present study also provide a detailed economic analysis of costs, returns and profitability of principal crops namely, Maize, Paddy, Wheat and Potato by using the cost of cultivation data for the period 2012–13 through different cost concepts developed by the CACP. The result shows that different crop systems studied in this research vary with the magnitude of inputs (land, labor, bullock labor, seed etc.) and crop output. The study highlights that family labour has predominant role in the accomplishment of various crop operations. In respect of net returns and profitability, only paddy and potato crops are bearing positive returns over cost C and in terms of net profit per quintal, all crops are bearing profits though it is too low. The production of these crops are not viable at least from farmers ’point of view. In order to make agriculture a viable and sustainable occupation, an integrated development strategy encompassing effective modern extension services, transfer of production technology & technical know-how to the farmers, use of modern inputs (certified seeds, balanced fertilizer (N+ P +K), insecticides & pesticides, improved agricultural implements and machinery), access to institutional credit, development of adequate storage and warehousing facilities, watershed management, livestock policy, linking of MSP to the costs of cultivation, creation of irrigation potential and its optimum utilization is of primary importance.

Risk Management in Biologics Technology Transfer.

Technology transfer of biological products is a complex process that is important for product commercialization. To achieve a successful technology transfer, the risks that arise from changes throughout the project must be managed. Iterative risk analysis and mitigation tools can be used to both evaluate and reduce risk. The technology transfer stage gate model is used as an example tool to help manage risks derived from both designed process change and unplanned changes that arise due to unforeseen circumstances. The strategy of risk assessment for a change can be tailored to the type of change. In addition, a cross-functional team and centralized documentation helps maximize risk management efficiency to achieve a successful technology transfer.