This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the industrial relevance and manufacturing processes of grinding balls produced from high-quality cast iron. Owing to its superior mechanical characteristics, high density, hardness, and cost-effectiveness, cast iron has long been a material of choice across multiple industrial sectors. In particular, its application in the production of grinding balls is driven by its excellent wear resistance and durability under high-pressure and high-friction operating conditions. Surface-hardened cast irons are extensively utilized for manufacturing crushing and grinding components in mineral processing industries. Beyond these applications, grinding balls made from high-quality surface-hardened cast irons demonstrate outstanding mechanical performance in equipment such as spreader shafts, sand handling machinery, and refractory material workshops. The study first explores the chemical composition and physical properties of cast iron, highlighting how carbon content and the incorporation of alloying elements influence hardness, toughness, and operational suitability. Enhancements to the cast iron matrix, through the addition of chromium, molybdenum, and other alloying elements, further improve resistance to wear and corrosion. The production process encompasses casting molten iron into molds followed by detailed microstructural analysis and optimization of the grinding balls. The technological parameters at each stage play a crucial role in determining the final mechanical properties, wear resistance, and overall service life of the products. Keywords: cast iron, grinding balls, microstructure, surface hardening, wear resistance, mechanical properties, industrial applications.

ABSTRACT This study presents a comprehensive characterisation of sludge generated from chicken processing industry wastewater (CPW) treated by two advanced methods: electrochemical treatment using iron (Fe) electrodes and chemical coagulation employing alum and polymeric flocculants (Rishfloc 8163, Telfloc 5630). Using a suite of analytical techniques – FTIR, SEM-EDX, TEM, Raman, NMR, XRD, TGA, ICP-OES and nutrient profiling – the chemical, structural, and reuse properties of the resulting sludges were elucidated. Electrochemical treatment produced a compact, iron-rich sludge with low ionic contamination, dominated by amorphous iron hydroxides formed via in situ electrode dissolution. In contrast, chemical coagulation resulted in a lighter, porous sludge containing alum residues and polymeric materials, reflected in higher salinity and conductivity. EDX confirmed dominant iron and oxygen in electrochemical sludge, while chemical sludge showed aluminum and silicon signatures. FTIR and Raman analyses indicated more advanced organic degradation in electrochemical sludge, with distinct iron oxide bands and reduced organic complexity. TEM revealed nanostructured iron particles in electrochemical sludge versus larger amorphous aggregates in chemical sludge. Nutrient analysis demonstrated agronomic potential in both, although chemical sludge contained higher nitrogen and phosphorus. Heavy metal content was within safe limits for reuse. This study underscores the advantages of electrochemical treatment in producing stable, nanostructured sludge suitable for sustainable agro-industrial applications, while recommending further risk assessment for long-term soil health impact.

Aim: Bangladesh produces a huge number of pineapples in the hilly areas with its medium-high land. The country has several pineapple jam and jelly processing industries. But after processing into jelly, the pomace is dumped here and there, which creates environmental pollution. Thus, the objective of the study was to utilize the pineapple pomace for processing into pomace balls as laddus with its better shelf life and quality studies. Methods: The pineapple pomaces were treated with different proportions of potassium metabisulfite (KMS) and potassium sorbate (KS). Then the prepared laddus were packed into polyethylene terephthalate (PET) boxes and kept at room temperature for further studies. Results: The laddus treated with preservatives had higher total soluble solids, energy value, crude fiber, crude protein, vitamin C, β-carotene, and total sugars. Both laddus showed a trend of decreasing water activity. After 60 days of storage, tests for microbes and mycotoxins showed that the treated laddus were free of both, while the control sample showed some microbial activity. The developed pomace balls (T2, T3, and T4) also had acceptable levels of preservatives, KMS, and KS, both alone and in combination (KMS + KS). The levels were 71.28 ppm, 78.01 ppm, and 110.31 ppm, respectively. T4 laddus were the best of the formulations when it was evaluated for its color, texture, and low water activity. The cost-benefit ratio was evaluated considering the inputs required and the benefits of the product. Conclusions: The preservative-treated laddus could be stored for more than 60 days, whereas the control laddus could only be stored for 30 days. The cost-benefit ratio for the laddus was 1:1.33. The agro-food processing industries and small-scale pineapple processors could apply this technology for producing and marketing the pomace ball with a shelf life of up to 60 days.

Lignin, the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth, is abundantly found as a by-product of biomass processing industries. Lignin presents remarkable properties, including antioxidant, UV-blocking, thermal stability, and antimicrobial; thus being considered a valuable feedstock to replace synthetic and fossil-based resources. Colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) are a promising strategy to overcome technical barriers in lignin valorization and have attracted increasing interest to be applied as multifunctional ingredients into several fields, including agriculture, biomedical, construction, and more recently, cosmetics. For this latter, CLPs stand out as promising Pickering stabilizers, creating opportunities for the development of surfactant-free cosmetic formulations. This review provides a current state of lignin research, focusing on the production of CLPs and Pickering emulsions and the key factors influencing their formation and stability. Recent progress in CLPs-stabilized Pickering emulsions is thoroughly addressed. Furthermore, it highlights advances on the multifunctional attributes of CLPs, including antioxidant activity, UV shielding, and demonstrated safety for cosmetic applications. The review concludes by discussing current challenges and future research directions for advancing the use of CLPs as sustainable materials in cosmetic science.

In the processing and manufacturing industries, many machine components operate under high-pressure, high-temperature, and high-friction conditions. Consequently, these components often wear out or fail quickly. To address this issue, surface treatment technologies are commonly employed to enhance the durability of machine parts. One such technology, which has been applied and proven effective, is the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying method. This method can produce high-quality coatings on steel substrates. However, ensuring a strong bond between the coating and the steel substrate is a critical challenge, as harder coatings are more prone to delamination or peeling due to increased brittleness and the development of residual stresses during rapid particle acceleration and solidification in the HVOF process. This article presents the use of the Taguchi experimental method combined with ANOVA analysis to evaluate the adhesive strength of WC coatings on 1045 steel substrates when applied using the HVOF spraying method. The study aims to identify optimal spraying conditions to achieve the best adhesive strength, thereby improving the quality and lifespan of machine components by enhancing load transfer, wear resistance, and long-term service reliability.

Structural interactions and transcriptional regulation by caffeic acid against multidrug-resistant Vibrio species: Mechanistic insights and efficacy in shrimp.

Overexpression of SlPMEI3 in tomato increased the viscosity of ketchup and juice.

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) and by-products from the fish processing industry as alternative protein sources to marine-origin meals in the weaning diets of mullet (Liza aurata)

ABSTRACT This research focuses on Bangladeshi maternity clothing culture, where traditional clothing practice produces post-consumer waste due to its short lifespan. Additionally, post-industrial waste is an inevitable byproduct of the textile industry's processing. Therefore, this study intends to address these issues by implementing the principles of sustainable apparel design to develop CDMA by reusing post-industrial (leftover) fabric waste. This approach promotes a closed-loop circular economic concept to address waste management, multi-functionality, and fashion sustainability. Initially, this study surveyed textile-educated women's preferences for sustainably designed maternity apparel. Survey participants preferred comfort, multi-styling and an affordable price for its wide acceptance. Utilising untapped fabric waste in design and developing the CDMA demonstrates the ability to meet the stated preferences. Furthermore, it enables a circular design-based sustainable circular consumption strategy (Sustainable Development Goal 12) to reduce textile waste and promote sustainable fashion research for use in upcoming studies.

Development of microcontroller based versatile device for the process monitoring and control applications in food processing industries

Face mask detection has become increasingly important across various sectors, including healthcare, food processing industries, and public safety, to ensure adherence to health and hygiene protocols and minimize the risks of contamination. Manual supervision of mask usage is often inefficient, labor-intensive, and prone to inconsistency. To address this challenge, this study proposes an automated face mask detection system utilizing computer vision technology, designed for real-time monitoring on resource-limited edge devices, such as the Raspberry Pi 4 with a Google Coral USB Accelerator. The system integrates Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Neural Networks (MTCNN) for face detection and a modified lightweight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for binary mask classification. Deployed via a web-based platform, it captures images of non-compliant individuals and triggers alerts. To evaluate model performance, the modified CNN is compared with the Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) method using SVM and MLP classifiers on two datasets: the 12k-Face Mask Dataset (Kaggle) and a newly proposed dataset. The CNN model demonstrated higher classification performance than both BoVW-SVM and BoVW-MLP, with AUC improvements of 49% and 43% on the proposed and 12k-Face Mask datasets, respectively. This study contributes to the advancement of computer vision-based public health monitoring by offering a robust, scalable, and real-time face mask detection system. The findings highlight the practical advantages of deep learning approaches over traditional feature extraction techniques, supporting the development of intelligent, automated surveillance systems and policy enforcement in high-risk environments, which will facilitate future advancements in AI-driven public safety solutions.

Introduction Dien Bien province is situated in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It plays a significant role in national security, both within the region and nationwide. The province benefits from historical sites, scenic landscapes, and significant potential for agricultural and forestry development. These advantages provide favorable conditions for the growth of services, tourism, and agroforestry processing industries. Methods However, the road transport infrastructure in Dien Bien province remains inadequately developed, limiting connectivity and posing a significant barrier to the socio-economic development of the locality, as well as neighboring regions. In recent years, some plans for road transport infrastructure have been implemented, producing measurable outcomes. Nevertheless, the development of road transport in Dien Bien continues to face many challenges and obstacles. Results The paper analyzes the development of the road transport system in Dien Bien province during the period from 2016 to 2024. It further identifies key challenges and limitations while proposing several strategic solutions aimed at enhancing road infrastructure. Discussion The development of the road system in Dien Bien province faces major challenges such as limited investment, mountainous terrain, and slow adoption of digital technologies. Despite the province having strengths in cross-border connectivity, tourism, and land resources, it also struggles with low road density and disaster risks. Thus, solutions should focus on mobilizing diverse investments, applying modern technologies, and promoting sustainable, climate-resilient road development. Conclusion Enhancing the transport network will significantly contribute to the province’s sustainable socio-economic development in the future.

Electrochemical biosensors are becoming increasingly prevalent across medical, food, and bioprocessing industries for monitoring complex biological processes. However, their sensitivity to contamination and exposure to potentially hazardous biological species often necessitates single-use disposal, contributing to the release of high-value, high-demand, and environmentally damaging materials into the environment. This study investigates the feasibility of a closed-loop recycling process for single-use glucose biosensors, with a focus on the recovery and reuse of noble metals silver and gold. Guided by ecodesign principles and using low-impact materials, we developed a silver screen ink, gold syringe ink, and a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) substrate. Sensors were fabricated by additive manufacturing and screen printing—enabling the scalability afforded by screen printing to produce the high-coverage silver layer while also minimising gold ink waste using additive manufacturing. A low-energy recovery method that exploited selective solvent compatibility was developed to reclaim silver and gold. Second-generation devices were then fabricated, demonstrating performance comparable to commercial equivalents while achieving an 80% reduction in material usage, cost, and environmental impact across 16 categories using a life cycle assessment (LCA).

Abstract ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Indonesia (kecuali artikel yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris) yang This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of work discipline and rewards on employee productivity, both directly and indirectly through work performance as an intervening variable at PT Wilmar Nabati Teluk Bayur Padang. Productivity is a vital element for the sustainability of the vegetable oil processing industry amidst global competition. This research employs a quantitative method with a causal design. The population of the study comprises all 80 employees of PT Wilmar Nabati Teluk Bayur Padang. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling (census), where the entire population serves as respondents. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires using a Likert scale. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) based on Partial Least Square (PLS) with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results reveal dynamic findings: (1) Work discipline has a negative and insignificant effect on work performance; (2) Rewards have a positive and significant effect on work performance; (3) Work discipline has a positive and significant direct effect on employee productivity; (4) Rewards have a negative and insignificant direct effect on employee productivity; (5) Work performance has a positive and significant effect on employee productivity; (6) Work discipline does not have a significant effect on productivity through work performance; and (7) Rewards have a significant effect on productivity through work performance. These findings indicate that to improve productivity, discipline impacts the work process directly, whereas rewards must first be converted into performance to impact productivity .

Abstract This paper uses China’s 2016 Pollutant Discharge Permits System (PDPS) to evaluate its impact on innovation in the food processing industry. We begin by exploring the entry and exit decisions of food processing firms. The findings suggest that stricter environmental enforcement following the PDPS leads to decreased local firm entry but increased neighboring firm entry, indicating that new firms tend to locate in neighboring regions with less stringent regulations. Building upon this pattern, we argue that the PDPS’s positive impact on firm innovation is primarily driven by increased industry agglomeration – a dynamic directly stimulated by heterogeneous regulatory pressures.

Groundnuts are an important agricultural commodity and a preferred raw material for the food industry. This study aimed to generate information on the extent of heterosis over the best parent and mid-parent in groundnut for yield traits and components. The research was conducted at the Research Farm of PT. Garudafood Putra Putri Jaya Tbk., located in Pati, Central Java, from January to December 2022. Five selected parents (Garuda Biga, Litbang Garuda 5, LSU, LSB, CBT) were used as breeding materials. This study was conducted according to Griffing I method with a complete diallel (parents, F1, and F1R) and model 1 (fixed effect). These parents, F1 and F1 reciprocal, were grown in a randomized block design with three replications. The heterosis mid parents (MP) value is significant in the characters number of mature pod, number pods per plant, weight mature pod, and weight per immature pod plants in combination crosses P4 x P5, P5 x P4, whereas for combination the crosses P1 x P3 and P3 x P1 have heterobeltiosis value such as hetorosis best parents (BP) is numbers pod seed three and percentage seed three. The best cross-breeding combination for pod characters is hoped to become a candidate genotype that can be used to increase productivity and meet the needs of the peanut processing industry.

Industrial dehumidification plays a pivotal role in spice processing industries, where precise moisture control directly influences product quality, shelf life, and processing efficiency. However, in many industrial facilities, these systems are operated manually or using basic on-off control methods. Such practices often result in unstable operating conditions, frequent compressor switching, increased energy consumption, and reduced equipment lifespan. This study addresses the lack of affordable, hardware-level automation for multi-evaporator systems by presenting the design and implementation of a dedicated embedded control architecture. The proposed objective was to develop a dual-microcontroller system where a primary controller manages real-time decision-making based on temperature and relative humidity, while a secondary controller is strictly dedicated to safety and time-delay protection. The system was implemented and tested in an industrial spice processing facility. Key findings demonstrate that the autonomous mode reduced outlet air temperature variation to ±1 – 2 oC and relative humidity fluctuation to ±4 – 5%, compared to significantly higher variations in manual operation. Furthermore, the system reduced operator interventions from 1-2 per shift to 0-1 and minimized compressor cycling frequency. Beyond operational efficiency, the stabilization of the drying environment directly contributes to the preservation of critical quality parameters, such as volatile oil retention and color uniformity, which are frequently compromised under manual control regimes. These results imply that low-cost embedded automation can significantly enhance operational stability and safety in agro-industrial processing without requiring expensive infrastructure upgrades.

As a traditional fermented food with strong ethnic characteristics in Southwest China, rice sour soup carries rich dietary culture and historical connotations. This article systematically reviews the current research status and development trajectory of rice sour soup. Firstly, it traces its historical lineage and cultural value stemming from the dietary practices of ethnic minorities, clarifying its position in the inheritance of regional dietary culture. Secondly, it analyzes the industrialization of traditional production techniques and modern processes. Furthermore, it summarizes the research progress on fermentation microbial communities, focusing on elucidating the dominant role of lactic acid bacteria as the core functional strain in the formation of product acidity and basic flavor, as well as the synergistic enhancement mechanism of auxiliary bacterial communities such as yeast and acetic acid bacteria. Finally, in response to the bottlenecks in the industrialization development of rice sour soup, it proposes internet-based marketing strategies. It aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the cultural inheritance, process optimization, strain application, and market promotion of rice vinegar soup, and promote the sustainable innovation and transformation of this traditional fermented food in the modern food industry.

As the world's largest country regarding energy consumption and carbon emissions， analyzing China's carbon emissions and emission reduction potential is essential to the fight against global climate change. This study constructs the LEAP-China model to forecast and analyze China's carbon emissions and emission reduction potential in three dimensions： primary energy， end-use industries， and carbon emission contribution. The conclusions are as follows： ① Except for the baseline scenario， the industrial structure emission reduction， technological progress， energy structure emission reduction， and blueprint scenarios were all able to realize the goal of "peaking by 2030." ② From 2022 to 2060， carbon emissions from all industries except industry were declining. ③ The carbon emissions of various industrial sectors varied significantly according to their energy consumption， with chemicals > other industries > non-metallic mineral products industry > ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry > non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry > paper and paper products industry. ④ The optimization of energy structure had apparent emission reduction effects in the short term； the optimization of industrial structure was a continuous driving force for carbon emission reduction， and technological progress was a long-term driving force for carbon emission reduction. The study can provide a decision-making basis for China to realize the medium- and long-term carbon emission reduction path.

During the period 1997–2010, the rubber economy of Binh Phuoc province experienced strong development, gradually affirming its role as a key economic sector in the local agricultural structure. Based on advantages in natural conditions, land fund and production traditions, along with the system of guidelines and policies to encourage the development of perennial industrial crops of the State and province, the area of rubber cultivation, output and yield continuously increased. The rubber industry mainly developed according to two models: smallholder rubber and large-scale rubber, contributing to mobilizing social resources, forming specialized cultivation areas associated with the processing industry, creating jobs and improving income for rural people. However, the development process still faces limitations such as dependence on market fluctuations, unreasonable product structure, unsustainable production efficiency and impacts on the environment.