Processing Plant Research Articles

TaMYB-CC5 gene specifically expressed in root improve tolerance of phosphorus deficiency and drought stress in wheat

Phosphate deficiency and drought are significant environmental constraints that impact both the productivity and quality of wheat. The interaction between phosphorus and water facilitates their mutual absorption processes in plants. Under conditions of both phosphorus deficiency and drought stress, we observed a significant upregulation in the expression of wheat MYB-CC transcription factors through the transcriptome analysis. 52 TaMYB-CC genes in wheat were identified and analyzed their evolutionary relationships, structures, and expression patterns. The TaMYB-CC5 gene exhibited specific expression in roots and demonstrated significant upregulation under phosphorus deficiency and drought stress compared to other TaMYB-CC genes. The overexpression of TaMYB-CC5A in Arabidopsis resulted in a significant increase of root length under stress conditions, thereby enhancing tolerance to phosphate starvation and drought stress. The wheat lines with silenced TaMYB-CC5 genes exhibited reduced root length under stress conditions and increased sensitivity to phosphate deficiency and drought stress. In addition, silencing the TaMYB-CC5 genes resulted in altered phosphorus content in leaves but did not lead to a reduction in phosphorus content in roots. Enrichment analysis the co-expression genes of TaMYB-CC5 transcription factors, we found the zinc-induced facilitator-like (ZIFL) genes were prominent associated with TaMYB-CC5 gene. The TaZIFL1, TaZIFL2, and TaZIFL5 genes were verified specifically expressed in roots and regulated by TaMYB-CC5 transcript factor. Our study reveals the pivotal role of the TaMYB-CC5 gene in regulating TaZIFL genes, which is crucial for maintaining normal root growth under phosphorus deficiency and drought stress, thereby enhanced resistance to these abiotic stresses in wheat.

AcNRZ1, an endoplasmic reticulum-localized NAC transcription factor in kiwifruit, enhances zinc stress tolerance in Arabidopsis

The trace element zinc (Zn) is involved in various biological processes in plant, yet its excessive accumulation can result in plant toxicity. In this study, we unveiled a novel NAC transcription factor, AcNRZ1, in kiwifruit, and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of AcNRZ1 can be up-regulated by Zn stress. Furthermore, Zn stress induces the translocation of AcNRZ1 from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to nucleus. Overexpression of AcNRZ1 in Arabidopsis imparts tolerance and elevates the germination rates under Zn stress. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that the overexpression of AcNRZ1 facilitates the transport of Zn ions from the root to the leaf and enhances the Zn detoxification process in the vacuole by upregulating the expression of the Zn transport-related gene HMA4, as well as Zn detoxification-related genes including MTP1/3/5, GSH1, and PCS1. Additionally, overexpression of AcNRZ1 in Arabidopsis stimulates the expression of antioxidant enzyme related genes (SOD1 and CAT1), thereby leading to reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species and ultimately enhancing tolerance to Zn stress. These findings suggest that AcNRZ1 influences plant response to Zn stress by modulating Zn ion transport, promoting detoxification processes, and regulating the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, thereby conferring plant tolerance to Zn stress.

Evaluation of the Pollution by the Potentially Toxic Elements in the Topsoils of a Semi-Industrial Zone, Northwestern Iran

ABSTRACT Various industries, including cement production, petrochemical processing, and power plants, exert significant environmental impacts on their surroundings. The close proximity of these industries within the study area underscores the critical need to investigate soil pollution of potentially toxic elements and elucidate possible pollution sources and associated risks. The present study involved taking 44 topsoil (0–10 cm) samples of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), and Zinc (Zn) concentrations, which their mean concentration were found to be 11.29, 0.46, 15.89, 67.36, 44.36, 79.93, 8.50 and 68.27 mg kg−1, respectively. Comparison with the baseline values stated in local and international soil quality guidelines has indicated higher As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations. The soil pollution indices of the geoaccumulation index, pollution index, pollution load index, and enrichment factor pollution have evaluated the pollution status of the study area to be uncontaminated to moderately contaminated, moderately polluted, polluted, deficient enrichment to moderate enrichment classes, respectively. Ecological and health risks that involved the application of the single index of ecological risk, potential ecological risk, hazard quotient, hazard index, and cancer risk have revealed that the study area was ecologically in a low-risk state with an average potential ecological risk value of 90.38, while carcinogenic (10−6-10−4) and non-carcinogenic risks (>1) were also found to be in a tolerable range for human health. Possible pollution sources were identified using multivariate statistics and further confirmed and visualized by the spatial distribution maps obtained from the deterministic interpolation method of inverse distance weighting. These analyses have suggested that the soil pollution which its existence was confirmed by the related indices and comparisons, to the potentially toxic elements of Cr and Ni can be possibly attributed to the petrochemical and power plants, to Cd could be appointed to cement plant, and to Cu could be associated with agricultural activities. It has also been found that arsenic was determined to be a common pollutant among the three main industries.

Cracking failure analysis of potash fertilizer drying drums: Calculations, modeling, experiment

Drying drums are widely used for drying materials in many industries. At the same time, the temperature of the drying gases can exceed 1000 °C, and the materials being dried or the evaporated media can be highly aggressive, which can lead to the destruction of the material of the drying drums. As a result of comprehensive studies, it has been established that the probable causes of cracking of drying drum linings under operating conditions of the drying-granulation department of a potassium ore processing plant are thermal stresses. The research results are confirmed by the results of the analysis of the composition and mechanical properties of the drum material, as well as the calculations performed and modeling results. It has been established that thermal stresses are caused by the difference in linear thermal expansion of the lining and the drum due to significantly different temperature coefficients of linear expansion. The drum and inner lining expand by 18.5 mm and 26 mm, respectively, and the calculated difference is approximately 8 mm. Contact force between the lining and the body of the drying drum reaches 54.44 MN. Maximum stresses experienced by the body of the drying drum do not exceed 6 MPa. The microhardness of austenite grains through which the crack directly passes was ≈150 kg/mm2, and that of unbroken grains was ≈180 kg/mm2. Additionally, cracking of the linings due to thermal stresses is associated with the design features of the drum dryer, expressed in the rigid structure of the lining and drum along the transverse axis. The further development of cracks occurs due to, cyclic thermal effects, and the chlorides enter the cracks.

Benzotriazoles and bisphenols in wastewater from the food processing industry and the quantitative changes during mechanical/biochemical treatment processes

Benzotriazoles (BTRs) and bisphenols (BPs), categorized as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), pose significant risks to human health and ecosystems due to their endocrine-disrupting properties and environmental persistence. This study investigates the occurrence and behavior of nine BTRs and ten BPs in wastewater generated in a large-scale meat processing plant, evaluating the effectiveness of a modern mechanical-biological industrial on-site treatment plant in removing these contaminants, and based on the concentration levels from eleven sampling points at different stages of the treatment process. The method used to determine these micropollutants' concentration was ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction for analytes isolation and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for detection (USAEME-GC/MS). The results indicate that the rigorous quality control processes in the meat processing facility effectively limit the presence of these micropollutants, especially concerning BPs, which are absent or below detection limits in raw wastewater. While the concentrations of some of these micropollutants increased at different points in the treatment process, these values were relatively low, typically below one microgram per liter. Among the compounds analyzed, the only one present after completing the treatment was 5Cl-BTR (maximum concentration: 3007 ng/L), and these contamination levels are around seven times lower than the reference value associated with non-cancer health risk for drinking water. This study contributes to understanding these CECs in industrial wastewater and highlights the importance of effective treatment systems for environmental protection.

Persistence of Salmonella and Campylobacter on Whole Chicken Carcasses under the Different Chlorine Concentrations Used in the Chill Tank of Processing Plants in Sri Lanka.

The persistence of non-typhoidal Salmonella and Campylobacter in chicken meat is a considerable public health risk and a future challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry processing lines where different chlorine concentrations were used in the chill tank. The samples were collected from four types of processing plants in Sri Lanka, considering the chlorine concentration used in the chill tank, which ranged from 2 ppm to 50 ppm. Salmonella and Campylobacter were isolated from whole carcass washings, neck skin, and cecal samples. Subsequently, an antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for the isolates. The results revealed the overall prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter was 78.25% and 63.5%, respectively. Positive percentages of Salmonella and Campylobacter were high in the carcasses compared to the neck skin and ceca. The Campylobacter counts on the whole carcasses were significantly low (p < 0.001), at higher chlorine concentrations ranging from 20 to 30 ppm and 40 to 50 ppm. The pathogen prevalence in the whole carcasses was 84.7% Campylobacter coli, 39.1% Campylobacter jejuni, 71.1% Salmonella Typhimurium, and 28.8% Salmonella Infantis. The highest resistance was observed for tetracycline (63.8%) in Salmonella, while it was for gentamicin (87.8%) in Campylobacter. The prevalence percentage of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter was 51.2%, while it was 2.12% for Salmonella. The persistence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter on the post-chill carcasses was highlighted in the present study as a significant public health threat that has to be addressed urgently.

Enhancing maize growth and resilience to environmental stress with biochar, gibberellic acid and rhizobacteria.

Zea mays (maize) is a globally significant cereal crop with diverse applications in food, feed, and industrial products. However, maize cultivation is often challenged by environmental stressors such as heavy metal toxicity and drought stress (DS). Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) can accumulate in soil through industrial activities and improper waste disposal, posing significant threats to plant growth and development. Drought stress further exacerbates these challenges by limiting water availability and affecting physiological processes in plants. This study explores the impact of Cd and Pb toxicity, as well as DS, on maize growth and development, and investigates the potential mitigating effects of various treatments, including gibberellic acid (GA3), biochar (BC), rhizobacteria (RB), and their combinations. The experiment involved maize plants subjected to different stress conditions: cadmium (Cd) at concentrations of 0, 6, and 12 ppm, lead (Pb) at 0 and 400 ppm, and drought stress (DS). Treatments included the application of 10 ppm GA3, 0.75% BC, a combined treatment of 10 ppm GA3 and 0.75% BC, rhizobacteria (RB), and a combined treatment of 0.5% BC and RB. The study measured germination rates, shoot and root lengths, and biochemical parameters such as shoot and root protein, phenolics, and chlorophyll contents under these conditions. In the absence of Cd stress (0 Cd), the application of 10 ppm GA3 and 0.75% BC significantly enhanced germination rates by 72% and 76%, respectively, compared to the control, with the combined treatment exhibiting the highest enhancement of 86%. Under Cd stress (6 ppm Cd), GA3 and BC individually improved germination by 54% and 57%, respectively, with the combined treatment showing the largest increase of 63%. Drought stress influenced germination, with notable improvements observed with the application of 0.5% BC (50% increase) and RB (49% increase). Similar trends were observed in shoot and root lengths, where the combined treatment of GA3 and BC resulted in the most significant improvements. The treatments positively influenced shoot and root protein, phenolics, and chlorophyll contents, particularly under stress conditions. These findings highlight the potential of combined treatments, such as the application of GA3 and BC or BC with RB, in alleviating the adverse effects of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and drought stress in maize cultivation. The combined treatments not only improved germination rates but also significantly enhanced shoot and root growth, as well as important biochemical parameters under stress conditions. This suggests that GA3 and BC, alone or in combination with RB, can play a crucial role in enhancing maize resilience to environmental stressors. The study highlights the importance of exploring sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate the impacts of heavy metal toxicity and drought stress. Future research should focus on long-term field trials to validate these findings and further investigate the mechanistic pathways involved in stress mitigation by these amendments, as well as their economic feasibility and environmental impact on a larger scale to ensure their practical applicability in real-world agricultural settings.

Prospects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms in sustainable agriculture.

Phosphorus (P), an essential macronutrient for various plant processes, is generally a limiting soil component for crop growth and yields. Organic and inorganic types of P are copious in soils, but their phyto-availability is limited as it is present largely in insoluble forms. Although phosphate fertilizers are applied in P-deficit soils, their undue use negatively impacts soil quality and the environment. Moreover, many P fertilizers are lost because of adsorption and fixation mechanisms, further reducing fertilizer efficiencies. The application of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) is an environmentally friendly, low-budget, and biologically efficient method for sustainable agriculture without causing environmental hazards. These beneficial microorganisms are widely distributed in the rhizosphere and can hydrolyze inorganic and organic insoluble P substances to soluble P forms which are directly assimilated by plants. The present review summarizes and discusses our existing understanding related to various forms and sources of P in soils, the importance and P utilization by plants and microbes,, the diversification of PSMs along with mixed consortia of diverse PSMs including endophytic PSMs, the mechanism of P solubilization, and lastly constraints being faced in terms of production and adoption of PSMs on large scale have also been discussed.

Prevalence and Characterization of Salmonella during Pork Sausage Manufacturing.

Pork carcasses and meat may harbor Salmonella and may contaminate other products during harvest and fabrication. Sources of contamination include manure on hides, environmental contamination, ingredients from external sources, and lymph nodes. Swine lymph nodes are often incorporated into ground meat, as their anatomical location makes removal labor prohibitive. A sausage processing plant in the midwestern United States was sampled monthly (except for December) from May 2021 to April 2022 to enumerate Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae (EB) throughout the sausage manufacturing process to determine high-risk stages and efficiency of existing in-plant interventions. Salmonella serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility were evaluated on a subset of isolates recovered at the end phases of sausage production. In each collection, samples were taken from the carcasses of eight sows through 11 stages of sausage manufacturing. A total of 830 samples were cultured. Thirty-four Salmonella were isolated from the final three production stages; of these, there were eleven serotypes. Three isolates displayed resistance to ampicillin, whereas the remainder of the isolates were pan-susceptible to the antimicrobials tested. Salmonella and EB were significantly reduced (p < 0.001) by acid washes at different stages of production, and the results point to the beneficial effects of interventions to lessen Salmonella concentrations in retail products.

Erosion-corrosion failure of overhead air cooler in atmospheric tower

ABSTRACT During the hydrogenation process in a petrochemical plant, the air cooler serves as a crucial heat exchanger in atmospheric towers. However, the frequent corrosion and leaks of air coolers significantly impact the safety of the process. Firstly, the Aspen software is utilized to simulate the operation of an air cooler. Then, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations are performed to analyze the internal flow in the air cooler. Finally, four inlet optimization strategies are proposed. It is indicated that the condensation of the oil phase results in the formation of liquid-phase oil droplets that cause erosion-corrosion. The absence of liquid-phase water condensation implies that there is minimal dew point corrosion in the tube bundle. The turbulence kinetic energy near the entrance exhibits significant variation, making erosion-corrosion more likely to occur near the entrance of the cooling tube bundle. Furthermore, vortexes form near the entrances of the first and second rows, exacerbating the corrosion in the tube bundle. By optimizing the air cooler, numerical simulations showed that the shear force of the vortex on the tube wall is reduced by nearly 50%. The internal erosion and scour effect of the improved air cooler is reduced.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ И ПРИНЦИПЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ АГЛОМЕРАЦИЙ

Agglomeration is a form of territorial space and is one of the tools for the sustainable development of rural territories, and their stable development provides the necessary conditions for the for-mation of the social sphere, infrastructure and the creation of additional jobs. One of the factors for the effective development of rural territories is rationally organized local government, one of the activities of which is the creation of rural agglomerations. The rural agglomeration is charac-terized by a high proportion of the population engaged in agriculture. Farmers, entrepreneurs, and specialists of various fields work here, who are engaged in the production and processing of manufactured products. The territory houses warehouses, processing and packaging plants. The rural agglomeration supplies agricultural products, raw materials and food to the trading net-works of cities, thereby playing an important role in the development of the country and increasing the economic well-being of rural territories.

Recycling Pesticide Plastic Containers in Indonesia: An Evaluation of Technical, Economic, and Regulatory Impact Feasibility

This study explores the feasibility of recycling pesticide plastic packaging in Indonesia, focusing on technical, economic, and regulatory aspects. Technical feasibility analysis highlights challenges in material composition and pesticide residue removal, emphasizing the effectiveness of a cleaning process to ensure safety and quality of recycled materials. Economically, the study demonstrates significant cost savings when incorporating at least 40% recycled material into new packaging, enhancing market competitiveness. The regulatory analysis emphasizes the recommendation to the Indonesian government to reclassify waste pesticide containers from hazardous to non-hazardous materials following the validation of the triple rinsing trial’s effectiveness in removing pesticide residue. Reclassifying the containers as non-hazardous will reduce transportation costs from the source locations, such as plantations or farming areas, to the waste processing plant, thereby improving the economic feasibility of the pesticide plastic container recycling. Recommendations include conducting production trials with larger container sizes and adjusting the recycled material percentage, as well as exploring performance-enhancing additives for recycled plastics. Industries are advised to align with regulations by adopting best recycling practices and establishing robust compliance processes. Strengthening Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes and supporting advanced recycling infrastructure development are critical steps. These measures will improve the efficiency and effectiveness of recycling programs, ensuring regulatory compliance and promoting sustainable waste management. The study concludes that recycling pesticide plastic packaging is feasible and beneficial, provided that technical and economic challenges are effectively addressed with at least 40% recycled material content. The economic viability of recycling pesticide plastic containers will be further enhanced if the Indonesian government reclassifies the waste containers as non-hazardous, after triple rinsing process, thereby reducing transportation costs.

Sample Type and Processing Plant Differences in the Proportion of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 and Non-O157 Serogroups in Feces and on Hides of Cull Dairy Cattle at Slaughter.

The study was conducted to determine the proportion and concentration of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 and six non-O157 (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) serogroups and identify seasonal and processing plant differences in feces and on hides of cull dairy cattle processed in commercial slaughterhouses in the United States. Approximately 60 rectal and 60 hide-on samples from matched carcasses were collected in each of three processing plants, in two periods; summer of 2017 and spring of 2018. Samples before enrichment were spiral plated to quantify EHEC, and postenriched samples underwent culture methods that included immuno-magnetic separation, plating on selective media, and PCR assays for identification and serogroup confirmation of putative isolates. An isolate was considered EHEC O157 positive if it harbored serogroup-specific (rfbE), Shiga toxin (stx1 and/or stx2), and intimin (eae) genes and EHEC non-O157 positive if at least one of the non-O157 serogroup-specific, stx1 and/or stx2, and eae genes was identified. Generalized linear mixed models were fitted to estimate overall proportion of positives for EHEC O157 and non-O157 EHEC serogroups, as well as seasonal and processing plant differences in fecal and hide-on proportion of positives. The fecal EHEC proportion at the sample level was 1.8% (95% CI = 0.0-92.2%) and 4.2% (95% CI = 0.0-100.0%) for EHEC O157 and EHEC non-O157, respectively. Hide sample level proportion of positives was 3.0% (95% CI = 0.0-99.9%) for EHEC O157 and 1.6% (95% CI = 0.0-100.0%) for EHEC non-O157. The proportion of EHEC O157 and non-O157 significantly differed by processing plant and sample type (hide vs. feces), but not by season. The association between proportion of EHEC serogroups in feces with the proportion on hides collected from matched cattle was 7.8% (95% CI = 0.6-53.3%) and 3.8% (95% CI = 0.3-30.8%) for EHEC O157 and non-O157, respectively. Taken together, our findings provide evidence of a low proportion of EHEC serogroups in the feces and on hides of cull dairy cattle and that their proportion varies across processing plants.

Enhancing Turnaround Maintenance in Process Plants through On-Stream Phased Array Corrosion Mapping: A Review

Enhancing Turnaround Maintenance in Process Plants through On-Stream Phased Array Corrosion Mapping: A Review

Sosialisasi dan Pembinaan Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) Pada Kelompok Wanita Tani di Wilayah Kota Blitar

The Ministry of Agriculture is promoting the Sustainable Food Program (P2L) which aims to meet people's needs for food and nutritional consumption patterns as well as ways to maximize empty land which can be used as an opportunity for conservation (Annonimous, 2021). Another aim is to increase community awareness and family knowledge about the processing and care of food plants, fruit and vegetables for cultivation, encourage the growth of seeds or plants so that their sustainability is maintained and increase the community's productive income by supplying and utilizing empty land in their respective home gardens. In the field, it is still difficult to implement P2L in the target group, namely the Women Farmers Group in the city of Blitar. For this reason, outreach and coaching activities are needed so that group understanding and awareness can increase enthusiasm in implementing it, so that it will increase the availability, accessibility and use of their yards as a source of food as well as collecting cash. Community organizations are involved in this organization. By utilizing the yard, the community is encouraged to grow food crops, vegetables, fruit, medicinal plants, tuber plants as an alternative for food diversification as part of the P2L program. More than that, the P2L program is an agricultural business in or around the city that utilizes knowledge, experience and creativity to cultivate and process food for the community by utilizing empty land and yards to contribute to nutrition, improve the local community's economy and improve welfare (Aini , 2015). P2L activities are carried out using sustainable agricultural development methods, utilization of local resources (local wisdom), community empowerment (community engagement), and marketing focus strategies to achieve these goals (go to market). The implementation is planting various plants through nursery work, demonstration plots, planting, post-harvest work and commercialization. (Musdalifah et al., 2023) The activity was carried out using a lecture method explaining the legality of P2L implementation, implementation, implementation procedures to 20 KWTs in the Blitar City Area by the proposer of Unisba Blitar Internal PKM 2024.

Comparative analysis of solar-powered heat pump systems for decarbonization of process heating and cooling applications: Case of milk pasteurization

The dairy processing industry is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for heating applications at different temperature levels and contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Besides, process cooling, product refrigeration, and storage are mainly reliant on vapour compression refrigeration technologies. This study investigates the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal (ST) powered heat pumping technologies for simultaneous heating (at 75 °C) and cooling (at 2 °C) applications in a selected typical thermal process in a dairy processing plant (milk pasteurization). An ammonia/water absorption heat pump (AHP) and a two-stage R717 vapour compression heat pump with an open intercooler (VCHP) are used in the present study. The VCHP and AHP are powered by market-available solar PV modules and ST collector technologies. The electrical COP and exergy COP of the VCHP were about 4.710 and 0.535, respectively. The AHP operates at a thermal COP and exergy COP of 0.979 and 0.301 when the driving hot water and absorber cooling water inlet temperatures are 160 °C and 30 °C. The grid-connected PV-VCHP system and ST-AHP with natural gas-fired auxiliary heater operate at an annual solar fraction of 0.533 and 0.572, respectively, for a typical weather condition in Barcelona (Spain).

Short overview about iron ore beneficiation: a case study in recovering the iron ore from the tailing pond of the Kip-Tuoc processing plant

Iron is a critical metal for many fields of life and industry. The iron-containing minerals are recovered from the iron run-of-mine (ROM) ore and the tailing pond (TP) of the previous processes. The minerals containing iron are hematite, magnetite, goethite, maghemite, etc. In addition, the invaluable minerals and gangue normally are quartz, kaolinite, gibbsite, pyrite, dolomite, chlorite, etc. Many methods to upgrade the iron content as well as separating the iron minerals and gangue are applied. Those technologies are magnetic separation, gravity separation, flotation, chemical separation, thermal beneficiation, or even the application of biotechnology. In Vietnam, there are many technological research projects on iron ore beneficiation and processing. The main technologies are washing and scrubbing methods, magnetizing roasting combined with a magnetic separator, spiral and magnetic separator, flotation, etc. The article shows a short review of the main methods in order to treat the type of raw material as well as some current applied technology in Vietnam. Based on the knowledge, a study to recover the iron of Kip-Tuoc tailing from the tailing pond is presented. The applied technology is the combination of a trommel screen, spiral and shaking table. The result showed that by applying the rational method and carefully controlling the operational parameters, the iron ore (from the tailing pond with 14.28% Fe) recovered up to 57.57% at the 59.49% Fe grade content. The iron content is suitable for feeding to the blast furnaces in Vietnam. Through the research results, a flowsheet for iron recovery at the tailing pond of the Kip Tuoc beneficiation plant is proposed and scaled up to industrial production's next step.

Development of Simplified Treatment Methods for Removal of Ra-226 and Ra-228 from Sludge Waste Produced in Natural Gas Processing Plants

The present study aims to establish a new treatment method for removing or reducing the concentration of 226Ra and 228Ra in sludge waste produced due to natural gas production at natural gas processing Plants. The main radionuclides present in sludge waste of natural gas processing are Radium and its daughters due to their low solubility in the water they can form compounds with sulfate ions, carbonate ions, silicate ions, then precipitation scale or sludge. The suggested method is designed to be simple, applicable, economically beneficial, and environmentally safe, by using internal available resources like emitted hydrogen sulfide and sodium hydroxide, also reduction of chemicals that used in radioactivity treatment to be sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide instead of multiple different chemicals that used in other treatment procedures. The effects of the used chemical reagents sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide in various concentrations at different reaction temperatures on the sludge waste to extract the radium isotopes have been studied, evaluated, and compared. The study proved that removing radium isotopes is increased by elevating the reagents concentration and sludge temperature. The removal effects of the used reagents are approximately similar.

Impact of Covid 19 Outbreak on Livestock Production: A Review

For centuries, disease outbreak has posed a threat to livestock production. Corona virus disease, also known as COVID-19 is a novel disease that brought with it economic havoc and affected the livestock industry adversely. Animal Production and processing plants were heavily affected as a result of difficulty buying production inputs such as feed for animals, transportation of live animals including inter border crossing restrictions, assess to professional care, reduced workforce and decrease in supply of meat and meat products to the market. With the pandemic, importation and exportation of animals and livestock products were affected. There was reduction in the number of animals slaughtered daily and also a reduction in processing plant capacity across all species. Majority of workers in the livestock industry were infected with corona virus, which resulted to financial instability, loss of jobs as well as loss of animals. Better policies to reduce the economic loss through partial or full opening of both intra and interstate borders, providing funds to farmers, opening up processing plants and slaughtering houses will aid in cushioning the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the livestock industry.

Exploring the feasibility of a single-protoplast proteomic analysis

BackgroundRecent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry have now enabled the study of proteomes at the single-cell level, offering the potential to unveil novel aspects of cellular processes. Remarkably, there has been no prior attempt to investigate single-plant cell proteomes. In this study, we aimed to explore the feasibility of conducting a proteomic analysis on individual protoplasts.FindingsAs a result, our analysis identified 978 proteins from the 180 protoplasts, aligning with well-known biological processes in plant leaves, such as photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem II. Employing the SCP package in the SCoPE2 workflow revealed a notable batch effect and extensive missing values in the data. Following correction, we observed the heterogeneity in single-protoplast proteome expression. Comparing the results of single-protoplast proteomics with those of bulk leaf proteomics, we noted that only a small fraction of bulk data was detected in the single-protoplast proteomics data, highlighting a technical limitation of the current single-cell proteomics method.ConclusionsIn summary, we demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a single-protoplast proteomic experiment, revealing heterogeneity in plant cellular proteome expression. This underscores the importance of analyzing a substantial number of plant cells to discern statistically significant changes in plant cell proteomes upon perturbation such as abscisic acid treatment in future studies. We anticipate that our study will contribute to advancing single-protoplast proteomics in the near future.