Processes Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

Migración rural-urbana de jóvenes y adolescentes en riesgo de exclusión social y educativa

El presente texto realiza una revisión de literatura científica con el objetivo de conocer las diferentes miradas e interpretaciones sobre migración rural – urbana de jóvenes y adolescentes en riesgos de exclusión social. La metodología aplicada en el marco del enfoque cualitativo permitió la organización, el estudio e interpretación de 25 investigaciones publicadas en la biblioteca digital de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Como resultado se llegó a comprender que la migración es un fenómeno complejo, dinámico y multifacético. En esta perspectiva emerge el tipo de movimiento migratorio rural-urbana que recae en el grupo de jóvenes y adolescentes que “salen en busca de trabajo” y los que “migran para estudiar”. Esta población de jóvenes y adolescentes migrantes del campo a la ciudad es uno de los segmentos sumamente vulnerables. En esa condición, los sujetos jóvenes están expuestos a múltiples procesos dinámicos de exclusión social, educativa, laboral, política y cultural.

The conception of social inequality in the Saskia Sassen`s works

The article deals with the inequality problem based on S. Sassen’s work “Expulsions: brutality and complexity in the global economy”, in which the researcher presents her understanding of causes and essence of social exclusion processes in globalization context and there is assessment of the consequences of these processes in terms of the extent of impact on the social system. On the basis of the modern literature analysis the author considers problems of social inequality, determinates the subject field and perspective directions of the research, in terms of which S. Sassen’s work is a new and the most significant approach. The author highlights theoretical and methodological foundations of the S. Sassen’s work, focusing on research techniques to demonstrate implicit trends, which are often overlooked in sociological analysis courses. The examples, given in the article, illustrates the essence of the “expulsions” process, typical for the period of the late XX century. This is a capitalist system formation time, aimed to generate profits in all areas of human life (economic, social, legal, environmental, etc.), which is characterized by an uncontrolled nature. As a result, inequality is embodied not only in direct income inequality, but also forms a whole “excluded space” consisting of marginalized groups, those who are deprived of social benefits, those who migrate because of the large-scale redemption of land by foreign governments for production purposes, those who are detained, etc. It is important to develop statistical indicators and conceptual tools that would allow, in particular, to emphasize this part of the population, and, in general, to make an adequate representation of the real scale of social inequality and poverty.

Recognizing experiential knowledge in the process of qualification of peer helpers: an analysis of an educational program for service users in France

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes an innovative training program enabling the qualification of peer carers, working within the sector of ‘social inclusion’. Since the French national debate on social work conducted within the ‘Estates General’ of 2015, peer workers have become key players in training programs in virtue of their experiential knowledge and their understanding of issues related to the process of social exclusion. This article addresses the role of peer helpers’ experiential knowledge in the training process. Because of their ‘experiential’ and ‘empirical’ knowledge about questions linked to the process of exclusion, peer helpers have become key players in social work teams and within social institutions, thus contributing to new methods of socio-educational intervention. What impact will this recognition of peer helpers’ and service users’ experiential knowledge have on education in social work? This article gives an account of an 8-month training program for peer helpers examined on the methodological level through a process of Participant observation, and based on data from comprehensive interviews carried out with a panel of peer helpers.

Inequality and discrimination in access to water and sanitation in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Access to water and sanitation services by the population of the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, has been marked by processes of socio-spatial segregation and social exclusion. Considering the recognition, in 2010, of the human rights to water and sanitation by the United Nations, we seek to assess the adequate access to these services in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region through the principle of equality and non-discrimination. We used microdata from the demographic censuses, years 2000 and 2010, from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. We analyzed these data through descriptive and comparative statistical analysis, spatial analysis and multivariate analysis, so as to: determine the extent of the universalization of the adequate access to those services; assess the spatial dependence between municipalities regarding this access; identify and characterize possible access discrimination, by specific population groups. Results show an increase in the proportion of households with adequate access to water and sanitation services in the intercensus period; near lack spatial association, showing inequalities among the 34 municipalities of the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region; access inequalities among different population groups - according to household situation, income, race or color, sex and educational level - in a possible non compliance with the principle of non-discrimination.

Geographies of Confinement for Immigrant Youth: Checkpoints and Immobilities along the US/Mexico Border

The containment of immigrants along the US/Mexico border illuminates the complex spatial implications associated with the securitization of migration enforcement. The production of marginalized, carceral national spaces has particular consequences for the people who inhabit them, as processes of spatial illegality shape their daily lives. Our analyses draw on five years of ethnographic study in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Here, we focus on the experiences of sixty‐one undocumented youth, including recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, to explore how the spatial violence created by checkpoints and everyday policing practices lead to experiences of confinement and accelerate processes of social exclusion. Spillover effects occur as all inhabitants must pass through inspection points and demonstrate proof of identity and legal residency; this contributes to the reformulation of citizenship. To this, our article adds insight into how social membership is experienced at the checkpoints so that “citizenship” and “authorization” become conflated. Early childhood and youth experiences of freely crossing spaces with school programs yet living with uncertain and precarious status contribute to persistent fear, instability, and confusion under a multilayered immigration policy regime.

Social Innovation and Social Policy: Empowerment of Indigenous Women the Management of Sustainable Productive Organizations in Vietnam and Mexico

The present proposal, as an area of opportunity, addresses the empowerment of indigenous women, as a mechanism that seeks to achieve the development of management skills of sustainable productive organizations in the short, medium and/or long term, create individual commitment to develop their own potentialities and to generate an answer for their social change and human development. This in support of the strategy to combat poverty and social exclusion, through the development of productive projects, through the management of sustainable productive organizations that seek to improve the living conditions and social position of indigenous women. The importance of the research is that it seeks to deepen the social exclusion processes present in indigenous women, in order to propose alternative solutions in order to overcome their condition of multidimensional poverty and that seek to strengthen the actions for empowerment in the development of their management capacities themselves that are elements that promote the development of sustainable productive organizations.

The Process of Social Exclusion of Tea Garden Workers: A Study on Sylhet City Corporation, Bangladesh

Previous literature suggests that tea garden workers of Bangladesh are excluded from social, political and economic aspects. Therefore, this research work aimed to exploring the process of social exclusion of tea garden worker. All the tea gardens within Sylhet City Corporation have been selected as the study area and empirical data has been collected from selected respondents by Survey and In-depth interview methods. The field data show that tea garden workers are excluded in main three ways. They are deprived from social and political rights and have a very small control on their material world. Such deprivations made them incapable and create a cycle of poverty which leads them to social exclusion. Moreover, tea garden owners and managers play a peculiar role to exploit them from their basic socio-political and economic rights. In such a way, tea garden workers become excluded from the main stream people and living inhuman life.

CARTOGRAFIA PRELIMINAR DOS VÍNCULOS SOCIAIS NO PROCESSO MORADOR: MORADIA NO CONDOMÍNIO SÃO JOSÉ, ITABUNA, BA

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa intitulada: “Cartografia preliminar das relações sociais em condomínios Minha Casa Minha Vida em Itabuna, BA” que objetivou analisar o processo de desvínculos e revínculos sociais dos/das moradores/as em relação ao antigo local de morada e ao novo espaço de moradia, considerando: 1. laços sociais (re) existentes; 2. a percepção quanto ao acesso a serviços urbanos básicos (farmácia, padaria, mercados, escolas, posto de saúde) e, 3. se há mobilidade social ascendente em função do novo espaço de moradia. Foi realizado um estudo de caso no conjunto habitacional condomínio São José, localizado a 10 km do centro urbano do município. Os dados foram coletados por meio da entrevista jornalística e registros de observação em diário de campo. Foi realizada a Análise de Conteúdo (AC) dos dados coletados. Os resultados mostraram que as relações de vizinhança são inevitáveis e imprescindíveis para manutenção dos vínculos sociais existentes com o local da antiga morada e para a apropriação da nova moradia; a distância do condomínio São José em relação a serviços urbanos, aliada à dificuldade de mobilidade urbana, corrobora o processo de exclusão socioespacial; entretanto, ter a propriedade do imóvel representa ascensão no status social para os/as moradores/as do condomínio São José.

Does Social Exclusion Alter Sensory and Pain Thresholds in Children and Adolescents with Functional Abdominal Pain? - Results from a Preliminary Study.

Functional abdominal pain (AP) is a prevalent issue in childhood and adolescence. The contribution of psychosocial factors in the development and maintenance of this health problem is rather unclear, and experimental studies about underlying mechanisms are lacking. This study investigates whether experimentally induced social exclusion decreases sensory and pain thresholds in children suffering from AP. Twenty children/adolescents with AP and 22 healthy controls. Children/adolescents participated in the Cyberball paradigm, which affects an experience of social exclusion. Thermal sensory and pain thresholds were measured before and after Cyberball. Children/adolescents with AP showed a divergent reaction regarding their sensory threshold after social exclusion: The control group exhibited a tendency toward a decreased sensory threshold whereas the AP group remained stable. Concerning the pain threshold, no effect of social exclusion could be identified. The increase of both thresholds ("numbing") after Cyberball was positively correlated with symptoms of mental health issues. This is the first study to investigate changes in sensory and pain thresholds following painful social interactions in a sample of children/adolescents with a chronic pain condition. Results suggest that AP and control children differ in their reaction of sensory thresholds, which might indicate an altered processing of social exclusion. Replication and further methodological improvements are needed.

Perceptions on Floods by the Population Residing in the Watershed of Ribeirão Garcia, Brazil

Any anthropic action transforms the environment. However, the Urbanization is a human achievement, not the “villain” or “protagonist” of passive actors and experienced environmental degradations, but the model of urban occupation, construction and densification, interconnected with the ineffectiveness of the current drainage system. When evaluating programs to minimize flood impacts, the social component is a necessary but often neglected dimension. This component can be evaluated through the articulation between the actors (population and public power) and the resident community’s perception in relation to the needs and interventions. The present work seeks to analyze the perception of the community resident in the watershed of Ribeir&#227o Garcia regarding the problems arising from urban floods. The repeated flood events occurring in the Ribeirao Garcia watershed in the city of Blumenau-SC, Brazil, make this place a potential area for an investigative process, which can subsidize future decision-making processes aimed at the adequacy of a sustainable system in medium and long term. For the accomplishment of this work, a qualitative research was adopted. Fieldwork and semi-structured interviews with residents in the sample areas have been carried out to analyse land use and occupation. The procedures that supported this sample survey were divided into four steps: definition of the total population and the sample size; preparation of a questionnaire; application of the questionnaire and tabulation of results. It can be seen that, despite the problems of floods and landslides to residents of all sample areas, the locals have different perceptions regarding the proposed issues and that these different perceptions are linked to the sample geographic location. The analysed space is full of contrasts in physical, social and economic aspects, which favours one part of the population and disfavours the other. The process of densification and overcrowding of inadequate areas has been one of the negative effects of a disorganized housing sector in a speculative real estate market, and different levels of infrastructure among the districts, consolidating, in many ways, a process of social exclusion and spatial segregation. The analysis of the resident community’s perception in the Ribeirao Garcia watershed shows that the most susceptible communities to this type of events are those of low income, located in risk areas. It also demonstrates that, despite these communities’ present empirical situation knowledge on the causes and consequences of the floods, most residents prefer to transfer responsibility only to the public power, without assuming their own responsibility. The study of community perception makes it clear that the problem has been aggravated in part by a lack of knowledge of the relationship between land use and flooding.

The Pathways to Homelessness in the Post-Soviet Context

Homelessness is a complex problem, resulting from a combination of housing and social exclusion processes. This paper discusses some theoretical discourses regarding understanding homelessness and the major factors contributing to homelessness (rooflessness) in the post-soviet country of Georgia. “Roofless” people are the most vulnerable group who need special attention while currently there is no national strategy on homelessness in place. Mixed methods were used to study homeless people living in a special shelter in Tbilisi. In total, 70 homeless (mean age = 48, male – 64%, female – 36%) were interviewed by semi-structural questionnaire. The results showed that a structural factor—unemployment (90%) was the major cause of homelessness. Moreover, almost half of the beneficiaries of emergency shelters need assistance in finding jobs even though they have high academic or professional education. In contrast to European roofless people who have multiple and serious support needs and problems (mental health, drag addiction, chronic homelessness), the majority of interviewed roofless people in Georgia are with less burdened life stories and can be more easily rehabilitated in the case of timely intervention, accommodation, and the proper national strategy on homelessness. Some recommendations for alleviating social segregation of homeless people are highlighted.

Ownership and Membership: Practices and Experiences of Neighbourhood Residents in the Wijsgeren Community Garden in Amsterdam

AbstractCity governments worldwide have embraced urban agriculture, including community gardening, for the multiple societal benefits which they promise. Many academic studies have also emphasised and celebrated the benefits of community gardening but the debate surrounding it increasingly takes a more critical stance by also paying attention to the societal drawbacks. This paper aims to further enrich this more critical debate by analysing processes of social inclusion and social exclusion in and around the community garden in the Wijsgeren neighbourhood of Amsterdam. By looking at the practices and experiences of both gardeners and non‐gardeners, processes of inclusion and exclusion are unravelled in terms of ownership and membership of the community garden. In so doing, exclusionary barriers based on non‐ownership and non‐membership are pinpointed in particular.

‘Talent-spotting’ or ‘social magic’? Inequality, cultural sorting and constructions of the ideal graduate in elite professions

Graduate outcomes – including rates of employment and earnings – are marked by persistent inequalities related to social class, as well as gender, ethnicity and institution. Despite national policy agendas related to social mobility and ‘fair access to the professions’, high-status occupations are disproportionately composed of those from socially privileged backgrounds, and evidence suggests that in recent decades many professions have become less socially representative. This article makes an original contribution to sociological studies of inequalities in graduate transitions and elite reproduction through a distinct focus on the ‘pre-hiring’ practices of graduate employers. It does this through a critical analysis of the graduate recruitment material of two popular graduate employers. It shows how, despite espousing commitments to diversity and inclusion, constructions of the ‘ideal’ graduate privilege individuals who can mobilise and embody certain valued capitals. Using Bourdieusian concepts of ‘social magic’ and ‘institutional habitus’, the article argues that more attention must be paid to how graduate employers’ practices constitute tacit processes of social exclusion and thus militate against the achievement of more equitable graduate outcomes and fair access to the ‘top jobs’.

Una questione sociale, non etnica. Processi di interazione ed esclusione di tre gruppi rom nel tempo: il caso del Salento

This article analyses the process of interaction and social exclusion in three Roma Groups living in Salento: italian Roma established in some land municipalities; Roma Xoraxane currently residing in a camp (Campo sosta Panareo) and some romanian Roma families living over recent years in Lecce. The main pourpose of This essay is to analyse and assess social and political way, locally provided, towards socio-economic integration of these minorities. Starting from a case study is analysed how the migration flow, the policy-making, the process of social in-teraction and the structural socio-economic changes can be made a trickle-down effects relating Roma social and territorial inclusion.

La ciudad creativa y cultural como espacio de exclusión y segregación. Analizando La Placica Vintage de Zaragoza: materialidades, prácticas, narrativas y virtualidades

The creative and cultural city emerges as a paradigm of economic and socio-territorial management in contemporary cities. Zaragoza is no stranger to this issue, carrying out urban regeneration projects through structural urban actions (Plan Especial de Reforma Interior [peri]/Special Plan for Internal Reform) and the production of ephemeral activities in specific areas of the city (La Placica Vintage). This case study explores how a determined space of the city is composed in an articulate manner—and in which both types of actions converge through four main axes: Materiality, performative practices, narratives and discourses, and virtuality. For this, we use the ethnographic possibilities that the place-assemblage allows in the analysis of emerging and ephemeral spaces, problematizing the workplace itself and multiplying this analysis. We then highlight the processes of segregation and social exclusion that occur in the studied area, thus contributing to the public debate on gentrification processes that occur in our cities.

Interest of neuroimaging of social exclusion in suicide

With one million deaths worldwide, suicide is a major health issue. The frequency of life events preceding suicidal act is high and raises the question of their role in suicidal process. At biological level, dysfunctional neural processing of social exclusion may participate in suicidal risk through an increased perception of social adversity in vulnerable subjects. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss neuroimaging findings related to social exclusion and loneliness, and to open new perspectives to investigate sensitivity to social stress in suicide.

A geographical multivariable multilevel analysis of social exclusion among older people in China: Evidence from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey ageing study

Social exclusion is increasingly considered to be a multi‐faceted concept involving more than simply material disadvantage among older people. The process of social exclusion may be driven by various factors and at different levels, including individual, household, group, community, country and global levels. Using data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey focusing on respondents aged over 60, we employed multivariate multilevel models to simultaneously estimate four dimensions of social exclusion among older people. The results show that the social exclusion of older people varies not only among individuals but also among provinces. From an individual perspective, older people with lower educational attainment (often illiterate), in the lowest quintile of personal income and in poor health were the most likely to be excluded. From a geographical perspective, although there are no province‐level characteristics (social, economic and social security development) significantly related to the four dimensions of social exclusion, there is nevertheless significant unexplained variation for all dimensions of social exclusion at the province level. The negative relationships between exclusion from social relationships and exclusion from financial products, between subjective feeling of exclusion and social activities, and between subjective feeling of exclusion and exclusion from financial products at the provincial level indicate that a province may do well on one dimension of social exclusion but it will not automatically do well on the other dimensions.

Santiago: a solidão sob o prisma do filme-ensaio

Resumo O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão em torno da relação entre o filme-ensaio e a solidão, à luz de Santiago (João Moreira Salles, 2007). Objetiva-se investigar de que forma o caráter ensaístico da obra interfere na maneira em que a solidão do protagonista Santiago nos é apresentada. Partimos da hipótese de que o filme assume uma certa ambiguidade reflexiva sobre tal aspecto, apresentando assim uma dupla possibilidade: ora Santiago parece estar só, como um desejo voluntário do personagem; ora assemelha ser solitário, consequência de um processo de exclusão social explicitada pela relação que mantém com o diretor do filme. Pretendemos analisar Santiago com foco na problemática exposta, para propor que tal ambiguidade vivenciada pelo protagonista, entre estar só e ser solitário, é também condição essencial para que o ensaísta audiovisual assuma a distância reflexiva necessária para desenvolver sua narrativa.

Neural processing of social exclusion in individuals with psychopathic traits: Links to anger and aggression

Psychopathy is a cluster of personality traits associated with high rates of aggression. While research on psychopathic traits largely focuses on neurobiological factors implicated in aggression, other research suggests that contextual factors, such as social exclusion, also contribute to promoting aggression. Yet, the relationships among psychopathic traits, neural processing of exclusion, and aggression remain unknown. A sample of 76 adolescents and young adults completed Cyberball, a task involving conditions of social inclusion, ambiguous exclusion, and unambiguous exclusion. During Cyberball, a slow wave (SW) event-related potential (an index of elaborative processing) and self-reported anger were measured. Additionally, acts of real-world aggression were assessed. Results indicated that as psychopathic traits increased, SW during ambiguous exclusion also increased, but SW during inclusion decreased. However, the combination of smaller SW during ambiguous exclusion and higher psychopathic traits predicted heightened anger following Cyberball and more frequent real-world aggression. This response to social exclusion among individuals with elevated psychopathic traits may represent an unreflective, reactive style that exacerbates anger and aggression in certain contexts. These data suggest that neurobiological dysfunction in elaborative processing is related to psychopathic traits, and social context comprises another important influence on the aggression of individuals with elevated psychopathic traits.

КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО ВИКЛЮЧЕНОЇ МОЛОДІ

Today in Ukraine people are quite acute experiencing different social, political and economic changes. One of the negative consequences of global and local crises in our country is the growth of inequality and insecurity of the population. Therefore, as the process applies to all layers of the population. But in this article we want to focus on the Because young people are the fulcrum and the formation of the country. In connection with a variety of problems and needs of the modern world, young people are not always able to independently overcome their own difficulties. The article considers stages of formation of the process of comparing foreign and domestic establishment. Although the first attempts to identify the concept of social exclusion began in the 40s of the twentieth century, but the term 'exclusion' emerged in French sociology in the 60-ies of XX century, which was explained from the economic point of view. And in Ukraine, consideration of this concept was not defined until 2002 in the study of poverty. This indicates the imperfection and the relevance of the study of our state in this matter. Substantiated scientific approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to the definition of social exclusion, person, youth, excluded youth. Determined by the eccentricity of providing definitions to the terms on the one hand, and pereplyunet opinions of scientists on the other. Primarily, this is due to the conditions, time and problems in the study of concepts. So, – the of individuals or groups the structure of society and processes, the creation of conditions that do not allow these individuals or groups play in society, a significant role (according to N. In. Thick, 2003); socially excluded person is the object of work, which, through economic, political, religious, social, psychological and medical barriers completely or partially lost touch with society (actually the author's definition, 2017); youth are persons aged 14 to 28 years (in Ukraine, the official age of youth as of 2018); socially excluded young people as identical to the concept of socially excluded persons, but within 14-28 years. On the basis of research, we have proposed a classification of socially excluded young people over the biological, and individual characteristics, which gives the opportunity to identify the factors and the ability to prevent the spread of this phenomenon.