The dilemma of environmental pollution has become a hot issue in today’s world. Globalization, industrialization, population growth, and other processes are major factors for Environmental pollution, especially water with highly toxic chemicals, heavy metals, organic contaminants, pathogenic microorganisms, and other different pollutants are major problems all over the world. Due to increased pollution of water resources, the provision of clean and safe drinking water is becoming a challenge, and that exacerbates the shortage of clean water for drinking and other domestic purposes all over the globe. Pollution levels are growing day by day, and innovative technologies are mandatory to tackle the problem. Nanotechnology offers several benefits for enhancing present environmental technologies and developing new ones that are superior to the state of the art. Nanotechnology is the intentional manufacturing or manipulation of a substance at less than 100 nm scale size, whereby this technology enables the manufacture of material-device structures with one-dimensional lengths to realize singular material-device phenomena at those lengths, since a higher reactivity ratio would mean a high volume that increases the activity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have attracted much interest in recent years because of their diversified technological applications in photonic crystals with tunable band gaps through photocatalysis and many other special features that have the capabilities to remove diversified organic pollutants, heavy metals, and pathogenic microorganisms the way for wastewater treatments, detection of contaminants, and prevention of water pollution.

Population growth models typically incorporate attributes observable at the population scale, often overlooking the trade-off between individual-level reproductive and behavioral traits and their influence on population size. Individuals' survival and reproductive abilities are expected to dynamically evolve depending on the population size, which is affected by the aggregation of individual decisions. Reconciling individual-level incentives with population-level dynamics requires an integrative framework that explicitly addresses the intertwined relationships between population growth and individual decision-making processes. We formulate a multiscale modeling framework that integrates the logistic population growth model with an optimal foraging model to study the interplay between individual-level behavioral incentives and population growth dynamics. Specifically, we explicitly model individuals' decision-making process, which shapes their reproductive fitness and, ultimately, influences population growth. Moreover, we incorporate the concept of resource limitations from the logistic growth model to account for dynamic incentives that depend on population size. Our results yield insights into the multiscale processes, such as the selection pressure of behavioral choices and the cost-benefit of social activities that influence population robustness beyond mere size and aggregated reproductive traits. We found that populations exhibiting similar limiting sizes may undergo significantly different transient dynamics. This variation may be induced by environments imposing distinct behavioral cost-benefit trade-offs that require individuals to exert different levels of foraging effort to maintain reproductive viability.

We investigate mechanisms for the observed nonlinear growth in the number of polymer vesicles generated during a photo-Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer-based polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) reaction. Our experimental results reveal the presence of a self-reproduction process during which chemically active polymer protocells are chemically and autonomously generated in a light-stimulated one-pot reaction that starts from a homogeneous blend of non-self-assembling molecules and which, as observed microscopically, form vesicular objects that grow and multiply (reproduce) during irradiation with green light (530 nm) as the reaction proceeds. By using a filtration-based protocol, our experiments demonstrate that the self-reproduction process occurs concomitantly with the PISA process and results in a nonlinear increase in the number of polymer vesicles during photopolymerization which can only be ascribed to their reproduction via polymeric spores ejected from previously existing first-generation vesicles. The second and subsequent generations' vesicles also self-reproduce and continue the process of population growth.

The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of changes in the quality of life parameters on migration behavior and to form a relevant forecast. To achieve this goal, the author used the methods of retrospective analysis, grouping, regression analysis, and scenario modeling. The retrospective data analysis allowed us to identify interrelationship of these indicators, but the statistical estimates quality required additional research, during which the entire population of Russian regions has been divided into four groups. For each of the groups a separate regression equation describing interrelationship of migration growth rate value and a comprehensive assessment of regional quality of life has been constructed. The quality characteristics of the obtained equations has confirmed the possibility of their implementation to create a forecast of changes in the indicators. A scenario forecast of changes in the values of the quality of life indicator in Russian regions up to 2025 has been formed. On the basis of the obtained forecast the corresponding values of migration growth coefficients have been calculated. The realization of one or another scenario has a different impact on the migration attractiveness of the regions. This is due to different sensitivity to changes in quality of life. At the same time, high sensitivity of the first group regions not only gives them advantages when the situation improves, but also creates additional risks in case of its deterioration. Three scenarios of the situation development have been considered. According to the first one, by 2025 the migration population growth process will improve in 33 constituent entities of the Russian Federation compared to the level of 2021, with the second – in 34, with the third – in 28. Obtaining a forecast of the regional population size is an integral part of analyzing the impact of changes in the quality of life parameters on the dynamics of the country’s settlement system, in particular for calculating the above indicators of concentration and unevenness of settlement.

While land distribution and tenure security are being recognized as drivers of resilience and inclusive rural transformation, today many rural poor in low- and middle-income countries struggle for land. Pressures on and competition for land have increased under simultaneous processes of population growth, agro-extractive business interests and practices, and climate change. Trends in land concentration on one hand and land fragmentation on the other hand are leading to land scarcity for the rural poor, while non-farm employment prospects remain isolated. By reviewing the literature and discussing global land trends, we argue that policies for expanding access to land (including redistributive reforms) and tenure security (overall and of collective rights over forests and other biodiverse land held by Indigenous Peoples and other traditional communities in particular) are all the more relevant for inclusive rural transformation in the present context. By recognising that these land reform measures need to be accompanied by complementary support services and policies, the paper concludes by identifying key policy recommendations. • Land concentration and fragmentation are main drivers of rural poverty. • Land tenure played a major role in structural transformation in the XX century. • Tenure security and access to land are central to inclusive rural transformation. • States should adapt and adopt global land governance guidance. • Collective land rights should be recognized to tackle global warming.

Increases in the magnitude and frequency of extreme flood events are among the most impactful consequences of climate change. Coastal areas can potentially be affected by interactions among different flood drivers at the interface of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. At the same time, socio-economic processes of population growth and urbanization can lead to increases in local vulnerability to climate extremes in coastal areas. Within this context, research focusing on modelling and mapping rapid-onset coastal flooding is essential (a) to support flood risk management, (b) to design local climate adaptation policies and (c) to increase climate resilience of coastal communities. This systematic literature review delineates the state-of-the art of research on rapid-onset coastal flooding. It provides a comprehensive picture of the broad range of methodologies utilised to model flooding and highlights the commonly identified issues, both from a scientific standpoint and in terms of the policy implications of translating research outputs into actionable information. As flood maps represent fundamental instruments in the communication of research outcomes to support decision making and increase climate resilience, a focus on the spatial representation of coastal floods proposed in the literature is adopted in this review.

The paper written in 1925 by G. Udny Yule that we celebrate in this special issue introduces several novelties and results that we recall in detail. First, we discuss Yule's (1925)main legacies over the past century, focusing on empirical frequency distributions with heavy tails and random tree models for phylogenies. We estimate the year when Yule's work was re-discovered by scientists interested in stochastic processes of population growth (1948) and the year from which it began to be cited (1951, Yule's death). We highlight overlooked aspects of Yule's work (e.g. the Yule process of Yule processes) and correct some common misattributions (e.g. the Yule tree). Second, we generalize Yule's results on the average frequency of genera of a given age and size (number of species). We show that his formula also applies to the age [Formula: see text] and size [Formula: see text] of any randomly chosen genus and that the pairs [Formula: see text] are equally distributed and independent across genera. This property extends to triples [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] are the coalescence times of the genus phylogeny, even when species diversification within genera follows any integer-valued process, including species extinctions. Studying [Formula: see text] in this broader context allows us to identify cases where [Formula: see text] has a power-law tail distribution, with new applications to urn schemes.This article is part of the theme issue '"A mathematical theory of evolution": phylogenetic models dating back 100 years'.

In recent years, the process of socio-economic development and population growth have negatively affected the vegetation cover in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam, leading to a decline in forest cover area and quality. This article presents the results of monitoring and detecting the changes in vegetation cover in Dak Lak province (Vietnam) from Landsat image data for the period 2000–2020. Three Landsat image scenes, including Landsat TM images taken in March 2000, February 2010 and Landsat 8 OLI images taken in February 2020 were used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); then, the NDVI value was classified into five ranges: NDVI ≤ ˗0.2, ˗0.2 < NDVI ≤ 0, 0 < NDVI ≤ 0.2, 0.2 < NDVI ≤ 0.4, 0.4 < NDVI ≤ 0.6 and NDVI > 0.6. The NDVI differencing and thresholding methods are used to evaluate spatio-temporal changes in vegetation cover quality in three categories (decreasing, increasing and no-change) during the research period. The results show that there is a significant change in the vegetation cover for the period 2000–2020. Among them, the majority vegetation cover with decreased quality is natural forest, while the vegetation areas with increased quality are mainly planted forests and industrial trees. The results received in the study provide objective and timely information, helping managers in monitoring and protecting forest resources.

Changes in accessibility that took place in Western Europe, and then also in Central and Eastern Europe, in recent decades were associated, on the one hand, with the processes of intensively expanding transport infrastructure networks, and, on the other hand, with demographic changes. Transport policy in some countries was based on a strategy of sustainable growth, where the development of infrastructure, both at the national and regional level, progressed in parallel with changes in the settlement structure. However, in other countries or regions it acted reactively, following the processes of population growth and concentration, or proactively, i.e. anticipating these changes. Both reactive and proactive policies are unsustainable, either in the national or in the regional sense. However, it is crucial to look at the aspect of unsustainable increase in accessibility in terms of the sequence of events, stages and policy prioritization decade by decade. The model of potential accessibility used for several countries at the same time allows to notice certain regularities related to the mutual impact of transport and spatial policy. The aim of the paper is to indicate effects of spatial and transport policies in the context of population changes, infrastructural changes and, in general, changes in potential accessibility, decade by decade (1961–2021) from the point of view of spatial policy objectives for five European countries.

This paper explores the water-energy nexus and its role in achieving global net-zero goals. These processes present both risks and opportunities in the global push for decarbonization. Water management is essential for human survival and economic stability. However, it faces challenges from climate change, population growth, and energy-intensive processes like desalination. By combining literature reviews, market research, and real-world examples, the paper provides practical strategies to decarbonize the water sector. The paper identifies key interdependencies, noting that water processes account for 4% of global electricity consumption, while energy production demands substantial water resources. Hydropower, a renewable energy source, supports decarbonization but poses ecological and social risks. The study explores the balance between hydropower benefits with environmental preservation, suggesting modernization of dams and integration of alternative renewables. Desalination, crucial in arid regions, is energy-intensive and generates environmental byproducts, necessitating more sustainable approaches. Case studies, such as Billund Biorefinery, illustrate innovative solutions like energy-positive wastewater treatment, which reduces emissions and supports circular economy principles. Additionally, addressing urban water leakage presents a $40 billion opportunity to conserve resources and minimize energy waste. The findings underscore the urgency of integrating renewable energy, enhancing efficiency, and adopting sustainable technologies to navigate the complex challenges of the water-energy nexus.

Taking Xining City as an example, this article analyzes the mechanism by which industrial park construction drives the expansion of urban population size and built-up area, based on a review of the process of industrial park development and urban population growth. It also discusses future urban governance models in light of urban development trends. The research finds: (1) In the process of urban development, industrial park construction is often the initial factor in the cumulative and cyclical development of a city; (2) As the level of development improves and the mode of economic growth changes, the government should timely adjust its strategies, shifting from the expansion of industrial park construction towards structural optimization and quality improvement. The most significant difference from previous research is that this paper emphasizes the importance of government planning. This study can not only demonstrate the general process of industrial parks promoting urban expansion, but more importantly, it explains the fundamental reasons for the transition of urban expansion to adjustment from a mechanism perspective, thereby eliminating the drawbacks of simply predicting urban scale evolution through data models.

Intelligent algorithms based on bionics have a natural advantage in solving nonlinear problems. With the development of computer technology, the development of related technologies has also been greatly promoted, so it has been widely used in a variety of fields. This paper first introduces the research status of the biome algorithm and some problems in the construction of the physical education structure. Through the analysis of the problems, the matrix model is a widely used method to analyze the dynamic changes in plant and animal populations. In this method, matrix algebra is used to describe the structure and change law of population, and the matrix operation model is established to simulate the process of population growth, migration and extinction. The matrix model method can take into account the interaction between individuals in the population and the influence of the external environment and can simulate the dynamic change of the population well. Completed the research on the construction of physical education structure.

BackgroundTracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer is one of the most common cancers in Nepal. The aim of this study was to analyze the changing disease burden and risk factors for TBL cancer in Nepal from 1990 to 2019. MethodsTBL cancer burden data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. A decomposition analysis was used to explore the impact of changes in population size, population age structure, age-specific prevalence, and disease severity on long-term trends of the TBL cancer burden in Nepal. ResultsIn 2019, TBL cancer resulted in the loss of 45.2 thousand (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 32.3–59.2 thousand) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Nepal, with the age-standardized incidence and prevalence rates increasing by 12.7% (95% UI: −21.0 to 63.9%) and 12.8% (95% UI: −21.1 to 62.0%), respectively, compared with 1990. The proportion of DALYs due to TBL cancer increased significantly among people aged 70 years and older from 1990 to 2019. However, the proportion of DALYs due to TBL cancer still dominated among males and females aged 50–69 years. Population growth, population aging, and increased age-specific prevalence led to an increased disease burden of TBL cancer, while disease severity led to a decreased burden. In 2019, smoking remained the major risk factor for TBL cancer in Nepal, while ambient particulate matter pollution exhibited the most significant rise. ConclusionsThe disease burden of TBL cancer in Nepal has continued to increase over the past three decades, and given the continuing population growth and aging process, TBL cancer is likely to have a considerable impact on health in Nepal in the future. There is a need to further establish effective TBL cancer prevention and control policies.

Support vector machine-based spatiotemporal land use land cover change analysis in a complex urban and rural landscape of Akaki river catchment, a Suburb of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Population growth, industrialization and other natural processes effects on air-pollution levels and climatic change. Atmospheric turbidity factors are an important parameter for assessing the air pollution. The main objective of this research is to study atmospheric turbidity factors on Pokhara (28.180° N, 83.970° E and 800 m asl), Nepal for a period of one year (2017). The daily data of aerosol optical depth (AOD) are derived from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) of NASA. Daily, monthly and seasonal variation of atmospheric turbidity index are analyzed. The annual average of Angstrom exponential (α), Angstrom coefficient of turbidity (β) and Linked turbidity (LT) are found 1.2 ± 0.2, 0.19 ± 0.17 and 6.7 ± 3.4 respectively. The annual average of visibility is found 3.2 ± 2.5 km. Result of this research work is beneficial for the further identification, impact and analysis of atmospheric turbidity at different places with same geographical condition.

The monograph is devoted to the study of the formation of the population of Khakassia from the end of the 19th century to modern times. The article notes that rapid population growth was associated with periods of industrial development of the region, primarily with the beginning of the creation of the Sayan territorial-production complex and its industrial hubs. Population dynamics show that the formation of the population was mainly due to the migration flow from the regions of Eastern Siberia. The author analyzes the age-sex structure of the population and notes a constant decrease in the number of men. The article pays much attention to the issues of the natural movement of the population of Khakassia, stating the low birth rate and high mortality rate of the population. Based on numerous statistical data, the author examines the problems of migration of the population of the republic, including in recent decades, and analyzes the sources of the migration process of population growth. In the finale, the author raises the question of the demographic security of the republic and proposes the use of individual indicators to assess its level.

Modeling population growth of a proto-city: A new urban accretion growth hypothesis and its P-CPAG model

Population growth has led to an increase in the discharge of runoff and domestic wastewater being channeled into drainage channels. This study aimed to evaluate the drainage volume on Jalan Taud, Medan City, and whether it can accommodate wastewater for the next 50 years. The observed channel started from the boarding house (Jalan Taud No. 112) to the Gulo Pangkas business unit (Jalan Taud No. 16), with a length of 1,000 m. This evaluation considered using population growth, wastewater discharge, runoff discharge, sediment generation, and evapotranspiration processes as part of the water cycle. The investigation showed that the current volume of drainage on Taud Street can still serve the community until 2047. Routine management efforts are needed, such as regular cleaning of the channel from garbage and sediment and also socialization to the community, to making the drainage can function properly.

Urban space has been a scene of numerous political, social, and technological transformations during the last two centuries. As a result of an intense process of population and territorial growth of cities, urban fabrics around the world are marked by socio-spatial conflicts, which puts them in a particular urban crisis. As an opposing view, the concept of sustainable urbanism arises, resignifying the paradigmatic urban problems. However, it is a concept of complex definition, both theoretical and, mainly, practical. With the problem based on the development of the praxis of sustainable urbanism, this article aims to discuss aspects of urban form that contribute to the applicability of sustainable urbanism. The paper uses an exploratory methodology as to its objectives and follows a bibliographical research model as to its design. Due to the association proposed, the results indicate the combination of the following morphological principles in the city as desirable elements for urban sustainability: multifunctionality, compactness, connectivity, diversity, access to nature, and definition. The combination of these principles leads to the self-sustainability of the urban space. The article has the potential to contribute to researchers and practitioners scientifically and to assist in the implementation of sustainable cities.

The process of population growth and “uncontrolled” urbanization has led to a "loose" management by the government of Hanoi, and lack of proper care on surface water resource and water environment as well as the orientation for sustainable spatial development of Hanoi urban region and its community-based participants at the long-term vision. Therefore, the urgent duties now are to have management measures, specific solution groups to regulate the activities of surface water risk management of Hanoi urban environment towards the related-target group of three rivers runing through Hanoi urban region in order to achive the 2030’s sustainable development goals. Based on the DPSIR’s research framework (Driving force - Pressure - Status - Impact - Response), the results of this study are to propose a model of public-private partnership for the management of Hanoi urban settlement resiliencing to the environmental changes, as a pilot initiative from a case study in Hanoi.