Knowledge Of Processes Research Articles

Предупреждение вовлечения несовершеннолетних в незаконный оборот наркотиков

Purpose of the study: analysis of measures and directions for preventing the involvement of minors in drug trafficking in modern conditions. Methodology: logical, system-structural, statistical methods of scientific knowledge of social processes and phenomena are used in the work. Conclusions: the modern criminological situation is aggravated by the insufficient effectiveness of programs to combat the spread and consumption of drugs, which have become one of the threats to the national security of the state. The spread of juvenile crime in this area poses a particular danger, which requires intensifying measures to prevent the involvement of minors in drug trafficking. Scientific and practical significance: the analysis presented in the article allows us to assess the current situation and develop proposals for regulatory and organizational measures to prevent the involvement of minors in drug trafficking in modern conditions.

YjgA plays dual roles in enhancing PTC maturation.

Ribosome biogenesis is a highly regulated cellular process that involves the control of numerous assembly factors. The small protein YjgA has been reported to play a role in the late stages of 50S assembly. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying its function remains unclear. In this study, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures revealed that depletion of YjgA or its N-terminal loop in Escherichia coli both lead to the accumulation of immature 50S particles with structural abnormalities mainly in peptidyl transferase center (PTC) and H68/69 region. CryoDRGN analysis uncovered 8 and 6 distinct conformations of pre50S for ΔyjgA and YjgA-ΔNloop, respectively. These conformations highlighted the role of the N-terminal loop of YjgA in integrating uL16 and stabilizing H89 in PTC, which was further verified by the pull-down assays of YjgA and its mutants with uL16. Together with the function of undocking H68 through the binding of its C-terminal CTLH-like domain to the base of the L1 stalk, YjgA facilitates the maturation of PTC. This study identified critical domains of YjgA contributing to 50S assembly efficiency, providing a comprehensive understanding of the dual roles of YjgA in accelerating ribosome biogenesis and expanding our knowledge of the intricate processes governing cellular protein synthesis.

Enhancing Efficiency and Energy Optimization: Data-Driven Solutions in Process Industrial Manufacturing

This paper reviews the current state of research in data analytics and machine learning techniques, focusing on their applications in process industrial manufacturing, particularly in control and optimization. Key areas for future research include selection and transfer learning for process monitoring, addressing time-varying characteristics, and enhancing data-driven optimal control with domain-specific knowledge. Additionally, the paper explores reinforcement learning techniques and robust optimization, including distributional robust optimization, for high-level decision-making. Emphasizing the importance of historical knowledge of plants and processes, this paper aims to identify knowledge gaps and pave the way for future research in data-driven strategies for process industries, with a particular emphasis on energy efficiency and optimization.

Low-frequency ERK and Akt activity dynamics are predictive of stochastic cell division events

Understanding the dynamics of intracellular signaling pathways, such as ERK1/2 (ERK) and Akt1/2 (Akt), in the context of cell fate decisions is important for advancing our knowledge of cellular processes and diseases, particularly cancer. While previous studies have established associations between ERK and Akt activities and proliferative cell fate, the heterogeneity of single-cell responses adds complexity to this understanding. This study employed a data-driven approach to address this challenge, developing machine learning models trained on a dataset of growth factor-induced ERK and Akt activity time courses in single cells, to predict cell division events. The most predictive models were developed by applying discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) to extract low-frequency features from the time courses, followed by using Ensemble Integration, a data integration and predictive modeling framework. The results demonstrated that these models effectively predicted cell division events in MCF10A cells (F-measure=0.524, AUC=0.726). ERK dynamics were found to be more predictive than Akt, but the combination of both measurements further enhanced predictive performance. The ERK model`s performance also generalized to predicting division events in RPE cells, indicating the potential applicability of these models and our data-driven methodology for predicting cell division across different biological contexts. Interpretation of these models suggested that ERK dynamics throughout the cell cycle, rather than immediately after growth factor stimulation, were associated with the likelihood of cell division. Overall, this work contributes insights into the predictive power of intra-cellular signaling dynamics for cell fate decisions, and highlights the potential of machine learning approaches in unraveling complex cellular behaviors.

The Use of Indigenous Knowledge Systems Practices to Enhance Food Security in Vhembe District, South Africa

This paper seeks to examine how subsistence farmers employ indigenous knowledge methods to enhance food security within rural communities in the Vhembe district. It analyses indigenous knowledge practices used in managing climate change impacts on crop production and determines indigenous knowledge processes used to preserve food to fill the gap during food shortages. The paper also considers the indigenous weather prediction approaches used in the area. A participatory rural appraisal is complemented by a qualitative and quantitative approach. This study used semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and focus group discussions for data collection. A survey of 200 randomly selected indigenous farmers was sampled. The finding revealed that local farmers depend on the use of indigenous knowledge practices to improve household food security. The majority of farmers apply manure in their farms using livestock dumps. Also, it shows that 87.8% of households used sun-drying processes for food preservation and used local mortars to pound and grind foodstuffs such as peanuts and maize. Practices such as crop rotations, mixed cropping and intercropping were employed to improve soil fertility and climate change and reduce insect pest outbursts on crops, hence, improving crop production. Indigenous knowledge of rainfall prediction is helpful in preparation for the planting season. The study recommended that agriculture policies must acknowledge indigenous knowledge practices in development programmes and specific policy interventions to promote the indigenous knowledge systems must focus on enhancing socio-economic factors assisting farmers in improving post-harvest storage facilities. The findings could facilitate interaction between indigenous knowledge stakeholders and the Limpopo provincial agriculture training institution. The fulfilment of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 2 on zero hunger and food security could benefit from the indigenous knowledge systems.

Sustainability in regulating biotechnology: A new form of knowledge in regulatory co‐production?

AbstractWe analyse the extent to which sustainable development influences the co‐production of regulations that target new technologies in the European Union (EU). We start by identifying the conventional forms of knowledge that serve as inputs into that co‐productive process, namely scientific, societal and legal knowledge. We show that sustainability‐related propositions have gained considerable traction in the regulation of genetic modification (GM) in the EU. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that sustainability cannot be reduced to scientific or societal knowledge. As far as the overlap between sustainability knowledge and legal knowledge is concerned, it is undeniable that sustainable development is deeply embedded into EU regulation; however, treating sustainable development solely as an element of the law does not capture the material influence that it exerts on society and technology, not to speak of its evolutionary flexibility. It follows that it would be best to treat sustainability as a separate input into the co‐creation process.

Process hyper-relation knowledge graph construction and application

Abstract A knowledge graph enables the structured representation of process knowledge. Traditional knowledge graphs typically represent process fact knowledge by depicting relations between entities. However, higher-order knowledge, such as causality, coupling, and rationale among process facts, should be addressed. The Process Hyper-relational knowledge graph (PHKG) was proposed to address these shortcomings. It comprises three layers: a concept layer representing process concept knowledge, an instance layer representing process fact knowledge, and a hyper-relationship layer representing higher-order knowledge linking process facts. Employing a semi-automatic construction method, a hyper-relation knowledge graph was created with 1, 602 entities, 2, 509 entity relationships, and 231 pairs of hyper-relationships. A process knowledge reasoning algorithm has also been developed to enable applications to reason about process knowledge.

AUGMENTED REALITY AS A WAY TO PRESENT EDUCATIONAL CONTENTIN THE MOBILE APPS

This article deals with the issue of implementing the capabilities of augmented reality in learning mobile applications, which is very topical for modern education. The aim of the article is to consider the application of augmented reality in the learning content of mobile applications. This article is devoted to the main aspects of the educational mobile technologies and practical application of the research results in the educational process of the general education institutions. The article deals with the application of the educational content of the mobile application module with the application of augmented reality on the example of teaching the subjects ―Informatics‖ and ―Digital literacy‖ in the secondary general education schools of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The basic definitions associated with educational mobile applications and augmented reality technologyare given, an analysis of the subject area is carried out. The international experience of applying this technology in the educational process is considered. The stages of studying the subjects ―Informatics‖ and ―Digital Literacy‖ using mobile technologies of educational direction, such as mobile applications for the organization of the learning process and assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities of students are described. As a result of the experiment, the mobile application was practically realizedand the adapted author's program ―Application of mobile technologies at the lessons of informatics and digital literacy‖ was developed. The received results of application of mobile technologies in studying of a school course of computer science and digital literacy confirm the relevance of the carried out research.

The Effects of Short Online Pedagogical Courses on University Teachers' Conceptions of Learning and Engaging Students During Lectures

Pedagogical training has been seen as an efficient tool to train university teachers to understand and foster active learning. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a short online pedagogical training course on the development of university teachers’ conceptions of active learning from two perspectives: the role of prior knowledge and engaging their students during lectures. The effect of the training was measured through self-reports questionnaires of university teachers before and after the pedagogical course (N=108). The results showed an increase in the teachers’ perception of the importance of prior knowledge in the learning process and a decrease in the idea of learning as remembering. Additionally, the awareness of developing engaging lectures increased after completing the course. The outcomes indicate the benefits of short pedagogical courses for pedagogical development and especially for academics who have not had any prior studies on pedagogy.

Using HFMEA to Reduce the Number of Colonies in the Water of Hemodialysis Room

<p>運用HFMEA手法降低血液透析室水處理之菌落數<br />國內血液透析中心發生多起透析用水處理不當導致的醫療疏失，讓醫病關係產生緊張及不信任感。本單位2018年04月至09月因透析液送檢不合格率為0.2%，故成立專案小組藉由醫療失效模式效應分析，檢視透析用水處理流程。發現問題有：漂白水濃度不足、漂白水靜置時間不足、透析機無自動開機沖洗、班間沖洗時間不足、透析機消毒時未吸取消毒液、透析機移動重新接水路未執行沖洗、透析用水採檢技術流程知識不足等問題，其改善措施為：修訂水處理系統消毒規範、修訂透析機消毒規範、修訂透析用水採檢流程。對策實施後，不合格率由0.2％降至為0％，高為險因子由10項降低為0項。藉此次專案讓人員瞭解HFMEA是著重於系統分析，可預防錯誤發生進而提升醫療安全。</p> <p> </p><p>Many cases of medical negligence caused by improper treatment of dialysis water occurred in domestic hemodialysis centers, which caused tension and mistrust between doctors and patients. From April to September 2018, the unqualified rate of dialysate was 0.2% in our hemodialysis room. Therefore, a task force team was set up to examine the dialysis water treatment process through the analysis of medical failure mode effects. We found problems that include: insufficient concentration of bleach water, insufficient standing time of bleach water, no automatic start-up flushing of the dialysis machine, insufficient flushing time between shifts, no antiseptic solution was absorbed during the disinfection of the dialysis machine, flushing was not performed when the dialysis machine was moved and reconnected to the water circuit and insufficient knowledge of the technical process of sampling of dialysis water. The measures of improvement are revising the disinfection specification of water treatment system, revising the disinfection specification of dialysis machine, and revising the sampling process of dialysis water. After the implementation of the countermeasures, the unqualified rate was reduced from 0.2% to 0%, and the high risk factors were reduced from 10 to 0. Through this project, personnel can understand that HFMEA focuses on system analysis, which can prevent errors and improve medical safety.</p> <p> </p>

Network and structural analysis of quail mucins with expression pattern of mucin 1 and mucin 4 in the intestines of the Iraqi common quail (Coturnix coturnix).

In avian and other species, mucins (MUCs) play a crucial role in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and constitute a large group of O-glycosylated glycoproteins, are glycoconjugate proteins. MUCs present in two forms: (1) membrane-attached on cell surfaces to repel external threats and (2) detachable, gel-forming proteins in the soluble form. In quail GIT, the specific types of MUCs that are expressed remain largely unknown. We investigated the expression of MUC1 and MUC4 MUCs in the GIT of Iraqi common quails and conducted network and structural analyses of all known MUC types across quail breeds. Histological and gene expression analyses of MUC1 and MUC4 were conducted using fresh small intestine and large intestine samples from 10 quails. Using the STRING Database, Chimera software, and PrankWeb-ligand binding site prediction tool, network and structural analyses of all reported types of quail MUCs were conducted. Most intestinal MUCs in quails were acidic, with few neutral MUCs detectable through Alcian blue and periodic acid-schiff stains. Acidic MUCs were more expressed in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and colon, whereas neutral MUCs were more expressed in the jejunum. MUC1 and MUC4 messenger RNA expression was significantly higher in the jejunum and colon than in the duodenum and ileum. The analysis of the network revealed that MUC 1, 15, 16, and 24 formed homologous networks, while MUC 2, 4, 5, and 6 formed heterologous networks. Specific MUC combinations, including MUC5A-MUC6, MUC5A-MUC5B, and MUC5B-MUC6, show higher intermolecular hydrogen bond formation affinity. MUC15, MUC16, and MUC24 showed minimal interaction with other MUC types. Among the analyzed MUCs, MUC5B, and MUC6 had the highest probability for binding, while MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5A showed lower probabilities despite greater numbers of binding sites. This study's results offer significant insights into quails' MUCs' composition, expression, network interactions, and binding sites, advancing knowledge of MUC-related processes in gastrointestinal physiology and their potential connection to gastrointestinal diseases.

Unlocking Innovation from Within: The Power of Tacit Knowledge and Change Adaptability in Indonesian Internal Organisational Innovation Processes

Abstract Research purpose. The study examines how tacit knowledge sharing affects internal organisational innovation by exploring change adaptability as a mediator. Hence, it tries to fill this gap and further explain the role played by tacit knowledge sharing in the entire knowledge management process. Given the mediating effect of change adaptability, this study aims to provide new insight into effective management and sharing tacit knowledge among organisations to improve their innovation processes. Design / Methodology / Approach. This study adopted a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) as the main statistical technique. Such a method is best applied in this research, where one confirms hypotheses and the relationship between observed and latent variables. The samples were selected based on judgmental non-probability and purposive sampling approaches. The SEM was used in data analysis. It contributed to understanding the relationship of the variables, such as sharing tacit knowledge, change adaptability, and internal organisational innovation. Findings. The study proved that tacit knowledge sharing is highly significant in internal organisational innovation, mediated by change adaptability. Direct effect: Tacit knowledge sharing directly affects the organisational ability to adapt to change and internal innovativeness, thus underpinning its basis. Change adaptability mediates the effect of tacit knowledge sharing on internal organisational innovation, which influences innovation outcomes. Path coefficient analysis confirms the positive influence of tacit knowledge sharing on adaptability to change and innovation. Indirect Effects: Empirical examination has proved the significant mediating effect of change adaptability in leveraging tacit knowledge for innovation. These results suggest that the strategic value of tacit knowledge and adaptability, which will drive sustainable innovation within organisations and support their integration within strategic frameworks, is fully justified. Originality / Value / Practical implications. This is a new model used for the first time to suggest novel contributions and usefulness in understanding the relationship among sharing of tacit knowledge, change adaptability, and innovation at the internal level of the organisation. Tacit knowledge sharing, combined with change adaptability, is a model for internal organisational innovation. Therefore, it fills an important gap in the existing literature: the quantification of adaptability in mediating the effect of tacit knowledge on innovation. The results of this study will provide empirical validation of these relationships and further contribute to the knowledge in practice, particularly by emphasising the mediating role of change adaptability, which has been relatively underexplored. Practically, tacit knowledge sharing within adaptive organisational environments is thus an important call towards effective adaptation to change. The level of enhancement of these dimensions as core competencies through strategies could make a difference in the success of businesses. The importance of adaptability has to be emphasised by training programs and management practices that would provide the same skills. Other important avenues include those that work towards cultivating supportive organisational cultures that would facilitate tacit knowledge exchange, support employee interaction and informal knowledge exchange, and measures to reward innovation efforts. Investment in human resources practices that encourage learning and adaptability will continue to encourage knowledge sharing and innovation, including improving training programs, offering mentorship opportunities, and developing performance management systems that support and reward behaviours around innovation. This study contributes to the literature with a developed framework and empirical examination of the interrelations between tacit knowledge sharing, change adaptability, and innovation. It provides practical strategies that can be of value to the organisation in enhancing innovation capabilities through knowledge management.

Paths to improve voluntary blood donation in mixed public/private blood donation systems such as in Lebanon?

BackgroundThe World Health Organization advocates for the achievement of 100% voluntary non-remunerated blood donation (VNRD) globally by the year 2020. However, until today, little was known in Lebanon regarding its actual rate or influencing factors, particularly donor motivations and behaviors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of blood donors in Lebanon. The ultimate goals were to retain first-time donors, encourage them to become regular ones, and facilitate the transition from replacement donation to VNRD. Materials and MethodsA multi-centric cross-sectional study was carried across the five governorates in Lebanon. A self-administered and structured questionnaire was used in this survey. Results were presented in terms of odds ratios, with statistical significance defined at a P value of 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Additionally, a benchmarking analysis of the situation of blood donation in Lebanon was also conducted, identifying several areas for improvement. ResultsA total of 620 blood donors participated in this study, with 21.3% being first-time donors and 78.7% repeat donors. While the latter were primarily motivated by self-esteem, solidarity or returning a favor (89%, 77.9% and 78.1%), the main obstacle for becoming regular donors was a lack of initiative (34.6%). Female donors (9.9% of the total) exhibited better knowledge (OR = 2.20, p = 0.011) and were more inclined to donate voluntarily (OR = 1.52, p = 0.048). Conversely, male donors were more likely to be repeat donors, often through replacement donation (OR = 2.95, p = 0.001). ConclusionThere is a significant disparity between the low rate of voluntary donation in Lebanon (22.2%) and the relatively high proportion of donors with adequate knowledge of the donation process (60.5%). Therefore, urgent action by public authorities, based on the evidence based strategies outlined in this article, is crucial to enhancing the voluntary donation rate in Lebanon.

Methodological Features of the Integration of Biological Knowledge and Ethical Concepts in the Educational Process

The conceptual foundations of the integration of biological knowledge and ethical concepts in the educational process based on the worldview unity of the laws of being in the teaching of natural sciences are revealed. Attention is focused on the fact that the world is built on the basis of general laws of nature, objects of the material world do not have freedom of choice, therefore it is impossible to talk about their ethics or morality. The laws of morality correspond to the general laws of nature, because a person is part of an interconnected world, and his existence and development should not conflict with the development of the system. Freedom of choice enables a person to be creative at all levels of his being. It is justified that cross-cutting content lines of science education must be integrated with universal human values, which gives teaching an ethical direction and affirms ethical meanings in science education. The universal laws of nature, according to which living systems are built and function, have their analogies in moral laws, therefore teaching biology based on analogies between the laws of nature and the laws of morality creates conditions for the spiritual development of the student. A method of acquiring knowledge is proposed, which creates conditions for the development of the inner spiritual world of the individual, and the formation of students' bioethical knowledge not only affects their value orientations, but also the spiritual potential of the individual. Its essence is that when studying a meta-subject, the semantic field of objects of knowledge is located behind the subject at the meta-level, therefore, the results of knowledge are not communicated to the student as material for learning, but are acquired by each individual in his own way. Criteria for selection of bioethical knowledge are outlined. Examples of the integration of biological knowledge and ethical concepts through analogies between them are given. Priority ideas for the formation of bioethical knowledge are singled out: awareness of the integrity and interconnectedness of the world, in which man is assigned an important role as a subject capable of significantly influencing all its links; the moral state of a person depends on its influence on the integrity of the biosphere; the presence of single general laws of formation and development of the natural world and the inner world of man; the possibility of developing and nurturing a moral personality through the disclosure of the ethical essence of the laws of nature.

Separation processes for the treatment of industrial flue gases – Effective methods for global industrial air pollution control

The treatment of flue gases has become a crucial area of interest with the increasing air emissions into the atmosphere from industries involved in combustion of fossil fuels in their operations. In essence, there is a critical need for effective methods of treatment more than ever. Treatment and separation are now a demand for the overall industrial operations to control the rate of flue gas emissions. The major culprit in this wise is power generating industry. The major associated air pollutants are carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, trace metals, volatile organic compounds, particulate matters, and nitrogen oxides. However, the choice of technologies to be utilized requires more than just knowledge of the separation process, but also a good understanding of the properties of the pollutants. This review explored and evaluated the various separation processes and technologies for the treatment of industrial flue gases for the control of the associated air pollutants. It also analyzed the performance with references to cost and efficiency, the advantages and disadvantages, principles for selection, research direction, and/or potential opportunities in existing separation processes and technologies.

Energy optimization of hydrogen liquefaction process via process knowledge combined with multivariate Coggin's algorithm

Sustainable and cost-effective transportation of hydrogen is one of the major challenges to futuristic hydrogen value chain. Hydrogen, in its produced form, exhibits low energy density and large volume, rendering it highly unsuitable for transportation, particularly over extended distances. Liquefaction is one of the promising approaches to improve hydrogen's energy density and to make it more compact. However, liquefaction is an energy intensive process, raising the cost of transportation. In this study, the specific energy consumption of the hydrogen liquefaction process is aimed to reduce through knowledge-based optimization followed by optimization using the multivariate Coggin's algorithm to improve energy and economic profiles of the process. Design variables, composite curve, exergy, and economic analyses are performed to evaluate and compare the thermodynamic, economic, and environmental feasibility of the optimized process. The results depict a significant reduction (14.3%) in specific energy consumption to 9.40 kW/kgLH2 without increasing process complexity. Further key improvements include a massive drop in refrigerant flowrates (9.2%), annualized cost (m$ 0.15), and annual CO2 emissions (1008.45 tCO2/annum). The largest exergy destruction is observed in CHX-201, reflecting further room for improvement. These results underscore the potential for optimizing hydrogen liquefaction processes to enhance energy efficiency, process economics and environmental impact, providing valuable insights for researchers and industry professionals seeking to advance hydrogen liquefaction technologies. However, challenges remain in the comprehensive evaluation of chemical exergy for ortho- and para-hydrogen and in conducting advanced exergy analyses to further optimize hydrogen liquefaction processes without adding complexity.

Predicting maintenance costs of an IT system using artificial intelligence models

Predictive maintenance is a maintenance policy where the goal is to detect potential future maintenance risks in a system so that the maintenance process can be optimised before system faults occur. This paper describes a deep learning model that does not require domain expertise. Deep learning approaches have several benefits over explicit statistical modelling: (1) they require far less domain-specific knowledge; (2) if the underlying data-generating mechanism of assets changes, a deep learning model would only need to be retrained to learn these new changes; (3) they can capture non-linear and complex multidimensional relationships; and (4) they may outperform rule-based or statistical methods. The paper describes how the model predicts maintenance-relevant events, along with the cost of the upcoming event and the time when it will happen. The paper describes the use of a long short-term memory architecture for our deep learning model. By doing so, the cost values represent a real, quantitative value of the potential maintenance costs in the future of an asset. Event, cost and time prediction are all achieved with high accuracy. This allows for the development of maintenance solutions without the initial high degree of domain process knowledge required. The artificial intelligence model can be used to raise an alarm when the cost values exceed some threshold, when the frequency of high-cost events increases significantly over the lifetime of an asset, or when the expected cost exceeds the cost of maintenance.

Evaluation of Deterioration Degree of Archaeological Wood from Luoyang Canal No. 1 Ancient Ship

This study provides a detailed investigation of archaeological wood samples from the Luoyang Canal No. 1 site, focusing on wood species identification, physical properties, mechanical property analyses, and morphological examination. The identified wood species, belonging to the Ulmus genus, exhibited a 43% decline in compressive strength in waterlogged environments. Further, the wood exhibited increased moisture content, higher porosity, reduced basic density, and elevated shrinkage rates, indicating a mild level of degradation. X-ray diffraction was employed for the observation of cellulose structure, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) demonstrated significant removal of cellulose and hemicellulose components. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding wood degradation mechanisms to evaluate structural integrity and durability in guiding the development of effective preservation strategies for archaeological wood artifacts. Continued research and conservation are crucial to deepen our knowledge of wood deterioration processes and enhance the implementation of preservation techniques.

DISCOURSE: KNOWLEDGE, NEWS, AND FAKE INTERTWINED

Discourse has been a focal point for linguists over an extended period. The multidisciplinary character of the term ‘discourse’ has resulted in diverse approaches aiming to define and explore this phenomenon. The study of various facets of discourse significantly enhances its comprehension. For our understanding, discourse encompasses the following pertinent characteristics: it is a communicative process, a dialogue, an interaction between communicators; it is a structure, a system, a distinct way of representing and perceiving the world, a special language and world, an expression and manifestation of national identity. Discourse implies knowledge, as it includes various types of it. Knowledge and news are closely linked. They are processed in discourse and with the help of it. Any explicit or implicit knowledge and news influence discourse production and comprehension. True and fake information can alter existing types of knowledge and create new ones, influence mental processes, and shape new mental models. The aim of the article is to describe discourse in its close connection with its main constituents – knowledge, news and fake. ‘Fake’ becomes a linguistic and discursive matter. It is associated with the concepts of ‘lie’, ‘deception’, and ‘manipulation’. Corpus data about ‘fake’ and ‘fake news’ give a bigger picture of the overall context of their representation, changes and dynamics in the usage. The widespread influence of fake is provided with the help of mass media. Strategic control of knowledge in the interaction process is achieved through the use of knowledge itself, accordingly, it becomes possible to control knowledge by means of deception and fake. Fake news is a genre of news information and news discourse, it is an integrative type of media text. The main goal of fake news is to deceive and manipulate consciousness of a wide audience. Manipulation entails language to subtly influence recipients, encouraging them covertly to undertake particular actions. Fake news can be studied within news discourse, media discourse, television discourse, manipulative discourse, political discourse, discourse of fake, and other types. Thus, knowledge, news and fake presented in discourse and with the help of it allow to create ‘new knowledge’, shape the audience’s understanding of discourse, make and generate mental models, control and restrict access to certain information, manipulate consciousness of the audience, transform traditional mental attitudes associated with the pursuit of truth.

Software Process Improvement by Managing Situational Method Engineering Knowledge

Organizational processes have been recognized as valuable knowledge assets. Situational Method Engineering (SME) processes are particularly valuable as they are used for engineering other processes: SME processes help construct bespoke Software Development Methodologies (SDMs) for specific software-engineering project situations. Every SDM has a Software Development Process (SDP) at its heart, which specifies the activities that should be performed throughout the project, the products that should be produced, and the people that should be involved. Existing SME methods suffer from certain weaknesses that are rooted in loss of knowledge within their processes; for instance, the method engineers' experience, which is a kind of tacit knowledge, is not properly captured and utilized in these processes. Managing SME process knowledge helps alleviate these weaknesses through reusing the software developers' experience and maintaining the method engineers' knowledge. We propose an evaluation framework that can be used for assessing an SME method's ability to manage process knowledge. We also provide a model that guides the improvement of existing SME methods in their support for Knowledge Management (KM), and also helps engineer new SME methods that provide adequate KM support. We have assessed the applicability of the proposed evaluation framework and improvement model by using them to enhance eight prominent SME methods, and also by applying them to four industrial case studies.