Physical activity recommendations for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A best evidence synthesis.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability of a large language model (LLM) for performing each of the steps of clinical practice guideline development from framing a healthcare question to creating the evidence-to-decision framework. The LLM tool used for this study was OpenAI Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT)-4o. This evaluation of an LLM was conducted concomitantly with development of a clinical practice guideline on neuromuscular blockade in adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome for the Society of Critical Care Medicine. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) handbook provided the steps of the process that served as the outline for this evaluation of GPT-4o. Each request for information posed to the LLM was performed during or soon after the same period as the respective step of the process being conducted by the guideline panel. The results follow the major sections of the GRADE process: framing the healthcare question and selecting and rating the importance of outcomes, summarizing the evidence and quality of evidence, and going from evidence to recommendations. The LLM demonstrated the most usefulness for the initial step of the guideline development process that involved framing the healthcare question and selecting and rating outcomes. The limitations of the LLM became most apparent during the remaining steps of the development process.

The 2025-2030 dietary guidelines for Americans: a pediatric review of recommendations for children under 5 years.

Gender equity for anaesthetists remains elusive, despite patient and clinician benefits. Many strategies have been proposed to promote gender equity, yet women remain under-represented in anaesthesia leadership compared with men. This review identifies contemporary implemented strategies to improve gender equity in anaesthesia leadership. We searched databases for studies published from January 2019 to March 2024, including reports of implementation. We employed state-of-the-art review methodology to provide a current understanding of this complex sociocultural problem, using Cook's and Stufflebeam frameworks for categorisation and deductive data extraction and analysis based on context, inputs, processes and outcomes. We screened 257 abstracts and identified 18 studies for analysis; 14 were conducted in the USA. The most prominent individual interventions were mentorship and sponsorship. These were supported by organisational interventions including professional development curricula; policies; and leadership roles supporting diversity. Two studies reported how programmes were iteratively developed. Reported success metrics included quantitative (increased diversity in leadership, achieving promotion) and qualitative outcomes (networks and wellbeing). Evidence for best practices to address gender equity in anaesthesia leadership is emerging. Prospective determination of key outcomes enables monitoring of success, including representation and wellbeing. Organisational support, in the form of policies and leadership roles linked to diversity outcomes, amplifies the benefits of mentorship and sponsorship. Future interventions should report the context in which the interventions were mobilised, associated costs and details of the iterative programme delivery and development process.

Developing effective fractionation methods remains challenging in biorefining. γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is a promising green solvent, yet its application in softwood biorefineries is still underexplored. In this study, GVL pretreatment for softwood biorefining was assessed at laboratory and pilot scales. The effects of temperature (170–210 °C), time (20–60 min), and GVL-to-water ratios (20:80 – 80:20 %) on the biorefining of spruce sawdust were initially investigated through lab-scale experiments using a 1-L reactor. A GVL/water solution at a 40:60 ratio, assisted by 0.4 g of sulfuric acid per 100 g of biomass, enabled the solubilization of up to 81.4 % of lignin and nearly the entire hemicellulosic fraction, while effectively preserving cellulose, which was subsequently saccharified with over 90 % conversion. Lignin was regenerated from the liquors and characterized using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1 H- 13 C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The biorefinery concept was successfully scaled up and validated at pilot scale in a 50-L reactor, where enzymatic saccharification of the resulting cellulosic pulp produced hydrolysates that, upon fermentation, yielded 231.4 g of ethanol per kilogram of pulp. Lignin regenerated from the pilot-scale pretreatment liquors (118.9 g per kilogram of raw sawdust) and the lignin-rich saccharification residue (182.7 g/kg) were subjected to hydrothermal liquefaction, and the resulting biocrudes were characterized to assess their potential for biofuel formulation. The study showed the suitability of GVL for spruce biorefining to achieve high recovery of digestible cellulose, lignin and hemicelluloses fractions, that are subsequently valuable for chemicals and fuels production. • γ-Valerolactone (GVL) enabled efficient organosolv pretreatment of spruce sawdust. • High solubilization of lignin and hemicelluloses were achieved. • Enzymatic saccharification of pulps achieved conversions above 90 % at lab scale. • The biorefinery concept was scaled up and validated in a 50-L pilot reactor. • Lignin streams from pilot tests were converted to biocrudes via HTL.

Mitigation of viral particle interaction with glass surfaces improved Ad26 vaccine quality and long-term stability.

Challenges and developments in the manufacturing of high-concentration biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies.

The demand for protein-based liquid foods is increasing due to growing awareness of the impact of diet on human health. This trend has prompted the food industry to explore minimal processing technologies that ensure both safety and clean-label appeal. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of selected innovative nonthermal technologies-based on high pressure, electromagnetic, acoustic, plasma fields, and membrane filtration principles-to process protein-based liquid foods. Key engineering considerations for designing process conditions suitable for protein systems are discussed. The review also examines the effects of these technologies on microbiological safety and quality attributes, including structural (particle size and microstructure), functional (solubility, rheology, emulsification, and foaming properties), and nutritional aspects (digestibility and allergenicity), along with possible underlying mechanisms. Findings highlight the importance of uniform application of the lethal agent (e.g., pressure, temperature, and electrical field) and thermal effects within the processed volume to validate microbial safety. Product-specific factors such as composition including fat and protein, pH, and water activity must also be carefully considered. Evidence suggests that nonthermal technologies can induce diverse structural and conformational changes in proteins, thereby altering their interactions with other food components and leading to variable impacts on quality attributes such as viscosity and emulsion stability. Increasing thermal intensity in combination with nonthermal agents generally degrade product quality. Future research should aim to optimize nonthermal processing parameters for a variety of protein-based foods by integrating both process and product factors to ensure microbial safety and enhanced product quality. The strategic application of nonthermal technologies-alone or in combination with mild thermal treatments-offers significant potential for developing sustainable, high-quality, and tailor-made protein-based food products.

Impacts of Gaseous Ozone and Mild Heating Treatments on the Inactivation of Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 and on the Quality of Low-Moisture Food Products.

Development of a serum-free producer cell line generation process for scalable and efficient rAAV production for gene therapy applications.

In the framework of a Safe, Sustainable, and Recyclable by Design approach for the synthesis of novel plastics, we investigated the toxicological impact of epoxy vitrimers' synthesis. Emphasis was placed on the substitution of conventional hardeners and flame retardants with alternative ingredients. Data were also obtained on the leachates extracted from the final materials. Several toxicological endpoints (cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, epigenetics, genotoxicity, endocrine disruption) were assessed on human cell lines, and aquatic toxicity was evaluated in Daphnia and zebrafish embryo. The bulk of the results showed that use of alternative products did not increase, and in some cases decreased, the toxicological impact of the synthesis of the vitrimers. To facilitate the use of the numerous collected data, they were combined in scores. We first designed a toxicity score that compared each substance with the positive controls of the assays. This score was found to be valuable to report the results in a convenient and easily understandable way. We also developed a performance score that compared the properties of each alternative substance to the conventional reference. This score aimed to be used in a digital decision-making tool for the development of new industrial processes.

ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study aimed to identify electrophysiological markers distinguishing stages of development, stability, and early aging in cortical auditory processing to elucidate neurophysiological changes in healthy auditory aging.MethodsWe evaluated 149 healthy participants (both sexes; aged 7-59 years) recruited from the general community via electronic media, posters, radio, and regional television, divided into six age groups (7-11, 12-17, 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years). Eligibility criteria included normal hearing, no neurological disorders, and normal otoscopy. Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) were recorded using the syllable /da/ (binaural stimulation, 70 dB HL) with eye-movement control.ResultsSignificant differences in P1 latency were observed between children (7-11 years) and older participants (12-59 years). N1 latency differed between children and adults (30-59 years), while N1 amplitude varied between adolescents (12-19 years) and adults aged 40-49 years. P1-N1 latency differed between adolescents and adults aged 40-59 years. Age correlated moderately negatively with P1/N1 latencies and weakly positively with N1 amplitude.ConclusionMaturational changes in P1/N1 latencies were evident, but no decline occurred during adulthood or pre-senescence, suggesting stable auditory processing until at least age 59.

Development of a biocatalytic process for producing lauryl esters (cosmetic emollients) via esterification in organic solvent-free systems

This study aims to develop and evaluate a green binary solvent system based on dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) for physical CO2 absorption. Efficient and environmentally benign solvents are essential to support large-scale decarbonization efforts. The DMC–PEG400 system was formulated at molar ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 to assess its absorption performance. Isothermal solubility experiments were performed at 303.15–323.15 K and 3–7 bar, complemented by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to elucidate the absorption mechanism. The FTIR spectra showed the emergence of characteristic CO2 vibrational bands without alterations to the solvent’s fingerprint region, confirming that CO₂ uptake proceeds through physical dissolution rather than chemical interaction. The DMC–PEG400 mixtures demonstrated clear temperature and pressure dependencies typical of physical solvents, with solubility decreasing at elevated temperatures and increasing proportionally with pressure. Among the tested formulations, the 1:3 molar ratio exhibited the highest absorption capacity, achieving 0.0606 mole CO₂/mole solution at 303.15 K and 7 bar. This performance arises from an optimal balance between interaction sites provided by PEG400 and the moderate viscosity needed to facilitate efficient CO2 diffusion. In contrast, the 1:4 mixture displayed reduced capacity due to excessive viscosity and limited free volume. Overall, the results highlight the promising potential of DMC–PEG400 mixtures, particularly at the 1:3 ratio, as tunable and sustainable physical solvents for CO₂ capture. Their favorable solubility behavior, stability, and benign chemical nature position them as viable candidates for next-generation carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies.

Development and innovations in extrusion process of aluminum and magnesium alloys: A review

Research on the development and performance evaluation of a force-controlled surface rolling process for the thread root of aerospace bolts

Nutrition Support in Critically Ill Adults in Intensive Care Units: An Evidence Analysis Center Scoping Review of Current Systematic Reviews and Guidelines.

Development and transition process of jet ignition and jet flame ignition in hot turbulent jets by methane active prechamber system

Lilium lancifolium bulbs are edible-medicinal resources rich in polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, and saponins, but fresh bulbs are prone to browning, nutrient loss, and microbial contamination. Blanching combined with drying is a key postharvest strategy for maintaining quality. This study evaluated steam and hot-water blanching followed by hot-air drying to determine their effects on color, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity. Blanching markedly reduced browning, with steam for 15 min and hot water for 2 min showing the best color protection. Treatments enhanced polyphenol retention, reducing losses of regaloside A and promoting accumulation of regaloside E. Antioxidant capacity was highest after 6 min of hot-water blanching, while 10 min of steam blanching produced the strongest antiproliferative effect with good selectivity (selectivity index = 5.08). Multi-criteria decision analysis identified hot-water blanching for 6 min (B6-D) as optimal and steam blanching for 10 min (S10-D) as secondary. Blanching-drying synergy effectively improved color stability, preserved key phenolics, and enhanced bioactivity in L. lancifolium bulbs. Hot-water blanching for 6 min followed by drying is recommended as the optimal method, providing a scientific basis for high-quality processing and functional product development. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Photocrosslinkers with dual-functional crosslinking mechanisms for direct photolithographic patterning of quantum dots.