Procedure For Large-scale Production Research Articles

Development and Optimization of Zirconium-89 Production and Clinical TF-PET/CT Imaging Protocols for Breast Tumor Imaging and Immunotherapy Planning: A Review

Zirconium-89 (89Zr) has recently drawn significant interest to be a promising metallo-radionuclide for use in immuno-PET due to favorable decay characteristics. Despite all efforts that have been done over the last few years in the development of procedures for large-scale production and purification of 89Zr and its stable coupling to mAbs as well as successful preclinical and clinical 89Zr immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) studies, there is still gap for exploring new peptide-based pharmaceuticals radiolabeled with 89Zr and the development of 89Zr immuno-PET imaging protocols. The objectives of this study is intended to review the recent development and optimization of 89Zr production and to discuss the 89Zr immuno-PET clinical imaging applications for breast cancer. In addition, the 89Zr PET imaging safety and protocols as well as the potential use of 89Zr in 3-gamma PET Imaging are reviewed.

Chitinase Production by Trichoderma harzianum Grown on a Chitin-Rich Mushroom Byproduct Formulated Medium

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of chitin-rich mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by-products chitin/glucan enriched fraction (M-Ch/G-F) as main carbon source for the production of chitinases by three different microorganisms (Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma atroviride and Bacillus licheniformis), in an attempt to obtain these enzymes using a cheap and abundant fermentation medium. Microorganisms were grown in submerged fermentation using different media formulated with chitin powder (Chp), colloidal chitin (Chc) and M-Ch/G-F as the main carbon source, respectively. Enzyme productivity and secretion (secretome) was studied by electrophoretic and proteomic methods. All microorganisms produced higher chitinase activity in a medium formulated with M-Ch/G-F as a carbon source compared to medium formulated with Chp or CHc. T. harzianum showed the highest chitinase productivity (261.5 mU L−1 per day). Chitinase production was monitored by electrophoretic and proteomic methods. Electrophoretic method allowed the detection of 28 different proteins—three different chitinases with 82, 50 and 31 kDa. Proteomic analysis could identify 161 different proteins: 60 of them hydrolases, and 80% having glycolytic activity—5 of them were chitinases. These results show that cultivation of T. harzianum in a cheap and abundant fermentation medium represents a good procedure for large scale production of chitinases. Our results show that cultivation of T. harzianum in a culture medium formulated with M-Ch/G-F, a cheap and abundant fermentation medium, is a good procedure for large scale production of glycosidases, particularly chitinases within a relatively short cultivation period of 6 days.

Biodegradable polyester films from renewable aleuritic acid: surface modifications induced by melt-polycondensation in air

Good water barrier properties and biocompatibility of long-chain biopolyesters like cutin and suberin have inspired the design of synthetic mimetic materials. Most of these biopolymers are made from esterified mid-chain functionalized ω-long chain hydroxyacids. Aleuritic (9,10,16-trihydroxypalmitic) acid is such a polyhydroxylated fatty acid and is also the major constituent of natural lac resin, a relatively abundant and renewable resource. Insoluble and thermostable films have been prepared from aleuritic acid by melt-condensation polymerization in air without catalysts, an easy and attractive procedure for large scale production. Intended to be used as a protective coating, the barrier's performance is expected to be conditioned by physical and chemical modifications induced by oxygen on the air-exposed side. Hence, the chemical composition, texture, mechanical behavior, hydrophobicity, chemical resistance and biodegradation of the film surface have been studied by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), nanoindentation and water contact angle (WCA). It has been demonstrated that the occurrence of side oxidation reactions conditions the surface physical and chemical properties of these polyhydroxyester films. Additionally, the addition of palmitic acid to reduce the presence of hydrophilic free hydroxyl groups was found to have a strong influence on these parameters.

Fabrication of Antireflection Nanodiamond Particle Film by the Spin Coating Deposition Technique

Diamond-based antireflective (AR) coatings were fabricated using a spin coating of diamond suspension at room temperature as nucleation enhancement procedure and microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. Various working pressures were used to investigate their effect on the optical characterization of the as-deposited diamond films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic forced microscopy (AFM) were employed to analyze the surface properties of the diamond films. Raman spectra and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also were used for analysis of the microstructure of the films. The results showed that working pressure had a significant effect on thickness, surface roughness, and wettability of the as-deposited diamond films. Deposited under 35 Torr or working pressure, the film possessed a low surface roughness of 13.8 nm and fine diamond grain sizes of 35 nm. Reflectance measurements of the films also were carried out using UV-Vis spectrometer and revealed a low reflectance value of the diamond films. The achievement demonstrated feasibility of the proposed spin-coating procedure for large scale production and thus opens up a prospect application of diamond film as an AR coating in industrial optoelectronic device.

Significance and Systematic Analysis of Metallic Impurities of Carbon Nanotubes Produced by Different Manufacturers

Commercially available carbon nanotubes (CNT) often contain some quantities of metallic and carbonaceous impurities. These impurities influence their physicochemical properties and performance, and accordingly a number of potential applications. The lack of information of metal impurities may also preclude accurate environmental and health risk assessments for specific CNT materials. To address these needs, a quantitative analysis of the metal contents has been made in a number of commercial carbon nanotubes produced by different manufacturers. More than 20 metals or metalloids were determined by neutron activation analysis. The results indicate arranging from 0.44 to 3 wt% of catalyst residues remained although the producers claim to provide a catalyst-free product. Most of the impurity elements are transition metals, such as Fe, Ni, Mo, Y, Co and Cr. In addition to the expected catalyst residues, other unexpected impurity elements were detected including As, Gd, W, Yb, Sm and so on. Metallic impurities in carbon nanotube materials should come from the large-scale production procedures, post fabrication and post-purification treatments. The analytical results determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry show that a further deep purification using conventional acid reflux cannot completely remove the metallic impurities from carbon nanotubes. Post-production clean up is difficult and often incompletely.

Evaluation of a New Extrusion Device for the Production of Stable Oligolamellar Liposomes in a Liter Scale

AbstractA procedure for large-scale production of extruded oligolamellar liposomes was developed. the extrusion technique described is rapid, simple, and reproducible. Vesicles with a diameter in the range of 200-500 nm are obtained. the liposomal preparations were characterized by their specific turbidity (determined spectrophotometrically) and contamination with large particles (> 1 µm). Liposome physical stability was determined using a parameter (P) that relates the ratio of the specific turbidity before and after standardized centrifugation.The extruded oligolamellar liposomes obtained were stable, and after 4 weeks storage at 4°C no irreversible aggregation or fusion of the vesicles occurs.The extrusion process ensures sterilization of the final liposomal product, making it acceptable as a pharmaceutical preparation for parenteral use.

A new procedure for large scale production and freezing of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells to be used in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.

A new procedure for activation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) with recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL2) is described. PBL obtained by leukapheresis were subjected to NH4Cl (ACK) treatment to clear erythrocyte contamination; Ficoll separation was not performed. PBL were subsequently seeded in 10-floor multitrays (Cell FactoryTM, CF), gasified and incubated at 37 degrees C for 3-4 days in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. This procedure achieved an activation (evaluated as cytotoxicity and proliferation) comparable with that obtained by culturing PBL in small flasks. Optimal activation of PBL was achieved in CF even in the presence of granulocyte contamination of up to 40%. It was also possible to freeze, thaw and recover most of the frozen cells and their cytotoxic activity. With this procedure therefore large quantities of lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK) can be easily produced to be used in adoptive immunotherapy trials.

Procedures for large-scale production and purification of Clostridium botulinum C1 toxin for preparation of toxoid

Procedures for large-scale production and purification of Clostridium botulinum C1 toxin for preparation of toxoid

Procedures for large-scale production and purification ofClostridium botulinumC1 toxin for preparation of toxoid

Fortified cooked meat medium containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3-FCM) supported toxin production of a strain of Clostridium botulinum type C to a level of 2 × 106 mouse i.p. LD50/ml. C1 toxin was purified by sequential steps of acid precipitation from 5-fold diluted culture supernatant in the presence of RNA, 2nd acid precipitation by dialysis, removal of RNA by protamine treatment, removal of excess protamine and bufferisation by ultrafiltration through Amicon PM-30 membrane, sulphopropyl-Sephadex chromatography, and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. By these procedures, 25 mg or more of highly purified C1 toxin was constantly obtained from a lot of 600-ml culture.

10] Procedures for large-scale production and concentration of lymphoblastoid interferon

This chapter describes the system for large-scale production and concentration of human lymphoblastoid interferon and discusses the advantages of suspension culture for low-cost interferon production. It is possible that interferon is only the first in a long list of products, such as lymphokines and other compounds from suspension cultures of eukaryotic cells that are of potential use in the management of a large number of diseases. Many of the production methods presented are fully adaptable to such production including Cells and Media and Interferon Production. The production of lymphoblastoid interferon in the 50-liter fermentors is found to be a three-phase process highly dependent on the success of each phase of the procedure for satisfactory yields. These three main phases of the production of high-titer interferon are the following: phase I––obtaining cell culture in large volumes, phase II –– induction, dilution, and harvest of product, and phase III –– preparation and analysis of the final bulk precipitate.

9] Procedures for large-scale production and partial purification of human interferon from lymphocyte (Namalva) cultures

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses method for the production and partial purification of interferon from the cells that developed to provide interferon preparations in quantities large enough and pure enough to be considered for use in man. The purification steps in the procedure described in the chapter have been arranged so that no time-consuming handling (for example, dialysis) is necessary between the steps. It has been shown that the treatment of Namalva cells during culture with substances such as 5-bromodeoxyuridine, n-butyrate, or glucocorticoid hormones can result in greatly improved yields of interferon on subsequent stimulation with Sendai virus. In treated cells, DNA synthesis is inhibited and cell growth is arrested. The purified interferon preparations have repeatedly been checked for contamination with proteins originating from the Sendai virus preparations by the Ouchterlony double-diffusion technique. Interferon preparations are diffused against anti-Sendai globulin, prepared from rabbits immunized with crude Sendai virus.

Evaluation of Three Larval and Adult Boll Weevil Diets12

Large-scale production procedures and conditions were used to evaluate 3 diets for rearing Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. The Gast diet produced more adults at a lower cost than the other 2; however, with the Gast diet, adults were smallest and percent egg hatch was lowest. The high gossypol diet produced the largest adults and highest percent egg hatch. Yields of adults were lowest and cost per 1000 adults was highest with cottonseed flour diet.