Falsification Problem Research Articles

TRADE EXAMINATION OF MARKING COSMETIC PRODUCTS

Cosmetic products occupy a rather important place in modern consumption models. Cosmetics are an integral part of our lives. In Ukraine, as in the whole world, the problem of falsification of cosmetic products is extremely acute. According to the EU cosmetic regulation, toxic substances that cannot be used in the production of cosmetics include endocrine drugs that affect the work of the hormonal system, preservatives that must undergo a strict assessment of their impact on product safety. An effective method of detecting falsification of cosmetic products is their trade examination. The article examines the peculiarities of commodity examination of cosmetic products. It was noted that the main method of detecting falsification of cosmetic products is their trade examination. The requirements for information regarding the examination of cosmetic products are highlighted, the analysis of the main documents used in the commodity examination of cosmetic products is carried out. The researched quality of labeling of certain types of cosmetic products. When examining cosmetic products, it is necessary to adhere to a certain algorithm. After collecting the information, the accompanying documents are studied, i.e. documents that contain the necessary and sufficient information for the identification of the consignments of goods along the entire way of goods transportation. There are gross violations in some cosmetic products, for example, the manufacturer's address is missing from the labeling of Korean-made facial gel peeling. Some manufacturers indicate additional information on the label. Identification of the quality of the labeling of cosmetic products is one of the important stages in the general algorithm of commodity examination, which allows determining the compliance of the cosmetic product with regulatory documents at the very first stage and subsequently saving money and time for conducting a more complex instrumental examination.

Fabrication and Falsification of Scientific Research – a Challenge for Legislators or an Irrelevant Issue?

The article addresses the problem of fabrication and falsification of scientific research in the context of the role that lawmakers can play in combating this practice. Legisla­tors may establish organisational units specialising in combating scientific miscon­duct (also referred to as ‘research misconduct’), having the authority to, for instance, to conduct investigations or recommend penalties. A researcher who commits such misconduct may face not only disciplinary, but also civil, administrative or criminal liability. The article discusses the results of a survey asking 70 Polish academics about their opinion on the role of legislators in countering fabrication and falsifica­tion in research. The findings show, for example, that respondents mostly support disciplinary responsibility for such misconduct (81%), and also believe that legisla­tors should combat this practice using ‘soft’ measures, such as promoting codes of ethics in research (70%). Half of those surveyed wanted such behaviour crimina­lised. According to almost half of the respondents, the Polish legislator does not combat such misconduct effectively.

Accounting Regulations in Poland: Do They Work or Should They Be Improved? A Survey Among Accountants and Other Professionals

The aim of the study was to find out the opinions of accountants, people professionally involved in finance, managers of business units and working in other departments of business units on the accounting regulations in force in Poland. A large part of the regulations governing broadly understood accounting is introduced at the international level, and those introduced at the national level are often inspired by international solutions. It is not possible to consult them widely with the community, so getting to know the opinions of the people they concern becomes particularly important. The study was conducted in the form of an anonymous survey. The results of the survey indicate that the majority of those involved directly or indirectly in accounting believe that accounting needs improvement. A very small proportion of respondents felt that accounting does not need improvement. Accounting regulations are perceived as ambiguous, allowing for arbitrary decisions, and unfortunately perceived as not good due to little convergence with tax regulations. Respondents also noted the problem of falsification of financial statements, indicating that they had encountered or heard of falsification of accounts. At the same time, an equally large group of respondents considers financial statements to be as reliable as necessary.

Aspects of conducting a forensic commodity examination of sunflower oil

Vegetable oil production has been growing steadily, driven by increased consumption, including industrial consumption, and by producers developing the production of oils from fruits, nuts and grains. In this regard, there is a need for constant examination of vegetable oils, including the development of new testing methods, finding ways to improve the quality and safety of this product, and preventing the entry of falsified vegetable oil into the Ukrainian market. When conducting an examination of vegetable oils, the following research goals are determined: identification of the type of vegetable oil; methods of falsification and methods of their detection. Assortment falsification in vegetable oils is of the following types: re-grading is widespread, with highly refined vegetable oils being substituted for unrefined and technical oils most often. Also, more valuable types of oils: corn, sunflower can be replaced with low-value (soybean, cottonseed, rapeseed, etc.). Moreover, in a refined form, when specific aromatic and coloring substances have been removed, it is almost impossible to distinguish one oil from another by organoleptic indicators. It is possible to establish the origin of the oil only with physical and chemical parameters, in particular the composition of fatty acids. Quality falsification of vegetable oils can be carried out in the following ways: violation of production technology, violation of recipe composition, violation of purification (refining) technology.
 The article reveals the possibility of conducting a forensic examination of vegetable oil, considers the types of sunflower oil in terms of organoleptic, physicochemical and safety characteristics. The procedure for conducting the examination has also been considered. The article outlines the problems of falsification of vegetable oils, conducting commodity research, identifying commodity properties of vegetable oils, their technological features during forensic examination. Recommendations on quality control of castor oil for participants of foreign economic activity, expert organisations and consumers have been provided.

Проблема фальсификации молочных продуктов: анализ состояния и пути решения

The article discusses the problem of the quality of dairy products on the Russian market. The strategic importance of identifying cases of falsification is emphasized Existing methods for its detection are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are described. It is shown that in order to ensure the safety and quality standards of dairy products, it is necessary to regularly monitor raw materials and finished products, introduce a certification system for dairy group products and periodically improve the skills of production employees. Such measures will help prevent the manipulation of dairy products which can adversely affect the health of consumers. To achieve this goal, it is advisable to expand the area of evaluation criteria by a number of methods, including electrophoresis, chromatography, enzyme immunoassay, mass spectrometry, molecular genetics, etc. The article provides recommendations on the most appropriate methods for determining various sources of illegal milk substitution, including the replacement of valuable types of milk cheaper cow. The problem of falsification of dairy products remains relevant, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Solving this problem requires the
 joint efforts of scientific and regulatory bodies.

Bureaucratic Features and Job Performance in Nigeria: A Study of Delta State Civil Service

The study was premised on Bureaucratic Features and Job Performance in the Civil Service of Delta State. Bureaucracy as a concept was popularized by the German Sociopolitical Philosopher, Max Weber. Ideally speaking, the principles of bureaucracy, fit a very large organization, like the civil service. However, the practice of it in Nigeria is somewhat of a challenge, due to certain unnecessary delays and strict adherence to protocols. Bureaucratic bottlenecks cum red tape, has been a hydra problem in most large organization (the civil service, in particular), touching all aspects of its activities. Bureaucratic bottleneck, refers to the unwarranted stampede in getting things done, in the civil service. It has affected the level of productivity in no small ways. It ranges from, stunting productivity level and/or job performance in various organizations (the Civil service mostly affected). One of the myriad of factors responsible for job performance, is motivation. Motivation, is a major determinant in productivity. If people are happy, fairly treated or so, it goes onto influencing their working attitude. Aside the problem of bottlenecks in the civil service, other factors affect job performance. As earlier established, lack of motivation in the civil service, is a major cause for the epileptic nature of job performance. The structure of the civil service, does not give much room for the welfare (psychological, mental, emotional, etc) of the servants. Another major determinant on job performance in the civil service, is managerial style. Managers are leaders, in an organization. There is a high level of recklessness on the top echelon of the civil service. Rather than, for managers to be up and doing, they end up mismanaging, embezzling, squandering, and looting public funds. There is a very high level of corruption, nepotism, what have you. There is also, the problem of age falsification. Age falsification, which is the deliberate misrepresentation

Problems of Falsification of Medicinal products in the conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the norms of the European Union

The problem of distribution of low-quality medicinal products in Ukraine has become especially relevant against the background of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The challenge to the national medical system became more tangible, as the fight against the virus and quarantine restrictions became heavy psychological blows for patients who sought appropriate treatment in an unofficial way. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problem of falsification of medicines in the conditions of a pandemic and to develop development models against the background of the study of European legislative norms. General scientific methods (synthesis, analysis, induction and deduction) became the main methods for writing the article. The methods of content analysis, systematic review of scientific literature, SMART and FINER principles were also used. The results highlighted one of the most important problems of the distribution of falsified and unlicensed drugs during the spread of COVID-19 - the semi-legal activity of pharmacies that work exclusively in the field of online sales. The requirements for their activities are quite loyal, and the distribution of low-quality or uncertified medicinal products is punished only administratively. The possibility of using European (primarily German) experience to counter the distribution of falsified medicines was discussed. Attention was also drawn to the geopolitical factor in the fight against COVID-19 – the use of the Russian vaccine “SPUTNIK V”, which in the conditions of Russian aggression can be assessed as a hybrid threat. The problematic nature of using this vaccine has been demonstrated, given the secrecy of the mechanism of conducting experiments. Resolutions of the European regulatory bodies allowed Ukrainian doctors not to use this vaccine either. This episode can be considered a positive moment of using European experience to establish medical rules for work in Ukraine. The conclusions note the need to reform Ukrainian legislation, take into account the European experience and harmonize with European regulations on the circulation of medical drugs. Such a step will make it possible to face modern challenges and significantly complicate the entry of counterfeit medicines into Ukraine.

GOST R 70019-2022 — the first profile national standard for steel pipes for housing and communal services

The article discusses the reasons that influenced the development and release of the profile national standard for steel electric-welded pipes for housing and communal services, analyzes the main advantages of the introduction of the standard. The assessment of the current state of engineering and technical support systems, heat, water supply and sanitation networks is given. The normative documentation used in housing and communal services is considered, the problem of pipe falsification is highlighted.

The problem of grained salmonid roe falsification and ways for its solution

The paper examines the problem of falsification of edible fish products, which concerns producers and consumers worldwide. Food products are most often falsified by imparting them some of the most typical features, for example appearance, upon the overall worsening or losing the other most significant properties of nutritional value, including safety. Market analysis shows that there is a tendency of replacing natural roe with imitated roe by its selling in metal and glass jars with indication of the address of the Far Eastern producer. It has been established that the protein content is not higher than one percent upon imitated roe production using modern technologies. To establish product authenticity, a methodology for measuring the protein mass fraction in grained salmonid roe by the Kjeldahl method was developed. The metrological characteristic of the developed methodology in three concentration ranges is presented. The used values can serve for identification of claimed properties with the specified indicators of accuracy, trueness, repeatability and reproducibility. In addition to the methodology, product organoleptic indicators are proposed, including assessment of appearance, consistency, taste, odor, as well as specific features of the cooking test that can serve as distinctive features and are taken into consideration in identification of grained salmonid roe.

Political falsification of history: problems of Anglo-Saxon "Interpretation"

The article examines the actual problem of falsification of political history and its "interpretations" by Anglo-Saxon authors. The authors demonstrate a comprehensive approach of a set of methods – from dialectics and gemeneutics to comparative studies and semiotics. The presented principles of dialectics allow us to identify the dynamics of the development of falsifications. The principles of comparative studies used in comparisons with historical facts help to expose falsification. The use of personalism data allows us to more accurately understand the personalities who participated in the falsification. The method of hermeneutics allows you to penetrate into the depth of the meaning of the text, through the disclosure of its true content, the problem of falsifications is represented by the scheme: incompetence-error-lie. The approaches of the US ruling elite to the interpretation of modern international events of political history in relations with Russia have been criticized. In relation to the English falsifiers of history, the authors distinguish two categories of memory: collective and collective. The nature of information wars in fakes and demagogic tricks is revealed. The purpose of further development of this topic is to develop and implement a number of events and "anti-fake" programs based on close interaction of the Russian media, which allow to rid the Russian community of the "weeds" of the Anglo-Saxon falsification of political history.

Antidržavni afekt - praktična politika i ustavno pravo BiH

The central topic of the paper is the problem of political falsification of the Constitutional law of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the role of judicial science in demythologising the constitutionally undefined opinions of practical politics. The author points out the link between normative predictions of the future and the analysis of the contemporary, in other words, the interconnectedness of social realities in which a norm is created with projections of the future. In this relationship, the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina appears as a plan for a future in which those who conceived it projected principles of a constitutional state. This plan is established in the preamble as a request that the naturalistic principles of war should be transformed into modern forms of interconnected human life, by way of forming a state into an institutional protector of freedom, equality, human dignity, welfare and prosperity. Political parties are those who are to bring this program to fruition. However, since the creation of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, they are in a constant antistate affect which blocks collective affectations. Practical politics is carried out as "politics in the name of the people" and it prevents sympathy and affection towards "the other". On this premise, political parties rule the state and entity institutions. The state is thus separated from the constitutional plan for the future, from the "program" that the constitutional founders, through the self-reflections found in the Preable, set as the legal program for the "use" of state power. The process is illustrated through an analysis of five mythologems which were articulated in the 2022. electoral campaign as the postulates of political parties and the official positions of neighboring states: (1) constitutive peoples are represented in the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (2) the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina is legally bound to carry out legal interventions, (3) the concept of a civic state is not applicable in Bosnia and Herzegovina because of a constitutionally programmed "rule of the people", (4) the entities are states and (5) Republika Srpska is a genocidal creation which thus must be deinstitutionalized. The author proves that these are politically generated mythologizations of parts of the Constitutional law of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which rest on falsifying the written constitution. Practical politics thus stands outside of the Constitutional law of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is in part carried out as arbitrary political mayhem which prevents general progress. This process is ongoing and it cannot be prevented through a political practice which directly relies on falsifying falsifying tenets. Precisely because of this, judicial science and constitutional legal scholarship need to react to the advanced state of mythologizing extraconstitutional constructs. Insisting on the application of written law and determining public law standards which are binding is one of the key tasks of judicial science. Its task is to establish criteria and to demand corrections in the political practice within Bosnia and Herzegovina.

АНАЛИЗ ФАЛЬСИФИКАЦИИ И БИОБЕЗОПАСНОСТИ МОЛОКА СЫРЬЯ В АЛТЫНСАРИНСКОМ РАЙОНЕ

The article shows monitoring studies on the issue of providing dairy processing enterprises with raw materials produced by dairy farms located in the Kostanay region. The research was carried out on the materials of official statistics using analytical materials of public administration bodies. To establish the well-being of the subsidiary farms of the Altynsarinsky district, the monitoring of the reporting documentation provided by the veterinary supervision authorities was carried out. The analysis of scientific articles on the safety of raw milk was carried out, with citations from foreign and domestic literature. The article reveals the problem of shortage and falsification of raw materials in the Kostanay region. The percentage and type of falsification have been established. The analysis of the purchased raw milk from individual deliverers, according to physico-chemical and microbiological indicators, was carried out. The results of microbiological examination of raw milk samples are reflected. The percentage of bacterial contamination of the studied samples was established. Studies of raw milk on the content of somatic cells were also carried out. The article shows the analysis of the naturalness of raw milk. To do this, the following indicators were determined: dry skimmed milk residue, density, mass fraction of fat. The importance of the work of specialists of veterinary supervision and control in terms of educational activities with individual deliverers was also noted.

Towards a New Model for the Production of Civil Status Records Using Blockchain

The work presented in this article focuses on document forgery. Document fraud is a generic term used to designate a fraud, a falsification of a document. The said falsification can be observed in several sectors of everyday life. For a better illustration, let’s consider a system for producing civil status forms. The birth certificate is generally the basis of any individual’s life, and if this document is falsified, it can have repercussions at several levels, particularly in the academic field, where false diplomas, false national identity cards, false passports, false marriage certificates, etc. are obtained. It is therefore demonstrated that a secure production unit for civil status forms can be beneficial to both developed and developing countries. In addition, smart contract is proposed using a private Hyperledger fabric blockchain for validation of civil status documents, and a non-state public key management infrastructure is also proposed to authenticate the nodes that will validate the transactions. This improved blockchain solves the problem of falsification of civil status documents, as false nodes can contribute to the validation of a transaction. The contribution of such a hybrid system is of paramount importance for the identity of civil status documents on the one hand and for the identity of documents in general, and the blockchain to guarantee the distributed, unforgeable, non-repudiation, transparency and disintermediation character.

О ФАЛЬСИФИКАЦИИ ИСТОРИИ БЛОКАДНОГО ЛЕНИНГРАДА

The article is devoted to the problem of falsification of the facts of the history of the Great Patriotic War, in particular the history of besieged Leningrad. The distorted presentation of many events and facts belittles the significance of the victory in the Great Patriotic War and denies the recognition of the great work of the defenders and victors in the defeat of German fascism. It should be noted that today there is no responsible approach to information about the Great Patriotic War in the media, there is distrust, mistrust, and the repetition of "sacred lies" in the creation of liter-ary works, films, and plays. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that the current government failed to dismantle the Soviet system and build a truly democratic system that meets the interests of the entire people.

Медиакультура и человек в киберпространстве: роль цифровых технологий в процессе трансформации личности и культуры

The article examines the impact of the transition to the digital space on people and media culture.
 The introduction gives a brief description of the modern world in the era of globalism and digital transformation. The aim of the work is to analyze media culture and cyberspace, to trace the communicative aspect of the influence of virtual reality on personality. To do this, an analysis of scientific papers on this issue has been carried out, and trends based on the processes taking place in society are being investigated. The issues of the "digital divide" between countries, the "culture of cancellation", the problems of falsification of information on the Internet, including in the media, are highlighted.
 The authors propose to rely on cultural heritage, including media, as a factor preventing the unification of personality in the new reality.

A Bayesian Generalized Regression Approach for estimating parameters in the Item Sum Technique of sensitive surveys

Most respondents find it difficult to respond to sensitive questions in surveys especially providing information that require one to disclose behaviors that are possibly against social norms. This study involves solving the problem of non-response or falsification of information in a sample survey as a result of sensitive questions using the Item Sum Technique (IST). The IST is a recent indirect method for collecting data for continuous sensitive characteristics and it is a quantitative variant of the Item Count Technique (ICT). The calibration method has previously been used to estimate the IST, but the method is design-based and only useful for sufficiently large domains. There are situations where the domain sample size is not adequate to meet the needs of the precision of the estimates, hence the smallarea estimation which is model-based may be needed. The Bayesian method is a model-based estimation method that tackles the problem of small area sample size. Results from simulation indicate the efficiency of the Bayesian Generalized Regression (BGREG) method for both small and large domain samples as compared with the Generalized Regression (GREG) and calibration method using three different criteria, AIC, BIC and MSE. A small sample survey on the use of substance abuse and internet gambling among university students from Nigeria was further used to show that the BGREG outperformed the GREG and Calibration methods using the AIC, BIC and MSE criterion.

The Shi’is and the Qur’an: Between Apocalypse, Civil Wars, and Empire

The study is dedicated to the complex relationship between the Alides (supporters of ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib and their descendants, later called the Shi’is) and the Qur’an, especially in the early times of Islam. Several points are examined in order to put these relations into perspective. First of all, it is important to remember that the Quranic corpus was elaborated in the atmosphere of the civil wars that marked the birth and the first developments of Islam. These wars seem to have played a major role in the elaboration of the official version of the Quran, which the Alides would have considered a falsified and hardly understandable version of the Revelation. The problem of falsification (taḥrīf) as well as the belief in the existence of a hidden meaning of the Quran led to the Shi’i doctrine on the necessity for interpretation (tafsīr, ta’wīl) in order to make the Sacred Text intelligible. It is also important to question the reasons for the civil wars between the faithful of Muḥammad. According to the Quran and the Hadith, Muḥammad came to announce the end of the world. He therefore also announced the coming of the Messiah, the Saviour of the end times. Now, according to some sources, ‘Alī is this Saviour. The problem is that after the death of Muḥammad, according to Shi’is, the opponents of ‘Alī took power. With the conquests and the birth of the Arab empire, the rewriting of history and the creation of a new collective memory seem to have become necessary in order to marginalise ‘Alī, among other reasons, and consolidate the caliphal power.

Problems of false medicines' distribution and prospects of combat: survey of specialists and consumers results

The aim: comparative analysis of the results of a questionnaire survey of pharmaceutical and medical professionals and consumers, conducted by the authors during 2019-2021 to identify opinions on which there are coincidences and differences, as well as an assessment of the problem of drug counterfeiting in Ukraine to develop approaches to prevent their spread.
 Materials and methods. The study used scientific publications, as well as the results of a survey of specialists of the State Service of Ukraine for Medicines and Drug Control (State Medical Service) and its territorial bodies, pharmaceutical and medical professionals of health care institutions and consumers on the fight against drug falsification. The research was conducted using the methods of questionnaires, systematization and generalization.
 Results. According to the results of a comprehensive questionnaire during 2019-2021, it was found that the share of CM in the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market is estimated at 5 % by a majority of respondents on average 58.5 %, including 59.7 % of experts of the State Medical Service, 42.3 % of pharmacy specialists, 11.4 % by doctors and 73.5 % by consumers. Respondents' answers about the signs of drug falsification differ significantly, so most experts believe that this is a change in the usual signs (taste, smell, color), while pharmacy specialists - labelling in a foreign language, doctors - no therapeutic effect, for consumers it is a change in packaging design (labels) and a significantly lower price. The main sales channels of CM for experts and pharmacy specialists are e-commerce (68.7 % and 75.7 %, respectively), while the majority of consumers could not determine.
 Many experts and pharmacy specialists pointed to the need to introduce special security features of packaging in the form of 2d barcodes as the main method for protection and detection of CM (79.1 % and 39.6 %, respectively). Most of the surveyed pharmacy workers and consumers believe that the risk of purchasing counterfeit drugs is higher in the pharmacies of individual entrepreneurs or small pharmacy chains.The main problem that hinders the effective fight against drug counterfeiting was the imperfect legislation (68.7 %). Regarding effective tools in the fight against counterfeit drugs, experts called a significant strengthening of the powers of the regulatory body - following the example of the FDA (70.1 %).
 Conclusions. It is established that the most important priorities of the state policy for combating CM in Ukraine are the improvement of the system of state control and quality assurance of medicines, in particular 2d coding, as well as the need to strengthen the responsibility for drug falsification. The results of research on the problem of drug falsification indicate the feasibility of introducing a systematic survey for a wider range of respondents - professionals and consumers

Uma solução para integração de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem com Blockchain

Education generates a considerable amount of data and information, it is necessary to manage this data securely, avoiding problems of falsification and tampering with diplomas, certificates, and other important student documents. In addition, distance learning is becoming more popular due to the Covid-19 pandemic period, where courses are offered in virtual learning environments such as Moodle. Blockchain technology can be used as a tool to ensure the security of data managed by Moodle. However, there is a gap in current state-of-the-art solutions for integrating these data with Blockchain platforms. This work proposes BlockMoodle, a solution developed to integrate Moodle with Blockchain Ethereum. This work also performs an analysis of the financial cost of using the tool. In addition, a performance evaluation of the proposed solution is also carried out considering different usage scenarios. Finally, the conclusions and future work to be developed are presented.

FALSIFICATION OF CITRUS JUICES

The problem of falsification of juice products today is urgent due to the fact that this group of food products is consumed by all segments of the population. Today, at the same time as the presence of a wide range of juices in the modern market, it is quite difficult to identify them and prevent falsification. As a result, there is a need to strengthen control over the quality of juice products and to develop criteria for the authenticity of juices. 
 The article presents the results of the study of the quality of orange juices purchased in the retail outlets in Minsk. In order to identify and detect falsification, a comprehensive assessment of juices was carried out. The author determined the main indicators of the quality and safety of juices such as dissolved solids, titratable acidity, pH level, sugar-acid ratio. However, due to the fact that these indicators can be easily adjusted by adding organic acids, sugars and other components, a study was carried out of such indicators as the content of oxymethylfurfural and formol index, which are the most difficult to falsify. Standard and common methods were used during the experiment. The quality assessment also included an analysis of the causes of deviations 
 that could be found during the study. These causes may be explainable properties of raw materials or technological features of production.