Immigration Problem Research Articles

Countering the Instrumentalization of Migrants as an Element of the External Dimension of EU Immigration Policy

The problem of the instrumentalisation of migrants has a long history, but within the EU it was noticed only after the events on the EU-Belarus border in 2021. The Commission prepared a package of legislative proposals, which, among other things, gives Member States the opportunity to derogate from the current asylum rules. These provisions caused a negative reaction from a number of member states, the expert community and non-governmental organizations. The purpose of this article is to identify the reasons for the legislative implementation of the concept of in-strumentalisation of migrants, to identify the key characteristics of the relevant provisions, as well as their compliance with the current rules of the Common European Asylum System and the international obligations of member states. The author comes to the conclusion that the preparation of proposals in the field of countering the use of immigrants was carried out in conditions where the increased securitisation of migration policy coincided with a significant deterioration in EU relations with Russia and Belarus. For this reason, this proposal is politically motivated. An analysis of the proposed measures suggests that they could lead to unjustified differentiation of asylum seekers solely on the ground that they entered into EU from the territory of certain third country. In addition, the provisions of the proposal will contribute to further legal uncertainty and lower asylum standards. The proposed legislative measures are unlikely to solve the problem of immigration in EU, but can increase tensions in relations with neighboring countries.

Effective factors on Migration to Kerman City and Immigrants’ Problems Using Analytical Hierarchy Process Model and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

Introduction: Marginal immigrants cause many problems in economic, social and cultural, physical ,and environmental aspects of cities. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting migration to Kerman city and the problems of marginalized immigrants using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) models. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022, with a sample size of 147 households selected from Kerman suburban region. The data were collected by a standardized questionnaire measuring effective factors on the migration and the checklist of the immigrant problems. Results: The most important immigration factors were economic, social, geographical, political, educational and religious-cultural factors, respectively. Among 37 components studied, transferring the job of the family man as the family head, being on the main land, air and rail ways, having a special position at the international level, burying the family’s dead members in the desired city, and the education of the wife or one of the children of the family were the most important components. According to the results, more than 90% did not have access to public baths, sports facilities, government centers, private institutions, and parks, and recreational spaces. Conclusion: According to AHP model, economic factors ,and then social factors, were the most important reasons for migrating to the suburbs of Kerman. Therefore, it is suggested to create stable and long-term job opportunities , improve employment and business environment in the cities, and develop infrastructure to control migration to the city capitals.

US Migration Crisis and Its Consequences for the 2024 Presidential Elections

The evolution of US migration policy has run several cycles: at first, the fate of immigrants was the responsibility of the employer (companies, who brought them to the USA), then, with an increase in their influx and their gradual resettlement, the lives of newcomers began to be determined at the state level. Only at the end of the 19th century migration regulation began to acquire the features of the federal government’s established policy with a vector towards liberalization throughout the next century. Starting from the 2010s there is a reverse trend – back to restrictionism and ‘descend’ of the regulation to the level of state authorities, especially for illegal immigrants. Such shift causes a clash between states and federal government, and at the same time emphasises the inability of this government to carry out objectively aspired reform.Today immigration policy in the United States can be divided into two major areas: legal immigration regulation and government attempts to solve the problem of illegal immigration. This division, albeit conditionally, helps to understand why for 30 years now no Congress has been able to work out a comprehensive immigration reform or at least agree on key areas for the implementation of its’ certain aspects. A set of acute problems of socio-economic, moral and ethical nature forms an inseparable set of challenges. It equally includes both the areas necessary for the country’s successful economic development: highly qualified personnel attraction, aging of the nation combating, increase of the birth rate, and the challenges associated with the burden on society and the increase in crime: the influx of refugees, illegal, seasonal and permanent immigrants and their families.Due to domestic political peculiarities in the modern United States, party coalitions cannot agree on even one of these areas, let alone develop a profound working system that meets constantly changing needs of the economy, foreign policy challenges, and is in consensus with states’ authorities, who would finally assimilate newcomers.Will the current crisis on the southwestern border of the United States affect J. Biden’s reelection in November 2024? What strategy has D. Trump chosen to bypass his rival? – you will find from this article.

Disabled migrants in the context of the social model and problems arising from the accessibility of the physical environment: A Qualitative Research on Disabled Migrants

This study examines the problems arising from the accessibility of the physical environment, which is one of the main problems faced by disabled immigrants in mainstream society, based on their experiences and using the social model approach. A snowball sampling technique was used to reach five women and seven men with disabilities living in the city centre of Tokat. Data collected through semi-structured interviews were analysed using content analysis. The findings show that disabled immigrants face significant challenges related to the accessibility of the physical environment, starting from their homes and neighbourhoods, which prevent them from accessing even very basic services such as health care and language training. Inaccessible conditions of the physical environment prevent disabled migrants from going out, participating in social life and accessing services. This situation restricts their individual mobility, reduces their autonomy and limits their opportunities for social participation. Therefore, in identifying and addressing the problems of disabled immigrants, it is necessary to consider the physical determinants of the social environment that create and exacerbate their experience of disability, beyond their functional limitations. Policies targeting disabled immigrants should aim to remove environmental barriers.

The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic: Policing Mobility in the 19th-Century United States by Kevin Kenny (review)

The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic: Policing Mobility in the 19th-Century United States by Kevin Kenny (review)

Impacts, Challenges, And Opportunities Of Rohingya Immigrants For Aceh's Regional Economy And Indonesia's National Security

The fundamental problem of Rohingya immigrants coming to Indonesia in large numbers has been a hotly debated issue in recent years. Rohingya immigrants are a group of ethnic minorities from Rakhine state, Myanmar. They have experienced discriminatory treatment that has caused them to flee Myanmar and seek safety in other countries, including Indonesia. The arrival of immigrants to Indonesia has the potential to impact the regional economy of Indonesia's national security. The regional economy is an economic activity carried out by economic actors (households, companies, and government) in a region to meet the needs of its people. Meanwhile, national security is an effort and strategy undertaken by the state to protect the integrity, sovereignty and sustainability of life and aims to ensure the safety and security of the state. In resolving national security through diplomacy between countries. For Indonesia, this is very important to achieve national development and ensure the safety and welfare of the community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the arrival of Rohingya immigrants on Indonesia's national security, the impact can be in the form of threats or opportunities, in this case government policies to deal with the problem. This research uses a systematic literature review method with national and international approaches. This is to draw conclusions from several previous studies related to Rohingya immigrants: Threat or opportunity for Indonesia's national security. It is hoped that this research can provide a reference to the government in determining policies related to Rohingya immigrants for Indonesia's national security.

The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic: Policing Mobility in the Nineteenth-Century United States by Kevin Kenny (review)

The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic: Policing Mobility in the Nineteenth-Century United States by Kevin Kenny (review)

The Problem of Multiculturalism in the Countries of East-Central Europe

The article addresses the question of the possibility of the development of a multicultural andmulti-religious society in East-Central Europe. What prevents such a process is the limited receptionof the Enlightenment in the region, the fundamental role of religion in defending national identities,and the delayed opening to otherness in comparison with the countries of the West. Present-daydynamic changes in all spheres of life – from demography, through politics, to technology – andthe concomitant reactive policies with regard to the problem of immigration are also far fromconducive to such a possibility. The primary solution is the development of long-term educationalprogrammes aiming at a redefi nition of a multicultural society.

International Law Issues and Countermeasures of Refugee Protection

On January 17, 2022, the Russia-Ukraine war broke out, and on October 11, 2023, a new round of Israeli-Palestinian conflict broke out. In the context of the continued escalation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the renewed Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the international community is facing an increasingly severe problem of illegal immigration and refugees. At present, scholars at home and abroad have made a lot of achievements in the research of the world refugee problem in the areas of the concept of refugees, causes, responses to refugee problems, and solutions. However, domestic academic circles have done more research on regional or national refugee issues, such as European refugees, North African refugees, Syrian refugees, etc., and the research on the world refugee issue from a global perspective is relatively weak. This article is to study the refugee protection issue from the international legal level it is to discuss refugee protection from the global perspective.

The Problem of Migration from Sub-Saharan Africa to Algeria in the Twenty-First Century

In the twenty-first century, there was a sharp increase in migration from sub-Saharan Africa to Algeria, and the Sahel zone became a hot stop for illegal human smuggling. Some immigrants go to the north of the country to continue their journey to Europe; others remain in Algeria, treating it as a destination country and do not continue their journey. Algeria has been repeatedly accused of using illegal practices against migrants, such as deportations, pushbacks, and detentions. The aim of the article is to try to assess the scale of the problem of illegal immigration in Algeria based on available statistical data and their periodisation. The main routes taken by migrants will be described, as well as the basic principles of migration policy in Algeria. The following hypotheses were put forward: 1) Algeria is mainly a transit country for migrants from sub-Saharan Africa; 2) The main irregular migration routes lead from the Sahel zone; 3) There is unequal treatment of people in terms of violations of Algerian law (division into Algerians and others). For the purposes of the article, the following research methods were used – analysis and synthesis, comparative method, statistical method, and systemic approach.

“A Desirable Class of Homeseekers”: Colonization, Race, and Italian Migration in the Progressive Era US South

Abstract At the turn of the twentieth century in Italy and the United States, a transnational media dialogue emerged that promoted facilitated emigration policies that their supporters called colonization. Designed to permanently transfer a highly mobile population to a region with a proportionally small foreign-born population, colonization's press coverage exhibited an elite class and race consciousness that sought to remake landless Italian migrants, undesirable in other areas of the United States, into good citizens working their own farms in the American South. A close reading of articles published in Progressive Era magazines in Italian and English, and direct appeals for settlement to the Italian ambassador in Washington, demonstrate how proposals to colonize Italians in the American South shaped the debate over desirability in a period grappling with policy solutions, both in Italy and the United States, to an emerging immigration problem. Race and the immigration problem intersected powerfully in the Progressive Era South in unusual ways as colonizationists adopted their own definitions of racial desirability that centered white southerners’ economic needs. When historians take distribution policy as seriously as Progressives did, the public debate over desirability that drove turn-of-the-century restrictionism becomes more complicated and the significance of the regional setting more pronounced.

Janteloven in Denmark and Norway — To be or not to be?

The paper focuses on the concept of the Jante law (janteloven), formulated by A. Sandemose in 1933 in his novel En flyktning krysser sitt spor. Fortelling om en morders barndom (A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks. A story about a murderer’s childhood), which later became an element of the cultural code of Denmark and Norway. In this study we follow C. Levisen in his distinguishing between the “literary Jante law”, described by A. Sandemose in his novel, and the “linguistic” Jante law, which is a collocation in the Danish and Norwegian languages. This lexicalization of the concept has been brought about by the specific Scandinavian mentality, conditioned by a number of reasons (the agrarian Scandinavian culture, the Lutheran ethos). In the modern Danish and Norwegian languages the concept of janteloven is negative and is used in specific types of discourse (sports, popular culture, business, politics, psychology, schooling, immigration problems, feminism). Besides, there are numerous reformulated Jante laws (den positive jantelov, den omvendte jantelov, antijantelov, jenteloven, Danskerloven), which proves the precedence of the notion in the Danish and Norwegian cultures. The dominating American individualistic culture influences the development of a new system of values (ambition, self-concern, pushiness are no longer viewed as negative qualities), which results in a conflict between the traditional and the new in the Danish and Norwegian cultures: the Jante law comes into conflict with the so-called achievement culture (præstationskulturen). As a social construct and a secret regulator of public relations the janteloven has found its place between the number of other concepts (hygge, trivsel and so on), yet the janteloven has been specifically reflected in political practices, both in its formal expression (development of various “canons”) and in the methods of countering the imposition of certain phenomena on the part of government authorities.

An analysis of number sense skills of Syrian immigrant students by gender and duration of stay

Considering the negative situations faced by the migrating societies, it is known that the language and culture factors exert a stronger influence on the mathematics course than the other undesirable conditions. From this perspective, it is known that the mathematical performance of individuals is likely to increase by placing the concept of number sense in the center. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the number sense skills of Syrian immigrant students with reference to gender and duration of stay as an immigrant as well as to determine their conceptual awareness of number sense-related components. The descriptive correlational design was used in this study in which 152 immigrant students participated. Web-based two-tier test was used in the data collection process, and descriptive statistical values and t-test for independent samples in the analysis of the data. As a result, it was found that male students compared to female students, as well as those who had been immigrants in Turkey for a long time compared to those for a shorter time showed higher number sense performances, though most of the students were at a low number sense level. In addition, the differences appeared significantly in relation to the variables of gender and duration of stay as an immigrant. A surprising result is that most students preferred number sense-based solutions as the basis for their answers. It can thus be concluded that the number sense performances of Syrian immigrant students are lower than expected and that future studies are needed not only to focus on teachers but also on teaching methods and materials in order to take immigrant problems under control and to come up with solutions with a view to overcome such challenges.

Outwards and inwards: Picturing of immigration in modern Greek theatre

After the Second World War and the 3-year civil war that followed, Greece was devastated, while extreme political polarization made life even more difficult for the people who had sided with the Left, especially poor and working-class people, as might be expected. As communications and transportation technologies had advanced, many thought that the only solution for them would be immigration to USA and Australia, but also to Germany after about 1960. It was not an easy business, due to both political reasons and immigration laws of the reception countries. The first to notice this tendency and record it casually in his plays Odysseus, come home (Οδυσσέα γύρισε σπίτι, 1952) and The court of miracles (Η αυλή των θαυμάτων, 1957) was Iakovos Kambanellis. Loula Anagnostaki focused on it first in her play Victory (Νίκη, 1878) and later, investigating the development in the immigrants’ situation in To you who listen to me (Σ’ εσάς που με ακούτε, 2007), both having Germany as their dramatic space. Also, Panagiotis Mentis wrote about Greek immigrants in the USA in his play Foreigners (Ξένοι, 1998) which won the 3rd price in Onassis’ International Drama Competition. In the later decades the phenomenon of mass, mostly illegal, emigration from Asia and Africa, and of a great number of refugees to the Western countries, has become an international issue. Greece is an immigration entrance point towards several European countries, but also a main reception country. One of the first Greek plays to investigate this phenomenon is Evros across (Ο Έβρος απέναντι, 1999) by Thanasis Papathanasiou – Michalis Repas. Then Chrysa Spilioti wrote Fire and Water (Φωτιά και νερό, 2007), going deep in the existential and inter-relationship problems of immigrants settled in Greece. Vasilis Katsikonouris delved deeper, writing The milk (2011) on the same subject, one of the most successful and sensational plays of recent years. Giannis Tsiros in Unshaven chins (Αξύριστα πηγούνια 2004) and Invisible Olga (Αόρατη Όλγα, 2009) deals with women trafficking. Loula Anagnostaki touches on the same subject in her monologue play The sky crimson (1997). Leia Vitali went further: in Night on the highway (Νύχτα στην Εθνική, 2015) she examines both phenomena dialectically, as they are interwoven in Greece nowadays. Through analysis of these plays and some others, this phenomenon which has become the tragedy of the contemporary world, is presented from the Greek viewpoint.

Increasing the Effectiveness of Fake News Detection: An Educational Program for High School Students Using Interactive Neural Network Training and Collective Intelligence

This paper presents the project results designed to provide high school students with essential ICT tools to identify and counteract fake news and disinformation commonly found on the Internet, especially on platforms like X/Twitter. Additionally, it introduces an educational program that utilizes interactive neural network training and collective intelligence to combat fake news. For this project, there was developed an IT framework enabling the collective training of a specialized neural network. In order to conduct a quasi-experiment, we engaged three research groups of high school students, each containing app. 10-15 members. Through a set of comprehensive workshops, the students were trained to recognize harmful online content. After this training, students actively participated in data classification on various topics, laying the foundation for the neural network's training model. The presented results underscore the efficacy of this immersive method in imparting digital literacy and enhancing the group intelligence. Moreover, the results highlight the promising potential of machine learning in assisting youth to navigate the complex digital terrain safely and responsibly. The final phase of the conducted research involved testing the trained neural network in detecting disinformation, particularily in the topics of 5G technologies and immigration problems in Poland.

AN ANALYSIS: REFUGEE CRISIS IN EUROPE

The migration wave caused by the Syrian civil war has spread to neighboring countries, especially Turkey, and the process that has turned into a crisis has started to affect the European continent in many areas. This process, which became symbolic when the lifeless body of a little girl washed up on the southern shores of Turkey and in which many people lost their lives, was on the agenda of the world. The crisis led to administrative and societal issues within the EU, particularly during the sharing of responsibilities. The European Union has taken steps against the crisis with legal infrastructures such as the Amsterdam and Lisbon Treaties, which are elements of regulatory action on immigration problems and are based on the 1951 Immigration Convention. In social terms, the EU countries' inability to convince their citizens to implement certain policies has put them in a difficult situation in domestic politics. This situation was largely exploited by anti-EU right-wing populist parties, who found support among the public and obstructed the progress of the process. In the study, which emerged through the method of literature review, it was observed that while the EU appeared to have sufficient legal infrastructure, the reluctance of EU countries to take initiative based on domestic politics hindered the management of the problem.

1918’den Günümüze İşgal Korkusu ve Göçmen Sorunu Bağlamında Asya-Pasifik Bölgesi’nde Avustralya Dış Politikası

Avustralya’nın jeostratejik olarak savunulması zor ve risk değerlendirmesi yüksek bir ada/kıta olmasının yanı sıra Anglo-Kelt kökenli bir etnik homojenliğe sahip olması, Avustralya’yı bölgesinde özel bir konuma yerleştirmiştir. 1850-1939 yılları arasında Asya-Pasifik’te Avustralya dış politiğini, Avustralya’da Çinli göçmen sorunu, Japon (yellow peril) ve Alman işgali risk değerlendirmesi merkezinde biçimlendirmiştir. Asya-Pasifik bölgesinde Avustralya, 1970’lere kadar kendisini Batı’ya ait hissetme ve Asyalı toplumları ötekileştirme üzerine kurgulanmış bir dış politika geliştirmiştir. Büyük Britanya’nın Avustralya’yla tarihi ve kültürel bağlarının güçlü olmasının ortaya çıkardığı bu tarihsel süreç, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar Büyük Britanya’nın Avustralya üzerinde siyasi, ekonomik ve askerî olarak baskın etkisine neden olmuştur. Bu bağlamda İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sonuna kadar Avustralya, Büyük Britanya’nın Asya-Pasifik’te ‘izole ileri karakolu’ olarak kalmasına neden olmuş ve savaş sonrası güç dengelerinin değişmesiyle Avustralya, ABD’nin koruma şemsiyesi altına girmiştir. Bu nedenle Soğuk Savaş sürecinde Avustralya, Asya-Pasifik’te ‘kızıl tehlike’ye karşı ABD’nin güdümünde göreceli bir dış politika üretmiştir. Asya-Pasifik bölge devletlerinin 1970’lerden sonra iktisadi bir güç olarak ortaya çıkması, Avustralya’da hızla yakın bölgesiyle bütünleşme eğilimi gösteren bir dış siyaset dönüşümü yaşanmasına neden olurken Avustralya’nın kendi kararlarıyla dış siyaseti belirleme yeteneği, işlevsellik kazanmıştır.

Modernization of the US immigration system as an important condition for maintaining global technological leadership

The article focuses upon the problem of a comprehensive reform of the US immigration system. The reform was supposed to increase the effectiveness of immigration policy, make it able to respond the needs of the economy. The author notes the extreme politicization of the problem of immigration. Acute inter-party contradictions made it impossible to carry out a comprehensive immigration reform, the need for which was recognized at the beginning of this century. Many developed countries successfully compete with the United States, attracting thousands of foreign specialists to their countries.

The securitization of immigration in Poland. Social and political contexts

Currently, immigration issues occupy an important place in the debate on the future of Europe. One of the central themes of this debate is the issue of security. In spite of the functioning of supranational integration structures, individual states still remain a fundamental factor in shaping migration. In many cases, the issue of immigration is subjected to the process of securitization, framing immigration as a threat. It is the speech act that is important in this respect, being a kind of securitizing tool. Since 2015, one can notice elements indicating that the process of securitization of immigration has been present in Poland, too, which, among other things, is a consequence of the change of the ruling party, the immigration crisis that has taken place in Europe, and the migration situation on Poland’s eastern border. The article presents the factors that influence the process of immigration securitization. Additionally, it includes numerous statements from Polish politicians securitizing the problem of immigrants as well as the results of social surveys on attitudes towards immigration. The analysis of the collected material leads to the conclusion that the securitisation of immigration in Poland is not a completed process and that this process concerns a geographically defined group of immigrants.

Aging Alleviation Through Increasing Fertility and Migration

Population aging is a global problem. This article will research the problem of population aging in China. How to alleviate the aging problem from two aspects, the first aspect is to improve the fertility rate, and the second is from the immigration analysis. The fertility problem is mainly alleviated by improving womens happiness and reducing the pressure. The immigration problem should mainly consider the elderlys understanding and acceptance of overseas pensions, the expected overseas pension, etc. Its can help us to better understand the needs of the elderly and actively build pension services overseas. It should be noted that the problem of the aging population is already a problem of globalization, so immigration cannot fundamentally solve the problem but play a mitigation role. Therefore, the strategy to solve the problem of population aging should focus on increasing the fertility rate. This article will mainly discuss the causes and solutions of the low fertility rate from the perspective of womens happiness.