History Of Problems Research Articles

University Libraries in Türkiye: Past to Present - A Comprehensive Analysis

University libraries play a vital role in the academic landscape by providing a wide range of essential support and services to their members. From research materials and academic resources to access to cutting-edge technology and expert staff, these libraries are at the forefront of fostering a culture of learning, collaboration, and innovation both within their physical spaces and online. Their importance extends beyond the academic environment, as they are also expected to contribute to the development of their respective countries by providing the resources and tools necessary to support a strong and thriving knowledge economy. The objective of this research is to provide a detailed analysis of the situation and challenges experienced by university libraries in Türkiye. This study utilized descriptive and documentary scanning methods to analyze and interpret data obtained from a wide range of both domestic and foreign literature, as well as official primary documents and media. The scope of the study was determined by historical, managerial, legal, and technological problems faced by Türkiye’s university libraries. To ensure systematic integrity, the study grouped various dimensions thought to have a direct or indirect impact on university libraries in Türkiye under different headings. These headings, which constitute the scope of the study, include: “Legislation, organization, and administrative structure”; “Policy, regulations, and standards”; “Budget, building, collection management, human resources, user-related matters, and other relevant issues”; “Collaborations”, and “Information and communication technologies”. By taking into account the historical context, this study aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the issues that these libraries have faced and continue to face in the present day. The findings of this research indicate that the challenges encountered by university libraries in the past have yet to be effectively addressed and resolved. The study’s methodical, multifaceted, and multidimensional approach to evaluating university libraries, both in the historical context and current situation, presents a unique perspective. The comprehensive and in-depth evaluation process applied in this study is unparalleled and distinguishes it from prior studies in the field. This approach provides a holistic view of university libraries, allowing for a more detailed and accurate assessment of their overall performance.

„The Black Box" by George Stocking

Three years before his death on July 13, 2013, George William Stocking, widely regarded as the discipline's "greatest historian of anthropology," wrote an autobiography and memoir entitled Glimpses into My Own Black Box: An Exercise in Self-Deconstruction(2010). The book was published as part of the famous History of Anthropology (HOA) edition, which Stocking started at The University of Wisconsin Press (1983) and edited for two decades. This paper is based on the understanding of the American theoretician of autobiography, William Howarth, who posited that autobiography in literary (and scientific) writing is akin to what self-portrait is in painting. In the introductory chapter of the work, biographical data are presented that bring the character and work of George William Stocking closer to the domestic, Serbian readership (his second marriage to the sociologist Carol Bowman; their stays in Yugoslavia). This is followed by a description of the two main phases in Stocking's life and work: the formative period in his intellectual development and the mature age, known as the "Chicago years", spent in the Departments of History and Anthropology. Bearing in mind the main elements of the autobiographical strategy – character/self-portrait, technique (rhetoric and writing style), and the theme presented by the author's work-text – Stocking's book thematizes the life story, professional and scientific history (history of anthropology) from the position of both a witness and the one of the creators of written histories of the discipline and biographies of its practitioners and theorists. His writing technique is characterized by self-reflection and scientifically argued discussions on anthropological, historical and political topics and problems. Despite the significant influence his writing and edition of the HOA has had in anthropology, social sciences and humanities, the autobiographer problematizes his relationship to the two disciplines that shaped him as a scientist, highlighting his ambivalent position within them. In spite of the objective indicators of professional success, such as prestigious recognitions, awards, a secure position at the University and the Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a comfortable civic life filled with trips, conferences and guest appearances at important American and British scientific research institutions, the subjective experience of "double non-belonging" or rather, liminality, is the leitmotif that colors his self-portrait and the meaning of the text as a whole. The main features of the work, such as its discursive style of narration and description, striving for objectivity and honesty (self-disclosure and „self-deconstruction“), anxiety regarding one's own place, role and importance in science, as well as, at times, a resigned or elegiac tone, especially at the end of the book, i.e. towards the end of his life, provide the basis to include Stocking's strategy in a hybrid type with elements of those two categories that Howarth calls "rhetorical" and "poetic" confession.

Analysis of Teaching Mode of College Music Composition Theory Course Based on Data Analysis

After learning the Soviet model and developing it today, the rudiment of professional music education established in the 1930s has formed the burden of various historical problems. At the same time, in the ideological collision between China and the West, various concepts and viewpoints around music teaching also appeared, but this is not the main research object because there is no answer at all; therefore, it is necessary to make more rational improvements to the relevant experience, new ideas and new ideas. Based on the theoretical basis of in-depth algorithm and constraint solving, this research starts from the current music teaching in colleges. It explores the curriculum mode that is conducive to the development of music in the author’s country. The experimental results show that in the teaching mode of music composition theory courses in colleges and universities, the music composition optimization algorithm (MMC) has a profound impact on the teaching effect of the course. When solving Madcap’s, the current optimal solution significantly impacts the results. In the curriculum problem, due to the constraints of the curriculum schedule problem, MMC does not show a promising solution effect but has good performance on the curriculum scheduling problem with relatively few constraints, so when solving problems with fewer constraints, the reader can choose MMC.

Главы 10–11 из книги «Войны, революции и диктатуры: исследование исторических и современных проблем с компаративной точки зрения»

The journal «Political Conceptology» publishes a translation of the eighth and ninth chapters of Stanislav Andreski's book «Wars, Revolutions, Dictatorships: Studies of Historical and Contemporary Problems from a Comparative Viewpoint», published in 1992 by publishing house Frank Cass.

Fibonacci Numbers between History, Semiotics, and Storytelling: The Birth of Recursive Thinking

The aim of this paper is to discuss the emergence of recursive thinking through the famous problem posed by Fibonacci regarding the growth of the rabbit population. This paper qualitatively analyzes and discusses the semiotic aspects raised by the students working with this historical source in the form of a story. From this perspective, the value of the historical problems as socio-cultural references (voices) and of the narrations as mediating factors to enhance students’ learning of new mathematical concepts, such as recursion, is explored in depth. The focus lies on the pivotal role played by the students’ construction of personal senses during in-group mathematical activities, in dialectics with the normative and mathematical meanings. It is highlighted that fostering environments conducive to dialogue among peers, as well as linking various shapes and contexts of knowledge, is necessary. Here, storytelling and history are regarded as fruitful resources aiding students in the gradual construction of a personal sense of mathematical concepts, including recursion.

Nationalism or cosmopolitanism? How Chinese football fans viewed the Japanese team and Japanese fans during the 2022 Men’s World Cup

ABSTRACT This study focuses on Chinese football fans’ reactions to the Japanese national team and their fans’ behaviour during the World Cup 2022. Despite the historical and contemporary problems that make friendly relations with Japan difficult to achieve, football fans in China largely welcomed the good performance of the Japanese national team. This attitude may be described as ‘thin cosmopolitanism’ because Chinese fans’ major frame of reference was still nationalistic. For them, the impressive performance of the Japanese national team means that Asians and the ‘yellow race people’ can also play good football. However, the Japanese fans, whose cleaning up of stadia received wide coverage during the World Cup, were criticized by the Chinese fans who interpreted the Japanese fans’ action as reinforcing the existing global racial order. The findings of this paper help reveal the limits regarding football’s role in contributing to a more cosmopolitan worldview.

New synonymy among gall thrips of the Asian genus Mesothrips, with revision of species from China (Thysanoptera, Haplothripini).

Historical, nomenclatural, technical, and biological problems associated with the 42 species of Mesothrips are discussed. Type specimens have been re-examined of 14 of the 25 species that were described prior to 1930 and remain known only from imperfectly slide-mounted specimens. As a result, seven new synonyms are recognised. From China, six species of Mesothrips have been listed, but the records of M.alluaudi and M.manii are rejected, and three new species are described: M.jianfengisp. nov., M.longistylussp. nov., and M.verniciasp. nov. These three species are divergent from other members of Mesothrips in lacking a prominent fore tarsal tooth and may indicate a possible generic relationship to the flower-living species in the Asian genus Dolichothrips. An illustrated key is provided to the seven Mesothrips species now known from China.

Too Close to Nature: On the Representational Problems of Death Masks and Life Casts

Abstract While historians of art have found death masks and life casts conceptually problematic, it is also noteworthy that these objects have received scant attention from philosophers of art. In this paper, I begin to redress this omission by offering examples of how the philosophy of art can help us understand these images. Two problems stand out: the problem of representation, for example, what type of representation a death mask is; and the problem of style and historicity, for example, whether images imprinted from nature can indicate styles, and whether these images can evolve and transform along art-historical lines. After considering these problems, I conclude that these images are constrained in what they can and cannot represent. While there is a long tradition of imprinting from nature, this practice shows little discernible change over time. An unchanging tradition cannot claim to exhibit a history, a least in a narrative sense familiar to art history. The following investigation opens a dialog between Arthur Danto’s philosophy of art and practitioners of theoretical art history, including Ernst Gombrich and Georges Didi-Huberman, both of whom offer differing views on how these images can be treated.

Monograph review: Kikhney, L.G., & Kruglova, T.S. (2023). “The poet is the answer...”: lyrical addresses in the works of Marina Tsvetaeva. 2nd ed., ex. and add. Moscow, MAKS Press, 232 p. (in Russ.)

The monograph by L.G. Kikhney and T.S. Kruglova, which examines a number of theoretical, historical and literary problems related to lyrical addresses in the poetry of M.I. Tsvetaeva, is reviewed. An algorithm for studying address and dialogical attitudes in Tsvetaeva’s lyrics is proposed, developed on the basis of a study of the extensive poetic material of the poet’s lyrical addresses to family, lovers and fellow writers.

Latin America in the 21st Century Disputes for Democracy. Political Economy of Inequality

In this work we analyze the relationship between the dispute over democracy and the political economy of inequality in Latin America in the 21st century. We examine the different economic and political models that have been implemented, their impact on inequality and the consequences for democracy. Democracy in Latin America has experienced fluctuations in the 21st century, with advances and setbacks. Economic inequality, a historical problem in the region, has been considered a factor that threatens democratic stability. To address the proposed objectives, we implement a research methodology that combines: bibliographic review and comparative analysis of cases where we study the experiences of different countries in the region that have implemented left-wing governments, with emphasis on the public policies applied and their results in matter of redistribution. Preliminary findings: The research revealed a robust correlation between economic disparity and democratic fragility in Latin America. Countries with higher levels of disparity are more likely to experience political instability, social protests, and governance crises. In conclusion, economic disparity constitutes a threat to democracy in Latin America. It is necessary to implement public policies that reduce disparity and promote social inclusion to strengthen democracy in the region.

ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ НАУКА В БАШКОРТОСТАНЕ: СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ, ИТОГИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the history of the formation and development of Russian historical science in the XX – early XXI century on the basis of archival documents and published sources. This is an important topic, which has not only scientific, but also social significance. The purpose of the article is to analyze the research activities of historians of the Department of Modern History of Bashkortostan of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article examines the priority areas of scientific research of historians specializing in the study of historical problems of the modern period, reflects their results and prospects for development. Based on the reports and thematic plans of the institute and department deposited in the funds of the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author was able to identify the characteristics of the historical activity of historians during the period under consideration, show the complex and controversial path of the formation of historical science in Bashkortostan from the 1920s onwards, reflect unsolved problems, difficulties faced and omissions made by researchers. The author concludes that through its research activities, the Department of Modern History of Bashkortostan at the IHLL of UFRC has made and continues to contribute to the development of scientific issues related to regional and national history as a whole. The study was carried out in accordance with the principles of historicism, objectivity, and a scientific approach, utilizing methods commonly employed in historical research.

The spatial effects of the household's food insecurity levels in Ethiopia: by ordinal geo-additive model.

Food insecurity and vulnerability in Ethiopia are historical problems due to natural- and human-made disasters, which affect a wide range of areas at a higher magnitude with adverse effects on the overall health of households. In Ethiopia, the problem is wider with higher magnitude. Moreover, this geographical distribution of this challenge remains unexplored regarding the effects of cultures and shocks, despite previous case studies suggesting the effects of shocks and other factors. Hence, this study aims to assess the geographic distribution of corrected-food insecurity levels (FCSL) across zones and explore the comprehensive effects of diverse factors on each level of a household's food insecurity. This study analyzes three-term household-based panel data for years 2012, 2014, and 2016 with a total sample size of 11505 covering the all regional states of the country. An extended additive model, with empirical Bayes estimation by modeling both structured spatial effects using Markov random field or tensor product and unstructured effects using Gaussian, was adopted to assess the spatial distribution of FCSL across zones and to further explore the comprehensive effect of geographic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors on the locally adjusted measure. Despite a chronological decline, a substantial portion of Ethiopian households remains food insecure (25%) and vulnerable (27.08%). The Markov random field (MRF) model is the best fit based on GVC, revealing that 90.04% of the total variation is explained by the spatial effects. Most of the northern and south-western areas and south-east and north-west areas are hot spot zones of food insecurity and vulnerability in the country. Moreover, factors such as education, urbanization, having a job, fertilizer usage in cropping, sanitation, and farming livestock and crops have a significant influence on reducing a household's probability of being at higher food insecurity levels (insecurity and vulnerability), whereas shocks occurrence and small land size ownership have worsened it. Chronically food insecure zones showed a strong cluster in the northern and south-western areas of the country, even though higher levels of household food insecurity in Ethiopia have shown a declining trend over the years. Therefore, in these areas, interventions addressing spatial structure factors, particularly urbanization, education, early marriage control, and job creation, along with controlling conflict and drought effect by food aid and selected coping strategies, and performing integrated farming by conserving land and the environment of zones can help to reduce a household's probability of being at higher food insecurity levels.

Preservation of the Historical Kadetskyi Hai Ecosystem During A Military Threat Using Polish Experience

The article is devoted to the study of the historical eco-systems preservation problems. The aspect of the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war on natural eco-systems is emphasized separately. Using the example of a unique natural area – the historical Kadetskyi Hai (Cadet grove) in Kyiv, the condition of this area, the problems of its existence and the ways to solve them are evaluated. The history of the Osiedle Oficerskie (Officers’ Residential Complex) in Cracow, its condition and problems, and the possibilities of applying Polish experience in arranging the territory of the Kadetskyi Hai are separately analyzed.

ARCHAIC KNOSSOS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL NARRATIVES, AND CONSERVATISM IN CRETAN MATERIAL CULTURE

This study addresses a longstanding historical and archaeological problem at the central Cretan urban centre of Knossos. This is the so-called ‘Archaic gap’, an apparent dearth of evidence for sixth-century BCE material culture across the extensively excavated city. The concept of a pronounced Knossian decline or recession at this time has been reaffirmed in recent years, with widespread repercussions for Cretan archaeology. By reconsidering ceramics from the Royal Road North and Unexplored Mansion excavations, as well as situating these deposits within their urban and regional contexts, I question the epistemological foundations of the Knossian gap and provide new directions for identifying sixth-century Knossian material culture. I propose that the apparent ‘gap’ is a product of several factors: (1) a relative disinterest in imports in sixth-century Knossos, (2) a dispersed, rather than densely nucleated, urban settlement pattern, and (3) a previously unrecognised conservatism in Knossian ceramics, where some of the ‘Orientalising’ styles traditionally dated to the seventh century were retained into the sixth. This phenomenon of conservatism differs in important ways from the ‘restraint’ or ‘austerity’ that has been previously proposed as characteristic of Archaic and Classical Crete.

Платон и символическая философия жизни Павла Флоренского

The article analyzes the interpretation of Plato and the Platonic tradition by the famous Russian philosopher and theologian of the Silver Age, priest P.A. Florensky. Based on the material of his two works (“The Universal Human Roots of Idealism”, “The Mean­ing of Idealism”), devoted to the interpretation of the Platonic teaching and its roots in the universal worldview, the originality of Florensky’s approach to a wide range of philosophical, historical and cultural problems related to the interpretation of the Pla­tonic teaching is shown. The article analyzes the main conceptual moves that Floren­sky makes in the course of his interpretation, clarifies the relationship of the concepts of a universal or “muzhik’s worldview” to Florensky’s logical and theoretical understand­ing of Platonism. The article reveals some important sources of Florensky’s historical and philosophical judgments about Plato (Walter Pater, É. Schuré), emphasizes the impor­tance of his contemporary European philosophy of life (Nietzsche, Bergson). Also given is criticism of some of Florensky’s historical and philosophical judgments (on the Por­firy’s theory of universals, on the mystery roots of Plato’s teaching). The originality of Florensky’s creative recreation of the systemic logic of Platonism is analyzed in detail, which begins with a kind of historical phenomenology of the roots and origins of Platon­ism, then proceeds to a general theoretical doctrine of ideas, which are understood mainly as a doctrine of the one in the many things, then to the doctrine of synthetic perception and ends with the doctrine of gender and species, in which Florensky sees the key sym­bols of the Platonic teaching.

실천형 교양교육프로그램으로서 ‘시민교육’의 아포리아

Civic education is a practical liberal arts education model that implies values that are similar to so-called communitarianism. This is because both are located on an alternative horizon that corresponds to historical problems or contemporary crises. However, because the conflicting common notions of the times operate strongly, we cannot help but face a kind of aporia, the problem of value conflict. Therefore, the educational design and implementation of civic education needs to reflect these aporias more deeply. In addition, focusing on only one subject to deepen and expand practical and cooperative experiences, awareness of reality, and values reduces educational effectiveness. When facing such an aporia, a new need arises for practical education programs to be restructured in a form that is dissolved and dispersed throughout the education system as a kind of new educational basis.

A MINHOCA AGREDIDA E A ROSA DESPEDAÇADA: A NATURALIZAÇÃO DO ABUSO E DA VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER NOS DISCURSOS DAS CANÇÕES INFANTIS

In Pecheutian Matrix Discourse Theory, innate theories are not defended. Language is not a matter of heredity: it is something to be learned. Language is not only logical or biological and, therefore, one cannot ignore the pathological, historical and cultural problems it presents. However, we are subjects of/in language, crossed by the unconscious. Thus, in this work we seek to analyze some discourses that, in their fragmentation, circulate in children's songs, reorganizing social practices from an early age. Songs that echo, resonate in history, imposing ways of behavior on children, segmenting the male and female binary. A social memory that structures, reestablishes and also represents the reality and its force field of social relations for change or its conservation. The worm, the rose, the worm and the harpsichord discursive meanings of social practices.

Preventing Machines From Lying: Why Interdisciplinary Collaboration is Essential for Understanding Artefactual or Artefactually Dependent Expert Evidence

This article demonstrates a significantly different approach to managing probative risks arising from the complex and fast changing relationship between law and computer science. Law's historical problem in adapting to scientific and technologically dependent evidence production is seen less as a socio-techno issue than an ethical failure within criminal justice. This often arises because of an acceptance of epistemological incomprehension between lawyers and scientists. Something compounded by the political economy of criminal justice and safeguard evasion within state institutions. What is required is an exceptionally broad interdisciplinary collaboration to enable criminal justice decision-makers to understand and manage the risk of further ethical failure. If academic studies of law and technology are to address practitioner concerns, it is often necessary, however, to step down the doctrinal analysis to a specific jurisdictional level.

Small and medium towns of Nizhegorodskoe Povolzhie region: in search of the lost harmony. Part 1

The modern world is characterized by a binary opposition of globalization and regionalization. The erosion of national and regional identities, historical traditions, and cultural continuity has become the reverse side of world integration. In this regard, scientific research devoted to individual regions is being activated. The article highlights historical and architectural environment of small and medium-sized towns in the Nizhegorodskoe Povolzhie region, its formation in the late 18th – early 20th centuries and its further transformation. The historical and architectural environment is interpreted as a phenomenon of the region architectural and urban culture. It is considered in the context of topical historical and theoretical problems of architecture and urban planning: problem of traditions and innovations; problem of mass and unique; problem of style and image; problem of global and identical. The first part of the article analyzes the properties of the historical and architectural environment that determined its visual harmony at the beginning of the 20th century.

Analysis of the Causes of the Split of the Commonwealth of Independent States

In recent years, the influence of the Commonwealth of the Independent States (CIS) international organization has declined, and the role of its internal summits has become less and less. In fact, there is a gradual division within the CIS. This paper deduces the reasons for the CIS' division by studying and analyzing the problems of race, religion, political ideas, and economic problems caused by external influences. Russia cannot lead regional development, and there are many contradictions between countries. Through this article, you can understand the historical problems of Russia and Ukraine and the reasons for the problem of economic stagnation that existed during the Soviet period.