Probit Model Research Articles

Exploring factors that affect single-mode and multimodal travel preference for commute trips: a case study in Shanghai, China

ABSTRACT This study examines the factors influencing multimodal travel behavior and mode choice among two commuter groups: those using a single mode and those using multiple modes. An online survey of 1630 commuters in Shanghai, China, collected data on socio-economic characteristics, commuting patterns, and the built environment. Using probit models, we analyzed the effects of these factors on multimodal travel behavior and mode choice. The results show that while variables like gender, education, and income do not significantly differ between groups, factors such as being part of Generation Z, renting, having fewer than two cars, traveling during off-peak times, and high transit efficiency and public transport density at destinations promote multimodal travel and influence mode choice preferences.

Ambiguity aversion and the adoption of weather index-based insurance: experimental evidence from Uganda

PurposeThis study aims to estimate farmers’ ambiguity aversion and analyze its impact on the adoption of weather index-based insurance in Uganda.Design/methodology/approachThe research question we address is: Does the ambiguity of insurance contract outcomes affect farmers’ decisions to adopt weather index-based agricultural insurance (WII)? To explore this, we use incentivized choice experiments to elicit ambiguity preferences and insurance adoption decisions. Our sample includes 291 small-scale coffee farmers from Central and Western Uganda. Given the panel data and the dependence of adoption decisions over time, we employ a dynamic probit model to analyze how ambiguity aversion influences WII uptake. Additionally, we use a pooled binary probit model to test the robustness of our results to different model specifications.FindingsThe results indicate that the adoption of WII decreased with each round of the choice experiment, particularly among ambiguity-averse farmers. We found that 58% of respondents were ambiguity-averse and that ambiguity aversion is negatively associated with WII adoption. Conversely, tertiary education positively influences the likelihood of adopting WII.Practical implicationsThe results imply that farmers are not likely to invest in risk management strategies whose outcomes are not predictable with some level of certainty. Also, the negative effect of ambiguity aversion can be reduced as farmers gain more knowledge about the insurance products. Our findings highlight the need to provide sufficient information and education about the use of WII.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the limited literature on the role that behavioral factors play in the adoption of index-based agricultural insurance.

Corporate governance, external assurance and integrated reporting practices: empirical evidence from South Africa

PurposeIn recent years, stakeholders have increasingly called upon corporate entities, particularly those responsible for governance, to adopt comprehensive disclosure practices for nonfinancial reporting, including integrated reporting. Responding to this imperative, this study aims to examine the influence of corporate governance and external assurance on integrated reporting practices. The analysis focuses on a sample of 301 South African companies across nine sectors.Design/methodology/approachTo measure corporate governance, this paper uses variables related to the board and audit committee. This paper developed an integrated reporting scoring model to evaluate integrated reporting practices. This paper conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis using ordered logistic regression and the probit regression model.FindingsThe results show that the integrated reporting practices of selected South African companies are significantly impacted by the combination of assurance and corporate governance variables.Practical implicationsThis study emphasizes how important it is for both corporate governance and external assurance to improve the quality of integrated reporting practices.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on corporate governance, external assurance and integrated reporting practices, areas that have received limited attention in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa.

The 50% effective dose of remimazolam combined with different doses of esketamine for painless gastroscopy

Objective: Remimazolam is a novel benzodiazepine sedative that provides effective sedation, stable haemodynamics, and minimal adverse effects during intravenous general anaesthesia. The aim of this study was to determine the 50% effective dose (ED50) of remimazolam combined with different doses of esketamine for painless gastroscopy and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this combination. Methods: This was a randomised, double-blind, up-and-down sequential allocation study. Patients undergoing painless gastroscopy who met all the inclusion criteria and did not meet any of the exclusion criteria were randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio into the ES0 group (0 mg/kg of esketamine), ES1 group (0.2 mg/kg of esketamine), and ES2 group (0.4 mg/kg of esketamine). The initial dose of remimazolam was 0.3 mg/kg in each group, with the dose increased or decreased by 0.05 mg/kg for the subsequent patient based on the success or failure of sedation in the previous patient. The trial was concluded when seven successful failure crossovers were achieved. The ED50 and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of remimazolam were calculated using Probit regression. Haemodynamic parameters, time to induction of anaesthesia, time to gastroscopy, time to awakening from anaesthesia, and adverse events were recorded. Results: A total of 59 patients were included in the final analysis: 19 in the ES0 group, 23 in the ES1 group, and 17 in the ES2 group. The ED50 (95% CI) of remimazolam in the ES0, ES1, and ES2 groups was 0.344 (0.302–0.389) mg/kg, 0.289 (0.249–0.328) mg/kg, and 0.193 (0.145–0.239) mg/kg, respectively. Additionally, the ES1 and ES2 groups exhibited more stable haemodynamics compared to the ES0 group. However, the ES1 and ES2 groups had significantly longer recovery times than the ES0 group. The incidence of hypotension was higher in the ES0 group compared to the ES1 and ES2 groups. Conclusion: The ED50 of remimazolam combined with 0 mg/kg, 0.2 mg/kg, and 0.4 mg/kg of esketamine for induction of anaesthesia during painless gastroscopy was 0.344 mg/kg, 0.289 mg/kg, and 0.193 mg/kg, respectively. Combining esketamine with remimazolam for induction of anaesthesia during painless gastroscopy offers advantages in terms of haemodynamic stability and reduced adverse effects.

Auditor management amid economic policy uncertainty: does corporate social responsibility matter?

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on Chinese firms’ auditor management, and how corporate social responsibility (CSR) moderates the impact.Design/methodology/approachFixed-effect probit models with a rich set of control variables at firm-level and country-level are used to disentangle the impact in a sample of Chinese-listed firms from 2003 to 2019.FindingsThe author documents that Chinese firms opt for non-Big 4 auditors during heightened periods of EPU, and this decision is attributed to Big 4 auditors’ unnegotiable audit fees and firms’ lowered financial reporting quality during economic policy unpredictability. This finding holds with the instrumental variable approach and after accounting for the client’s endogenous choice of auditors. Interestingly, CSR categorically relieves the impact of EPU, thus embracing the risk mitigation theory regarding the insurance role of CSR.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings imply that moving from Big-4 auditors to non-Big 4 counterparts during high EPU periods indicates firms’ greater reporting risk and CSR firms tend not to compromise their audit quality through auditor management.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is among the first to examine and offer an empirical argument for auditor management among Chinese firms during heightened EPU periods.

Agricultural Social Services and Land Transfer: A Multidimensional Analysis of Impacts on Land Allocation

Land transfer is a crucial measure for optimizing cropland allocation and improving production efficiency, especially in resource-scarce countries. Drawing on a sample of 858 farmers from Sichuan Province, China, this study examines whether agricultural social services (ASSs) drive land transfer. Unlike previous research that focused on a single dimension, such as participation or scale, this paper examines land transfer behavior from three dimensions: participation, scale, and future transfer willingness. Using an endogenous switching regression model and a probit model, we analyze unique cross-sectional farm-level data collected from rural China. The results indicate that ASSs have a positive and significant impact on land transfer behavior: (1) ASS adoption increases the land transfer participation rate by 13.7%. (2) The transfer area increases by 74.34% due to ASSs. (3) The likelihood of future transfer increases by 4.2% with ASS adoption. These findings suggest that fostering a supportive environment for agricultural social services can enhance the land transfer market and contribute to sustainable modernization of the agricultural sector.

Microcycle Conidia Production in an Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana: The Role of Chitin Deacetylase in the Conidiation and the Contribution of Nanocoating in Conidial Stability

In the field, substantial quantities of insect pathogenic fungal conidia (5 × 1012/ha) are usually applied for the control of pests. In this regard, attempts are being made to obtain higher yields of conidia to make the process viable. One of the approaches is to induce microcycle conidia (MC) production. In a solid-state fermentation on rice, the SYB-grown inoculum with more pseudomycelia of B. bassiana enhanced MC production almost 5 times compared to the aerial conidia (AC) within 10 days. A chitosan (CNP) and alginate–chitosan (ACNP) nanocoating of MC increased the overall temperature and UV stability. The % cumulative mortalities of Spodoptera litura larvae over 10 d were 83 ± 8.0, 90 ± 5.0, 83 ± 5.0, and 90 ± 6 for AC-, MC-, CNP- coated MC and ACNP-coated MC, respectively. Using probit analysis, the LT50 values were 5.8, 6.0, 7.5, and 6.3 d for AC, MC, CNPs-MC, and ACNPs-MC, respectively. It was observed that chitin deacetylase (CDA) plays a significant role in increasing MC formation. The higher relative proportion of total CDA over chitosanase activity (higher CDA: chitosanase activity ratio) was found to be correlated with the microcycle conidiation.

Exploring the Concentration of Women in Blue‐Collar Occupations: New Insights From China

ABSTRACTTackling the enduring concentration of women in blue‐collar occupations, this paper presents a novel study examining the causal relationship between self‐esteem and female occupational outcomes. To conduct this analysis, we utilise two extensive and nationally representative datasets: the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) and the National Survey on Women's Social Status of China (NSWSS). Employing various econometric methods such as probit and logit models, nearest‐neighbouring matching to counter self‐selection bias, and instrument variable techniques to address endogeneity bias, we uncover intriguing findings. The regression results suggest that a lack of self‐esteem contributes to the inclination of women toward blue‐collar occupations. Remarkably, self‐esteem emerges as a more influential factor in determining occupational choices for women in China compared to cognitive ability and the Big Five non‐cognitive abilities. This study not only sheds light on interdisciplinary research but also proposes a fresh approach to mitigate occupational segregation, a major challenge hindering women's progress.

LAND CONTROL AND POVERTY STATUS OF FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA

Poverty is pervasive among the majority of farming households in Nigeria, particularly affecting small-scale farmers. Having gained access to land, control over the land held is very important in improving the quality of life as it plays a vital role in poverty reduction among small scale farmers. This study examined the relationship between land control and poverty status of farming households in Nigeria. The Nigeria General Household Survey (GHS) 2018 was used. Analytical tools used include descriptive statistics, Land Control Index (LCI), Ordered probit regression and Logit regression models. From the results, majority of the Nigerian farmers were male (84.6%) with a mean age of 50±15years, and 81.1% were married, having a mean household size of 7±4 persons. The mean farm size held by the households was 4.42±14.9ha. Farming households had access to the highest proportion (62.79%) of their plots by inheritance, still showing the dominance of inheritance as a means of land access in Nigeria. Also, households had access to 11.80% of the plots by outright purchase, 11.20% by rent in cash or kind (farm produce), and 0.64% by sharecropping; these underscore the growing rural land market in Nigeria. Majority (88.8%) of the households had no control over all the plots of farmlands held (LCI=0) while 6.03% had total control of the plots of farmlands held (LCI=1). This implies that majority can only carry out farming activities (having use right) on the farmland and did not possess legal documents for the land (not able to dispose of the land). The mean household expenditure on food and non-food were ₦8,609.37 and ₦12,587.08, respectively. The mean total expenditure was ₦18,809.20(±10444.45) and the poverty line was ₦8,433.34. The poverty incidence was 41.03%; 41.03% were poor while 58.97% were non-poor. Location of household in the rural sector, especially in the North East, South West, and South East, was significantly positive in determining the level of land control by farming households at 1%. At 10% level of significance, low land control (HCI≤0.25) and medium land control (HCI=0.51-0.75) would significantly increase the likelihood of the household being non-poor by 27.4% and 33.6%, respectively. Land control positively influences the poverty status of the farming households in Nigeria; farming households with low land control can increase their chances of being non-poor. Rural farmers should be encouraged to obtain legal documents on their land to facilitate higher level of control.

Household food security and perceptions of food price unfairness in the United States

AbstractModern measurement of food security in the United States asks consumers about their household conditions, often with reference to whether they have “enough money for food.” However, “enough” may be subjective, with some households holding the view that retail food prices are unfair and therefore unaffordable. This study determines the association between food insecurity and perceptions of retail food price fairness using online data. Applying ordered probit models, our results show a statistically significant difference in perceptions of fairness cross levels of household food security status. Therefore, understanding perceptions of food price fairness may be an important component of understanding food insecurity in the United States.

Farmers’ Adoption of Water Management Practice for Methane Reduction in Rice Paddies: A Spatial Analysis in Shiga, Japan

As global warming worsens, there is a growing need to reduce emissions of methane, a greenhouse gas. In agriculture, a water management method called alternate wetting and drying (AWD) has proven effective in mitigating methane emissions from paddy fields. It is, therefore, advisable to disseminate it efficiently. This study was conducted in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, to determine what influences AWD adoption behavior and examine the effectiveness of human networks in promoting AWD. Spatial statistical methods, including Moran’s I and Global G* and the spatial probit model, were employed for the purpose. The analysis results indicate that the behavior of surrounding farmers, which constitutes a spatial factor, influences that of the individual farmers. Moreover, farmers who acquire and use data, those with large-scale production, and those who mainly sell paddy rice tend to implement AWD, whereas corporate-managed farms do not. Therefore, to more efficiently improve the AWD implementation rate in Shiga Prefecture, this study makes several recommendations. Farmers’ active information sharing and technology exchange should be leveraged to strengthen networks and promote best practices for AWD dissemination. Advancing agricultural digitalization and data utilization is crucial, particularly by reducing digital equipment costs and securing technical personnel through public investment. Additionally, the approach toward corporate entities in AWD dissemination should be reconsidered, with market incentives playing a role. Lastly, promoting larger farmland parcels and increasing large-scale management farmers who are motivated to adopt AWD is essential. These strategies constitute this study’s original contribution.

Evolution of Early Warning Models for Bank Failures: A Bibliometric Analysis

This bibliometric analysis examines the progression of early warning models in finance literature for predicting banking failures. Using the biblioshiny software in R and RStudio program, this study examined 40 English-language publications from 1989 to 2023 to identify the knowledge development and dissemination of early warning models. Initially, 1441 publications were downloaded from the SCOPUS database using the search criteria “Early Warning Models” and “Banking Failure” and the non-journal publications and articles written other than the English language equal to 1401 were excluded from the analysis. The data were reviewed and peer-reviewed before the bibliometric analysis and the systematic literature review. The results highlight that the application of machine learning models in predicting banking failures became prominent in 2010 and continued with simulation approaches in the next decade due to their higher level of accuracy in out-sample performances. At the same time, conventional logit, probit, signal extraction, and discriminant analysis were extensively used over time. The results contribute to the existing literature by identifying complex early warning models employed to forecast different scenarios of bank failures. The study suggests that terms of investment and financial variables combining the macro-network and institutional risk indicators outperform the models that merely included financial variables. Hence, relying only on balance sheet performance to predict bank failures may be futile. This study guides financial policymakers, analysts in macro-prudential surveillance units of Central Banks, bank managers, and practitioners in rethinking, reconstructing, and reevaluating existing early warning models by incorporating advanced techniques based on machine learning and simulation language.

Co-location of carbon capture projects with pollution-intensive manufacturing: evidence from US zip codes

ABSTRACT This study examines the co-location of carbon capture projects (CCPs) with pollution-intensive industrial facilities across 26,086 US zip codes, employing Probit regressions and propensity score matching estimators to ensure robust casual inference. The results indicate that zip codes with pollution-intensive industries are 1.44% points more likely to host a CCP compared to those without such industries. The likelihood increases to 2.46% points in the top 25% of zip codes with the highest pollution volumes and 3.52% points in the top 25% with the most pollution-intensive facilities. Additionally, Probit regression results consistently reveal a negative association between population density and CCP presence, suggesting a preference for locating CCPs in less populated areas. These findings highlight the role of pollution-intensive industrial hubs in shaping CCP location decisions, offering valuable insights for infrastructure planning, policy development and climate change mitigation strategies.

Does educational mismatch have an impact on the health of individuals in Italy?

Our study investigates the health consequences of educational mismatch by considering both over-education and under-education within the working population of Italy. The educational mismatch is the difference between the individual's attained qualifications and those required to perform their current job. According to the OECD (2019) Skills and Work report, approximately 38% of workers in Italy are classified as educationally mismatched. To date, very few studies have examined the relationship between educational mismatch and health. Our study aims at bridging this gap. Our study is based on data from the 'Aspects of Life Survey' by ISTAT (2021). The dependent variable is self-reported health, measured on an ordinal and categorical scale. We measure educational mismatch (over- and under-education) following the methodology of Verdugo and Verdugo (1989). An individual is classified as over-educated (under-educated) if their attained level of education exceeds one standard deviation above (below) the average years of education in their professional sphere. We focus exclusively on individuals in the labour force, resulting in a final sample of about 15800 individuals. Our study includes a gender-specific analysis and estimates ordered probit models for our categorical dependent variable. Our econometric specification incorporates sociodemographic controls such as age, marital status, education and economic conditions, as well as work-related controls such as employment industry, self-employment status and level of physical activity involved in the job. We also control for geographical location and health behaviours (obesity and smoking). The results of our gender-specific analysis reveal that while educational mismatch (over-education and under-education) does not significantly impact the health of women, undereducation has a detrimental effect on the health of males in Italy.

Product innovation strategies in low-resource contexts: insights from Uganda

ABSTRACT Research and development (R&D) expenditure is crucial for firm innovation. However, firms in low-resource contexts often encounter constraints that limit their investment in R&D, suggesting that other factors contribute to product innovation outcomes. Addressing the identified lack of empirical evidence, this study explores the strategies adopted by product-innovating firms in low-resource contexts and their key determinants. The study categorizes strategy into four groups: product innovation is internally developed (Make), sourced externally (Buy), created through collaboration (Ally), or developed by modifying original innovations (Imitate). Using cross-sectional data from the Uganda National Innovation Survey (2015), the study employs a multivariate probit model to determine the drivers of product innovation strategy. The results indicate that firms are more likely to adopt the 'Make' innovation strategy when expenditure is channelled to external R&D and machinery acquisition. Internal R&D does not significantly influence the strategy of product-innovating firms, and older firms are less likely to adopt the 'Make' innovation strategy. Firms lacking internal technical expertise are likely to rely on the ‘Buy' and ‘Imitate’ innovation strategies. The findings underscore the need for implementing support mechanisms to improve firm capacities in product development and external acquisition of technology for product innovation.

Behind the Curtain: Cultural Norms, Gender Stereotypes and Work Attitudes Shaping Women’s Labour-Market Inactivity in North Macedonia

ABSTRACT This exploratory study investigates women’s labor market inactivity in North Macedonia, positioned among the countries with the lowest labor force participation rate of 42.8%. Utilizing the 2019 European Values Survey, the study moves beyond traditional employment data to assess the broader social and cultural context that shapes labor market participation. A comprehensive two-part methodology includes Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis to identify key drivers of inactivity, which are then factored in a probit model to estimate inactivity probabilities. Findings reveal four critical factors. Gender stereotypes significantly increase women’s likelihood of being inactive, as traditional roles limit their participation in the workforce. Work attitudes, reflecting individuals’ views on employment, also play a critical role, with negative attitudes leading to higher inactivity. Norms surrounding household chores further constrain women’s labor market participation. Finally, cultural norms related to childcare responsibilities impact women’s ability to engage in paid work, although this influence is intertwined with broader gender expectations and their impact is secondary to the actual time allocation for childcare determined by the number of children. These factors, rather than purely demographic characteristics, illustrate the complex interplay between cultural expectations and labor market dynamics, highlighting the importance of addressing societal values to promote women’s economic participation in North Macedonia.

Alleviating Multidimensional Energy Poverty and Energy Unaffordability in Rural Areas: The Role of Renting-Out Land

Abstract Renting-out land allows rural farmers to receive rent and reallocate household labor from farm work to more rewarding off-farm activities, leading to income generation and potentially reducing rural energy poverty. However, sparse literature focuses on investigating this association. This study addresses the gap by exploring four waves (2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018) of data collected by the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. We use two dichotomous variables, multidimensional energy poverty (MEP) and energy unaffordability, to capture energy poverty and consider a dichotomous variable representing whether farmers rent out their land as the key explanatory variable. The recursive bivariate probit model estimates the impact of renting-out land on energy poverty. We also investigate the association between renting-out land size and rural energy poverty. The conditional mixed process model captures the left-censored nature of renting-out land size, addresses its endogeneity issues, and regresses its impacts on MEP and energy unaffordability. Our results show that promoting farmers’ renting-out land and enlarging the renting-out land size are promising strategies to alleviate rural energy poverty. In particular, renting-out land significantly decreases the odds of being MEP and energy unaffordability by 12.6% and 22.0%, respectively. In addition, one more unit of land (i.e. mu) rented out can reduce the incidence of MEP and energy unaffordability by 17.3% and 15.3%, respectively. Our findings inspire stakeholders to realize their pursuit of rural energy poverty reduction. Political instruments should be manifested as promoting the adoption and the scale of renting-out land.

Risk Factors and Consequences of Financial Hardship among Family of Critically Ill Patients.

Major knowledge gaps persist in understanding factors that contribute to family financial hardship and its association with other family-reported outcomes when patients experience critical illness. Identify factors associated with family financial hardship and associations with family-reported outcomes. Prospective cohort study conducted at three hospitals within a large academic healthcare system in the Pacific Northwest of the US. Participants included family of patients admitted to the ICU (4/ 2019-2/ 2023) and diagnosed with a chronic life-limiting illness or severe acute illness. Clustered bivariate and multiple linear regression models evaluated potential predictors of financial hardship; clustered linear and probit regression models, adjusted for pre-specified covariates, measured associations of hardship with family-reported outcomes. 783 family participants provided information on financial hardship 1 month after patients' ICU admission by responding to a modified version of the Comprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (FACIT-COST) instrument. Financial hardship was greater for respondents who were younger (p=0.019), had less education (p=0.034), were the patient's spouse (p=0.016), lived with the patient (p=0.018), had dependent children at home (p<0.001), experienced work-status changes related to patient's illness (p<0.001), had poorer health (p<0.001), lacked emotional support (p=0.001), assessed hardship while patient was alive (p=0.005) and had been in the hospital longer (p=0.011). Reported hardship was lower when the patient had a cancer diagnosis (p=0.030), and it varied by racial/ethnic group (p=0.003) and insurance type (p=0.045). Financial hardship was associated (p<0.001) with increased family depression and anxiety and with reduced emotional preparedness and quality of life at one and three months after the patient's ICU admission. For family of critically ill patients, social and demographic factors may play a larger role in financial hardship than clinical factors. Financial hardship is predictive of lower family quality of life. These findings add to the literature demonstrating the prevalence and adverse consequences of financial hardship, its inequitable distribution, and the need for evidence on supports and interventions to mitigate poor outcomes and inequities.

Impact of extreme weather events on agricultural production and household livelihoods in rural Malawi

Due to the high dependence of Malawians on rain-fed agriculture, frequent extreme weather events expose their rural farming households to droughts, floods, low agricultural production, and food insecurity. This study used fixed-effects regressions and panel data from the Malawi Integrated Household Panel Surveys (2010–2017) to assess the impact of extreme weather events on maize yield and value of agricultural output. Furthermore, the study adopted a Probit model to analyze the determinants of the households’ choice of coping strategies. Using drought shock as an indicator for extreme weather events, results showed that 1% increase in the exposure to drought decreased the maize yield by 12.6% and the value of agricultural output by 24.1%. The results from the Probit analysis indicated that the age of the household head, level of education, increase in the dependency ratio, and access to extension services were the different determinants of the households’ choice of coping strategies. Undertaking ganyu labor, receiving remittances, obtaining credit, selling household assets, and relying on own savings were the coping and effective coping strategies employed by households to offset potential income loss. The study recommends the implementation of income diversification activities, application of irrigation systems, improvement in livestock production, and increase in access to rural credit in order to improve household capacity to cope with extreme weather events.

Empowering Female Leadership for Enhanced Innovation Performance of Companies in Vietnam

This study examines the relationship between female board representation and firm innovation within Vietnam's private sector. It applies panel data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey for the years 2009, 2015, and 2023 to examine how having women on company boards influences innovation at the firm level. It employs a bivariate probit model and considers distinct characteristics of firms and industries. The findings reveal a significant positive association between female board representation and innovation, particularly in the initial stages of female board membership. However, the impact of female ownership on innovation is more complex, with higher levels of female ownership potentially leading to increased risk aversion. Additionally, firm size, growth, industry affiliation, and export orientation are identified as key determinants of innovation. This study contributes to the growing literature on gender diversity and innovation by providing empirical evidence from the Vietnamese context. It offers actionable insights for Vietnamese policymakers aiming to enhance private sector innovation and competitiveness by promoting gender diversity in corporate governance.