Abstract Decentralized green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) on private property offers promise for mitigating urban flood risk, but adoption depends on social, economic, and perceptual factors. We integrate household survey responses, census data, parcel feasibility measures, and flood hazard maps to assess how flood risk aligns with GSI adoption across 234 Austin tracts. Regression-based propensity scores predict structural and rain-catching adoption probabilities, which we analyze using global and local Moran’s I and co-location tests. Results reveal weak or negative citywide correlations between flood exposure and predicted probability adoption, while latent factors (awareness, pro-environmental attitudes, personal norms, and social capital) display moderate-to-strong positive associations. Although a few central hotspots align high exposure with high adoption, many high-risk, lower-income, majority-minority neighborhoods show low adoption rates. We reject the hypothesis that exposure alone drives adoption and emphasize socio-economic and perceptual and behavioral barriers as primary determinants. These findings support outreach to underserved communities and incentives to ensure effective, inclusive GSI implementation.

The global space economy, valued at approximately USD 400–630 billion (depending on definitional scope), is projected to expand rapidly, crossing USD 1 trillion as early as 2032 and reaching up to about USD 1.8 trillion by 2035. This growth has been driven by a surge (a roughly twelvefold increase) in satellite launches over the past decade, transforming Earth’s orbits into an increasingly congested domain plagued by space debris. The proliferation of space junk poses an escalating threat to orbital sustainability, yet effective governance mechanisms remain limited. This paper examines why conventional solutions for managing common-pool resources (command-and-control regulation, Pigouvian taxes, private property rights, allocation of tradable permits, and horizontal governance regimes) are not fully effective or are difficult to implement in addressing the orbital debris problem. Using a system dynamics perspective, the study qualitatively maps hypothesized feedback mechanisms shaping orbital expansion and space debris accumulation. It suggests that, under the assumed causal structure, reinforcing growth loops associated with geopolitical rivalry and commercial cost reductions linked to the New Space paradigm currently dominate over delayed balancing effects arising from the finite nature of orbital space, whose regenerative capacity is progressively degraded. There exists a threshold of exploitation beyond which orbital space effectively behaves as a non-renewable resource. The analysis suggests that, without binding international coordination, meaningful intervention may require the occurrence of a catalyzing crisis—e.g., a localized cascade of orbital object collisions that could transform stakeholder perceptions and enables active debris removal deployment.

Abstract After the 18th CPC National Congress, Chinese government should speed up tax reform and tax reduction. Tax structure should switch to direct tax. Consumption tax reform of lower tax burden could start within short time. Replacing business tax by value-added tax should be quickly completed. Individual income tax reform should move toward comprehension. Uneven resource distribution should be taken into consideration in resource tax reform. Property tax should be included in the local financing service, and tax rate must be lower than other nation imposing private property rights. Looking at the long term, export should reinstate to zero export rate regime.

Libertarian scholars Kinsella and Armoutidis criticize the libertarian theory of evictionism. This is a principled compromise between the pro-life and the pro-choice positions. Its conclusion overlaps with the former in the last trimester of pregnancy and with the latter in the first two trimesters. That is, the pregnant mother may expel the fetus from her body whenever she wishes but may not ever kill this pre-born baby. This theory is predicated upon the notion that the unwanted fetus is a trespasser; an innocent one, to be sure. Thus, he may be expelled from her body, her private property, but not treated as a criminal, since he is innocent of any crime. Evictionism stands or falls on this one claim. If the fetus is not a trespasser, this solution to the abortion controversy is a failure. Kinsella (2023) and Armoutidis (2024) maintain, to the contrary, that trespassing is a human action, and that the fertilized egg, the beginning of human life, is capable of nothing such thing. This essay aims to refute their position.

Nino (2025) is an attack on libertarianism in general and on my views in particular. He maintains that it is impossible, without contradiction, to both support this free-market philosophy which is grounded upon the non-aggression principle (NAP), and, also, to defend the recent and previous behavior of Israel. That country, he contends, is a blatant violator not only of libertarian principle, but also of civilized behavior. Further, Israel has also violated the private property rights of the Palestinians. Thus, their actions of October 7, 2023, can be seen as just a retaliation of the injustice previously perpetrated upon them. The Jewish state has stolen lands from the Gazans and other Palestinians. It has turned Gaza itself into “an open-air prison.” My defense of the only civilized country in the Middle East, thus, cannot possibly be logically compatible with the principles of libertarianism, he avers. In his diatribe against me, Nino pulls out all the stops. He sees nothing whatsoever of any value in my defense of the Jewish state. The present paper consists of my refutation of each and every one of this author’s critical claims. In my view, his screed is not motivated by a search for the truth of the matter. Rather, he wishes to tear down the case in behalf of Israel, and defend that of Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and their paymaster and leader, Iran.

ABSTRACT The cities of Toronto and Vancouver, Canada, are experiencing acute housing and affordability crises. Voices across the political spectrum are calling for increased development and densification, and suggesting policy and planning solutions, while strategic municipal interventions are being proposed and implemented. While research has revealed the origins and dimensions of housing crises in these cities, little is known about the normative moral role that property logics play within local planning and policy processes meant to transform land uses. Thus, in this paper, I interrogate proprietarian logics of neighborhood character and human flourishing, and demonstrate how property logics are deployed within land use planning contestations that affect urban development. Drawing on interviews with housing and planning actors, observations of planning events, and reviews of policy and planning documents, I argue that while proprietarian discourses can open up spaces of possibility in relation to land use transformation, they are limited in their ability to challenge existing private property regimes. I caution that proprietarian advocacy around land use change can also perpetuate a narrow view of “what is possible” while maintaining exclusionary tendencies embedded in planning and property systems. Finally, I gesture to more equitable municipal land use planning advocacy strategies in Canada.

The Nicaraguan economy weathered well multiple shocks since 2018, supported by appropriate macroeconomic and financial policies, substantial pre-2018 buffers (gross international reserves and central government deposits), and financing from international financial institutions (IFIs) during the pandemic. Real GDP growth was further sustained recently by favorable terms of trade and high remittances growth, averaging 3.9 percent over 2022-25H1. The economy is operating under targeted international sanctions, geopolitical reorientation of official foreign inflows, and transfers of private property to the state since 2022. Strong fundamentals—low inflation, a declining public debt-to-GDP ratio, twin fiscal and external surpluses, well-capitalized banks, and sizeable buffers—should help Nicaragua withstand headwinds from ongoing shifts in the global policy landscape.

ABSTRACT The suburban urbanistic model provides a way of understanding why and how the promotion of private property is a political tool that allows the neoliberal state to establish and legitimize itself. Understood as a lever for growth, middle-class home ownership constitutes the effective social pact on which European political systems are based. This article looks at the French case to explore the ways in which German ordoliberal thinkers grounded their conception of neoliberal democracy in the claim that every household should acquire ownership of its own home, regardless of the environmental consequences of this policy.

Private property rights and evictions are two sides of the same coin. You can’t have one without the other. If you really own something, anything, you have the right to evict trespassers. If you cannot evict them, then, to that extent, you do not fully, really, own the property in question. The present paper will apply this insight to abortion, regarding the pro-life, pro-choice and evictionism positions on this matter.

The northeastern corner of Mississippi is at the southwestern periphery of the Cumberland Plateau, andlittle is known about most of the salamander species in this region. Especially for Cave Salamanders (Eurycea lucifuga)and Spring Salamanders (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus), much of what we know is based on anecdotal encounters. BothE. lucifuga and G. porphyriticus are state-endangered in Mississippi and both are considered species of greatest conservationneed. To further assess their conservation status, we completed distribution and encounter-rate surveys duringJuly/August 2021–2023 in Tishomingo County, Mississippi. For E. lucifuga, we completed 37 surveys at ten caves androck-face recesses (total effort: 35.8 person-hours). We made 32 observations of E. lucifuga at four sites (catch-per-uniteffort [CPUE]: 1.5/h), and also opportunistically documented the species along two Hartselle Sandstone rock facesduring a related study of Green Salamanders (Aneides aeneus). For G. porphyriticus, we completed 65 surveys at 36 sitesthat included caves, streams, springs/seeps, and waterfall-splash zones (total effort: 92.4 person-hours) and conductedleaf-litter-bag sampling at three streams in 2022. We observed a total of eight G. porphyriticus during surveys (twoadults and six larvae from three different sites) (CPUE: 0.06/h); two of the six larvae were captured in 84 leaf-litter-bagchecks (CPUE: 0.02/bag check). Both E. lucifuga and G. porphyriticus appear to be rare members of the salamandercommunity in northeastern Mississippi, as both are known from fewer than 10 localities in Mississippi and have lowencounter rates. Periodic surveys are needed to determine if future changes occur in the distribution or abundance ofeither species. Future surveys, especially on private properties, could reveal additional localities for both species.

This article examines the sociohistorical emergence of the concession apparatus at Pampelonne Beach (1920s–1970s), a landmark site on the French Riviera. Drawing on archival research, we analyze how a previously unregulated shoreline was gradually transformed into a (at times contested) commercialized recreational space through negotiations among state authorities, local actors, and private managers. While not conferring private property rights, state-issued concessions authorize commercial operators to temporarily exploit beach segments by installing physical amenities on the sand. Operating at the nexus of public ownership and private exploitation, the concession apparatus created a quasi-privatization, segmenting beachgoers between affluent clientele and ordinary users, while generating substantial profits for private operators and public authorities. Illustrating the spatial and social consequences of coastal capitalism, the case of Pampelonne highlights how recreational nature is constructed as a commodity, deepening social and ecological inequalities on the Mediterranean shoreline.

In national land law, there is the right of state control over land and rights that can be owned individually. In accordance with the provisions of Article 28H paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution, it states that "Everyone has the right to have private property rights and such property rights may not be taken over arbitrarily by anyone." However, in the provisions of Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution, it states that land is controlled by the state and is intended for the greatest prosperity of the people. From this provision, there is a crossroads as to when land rights can become private property of individuals and land that can be owned by the state to realize the welfare of the people by revoking land rights for the public interest. The method used in this research is the normative legal research method or doctrinal legal research, namely legal research that positions law as a system of normative structures. The normative system in question is regarding the principles, norms, rules of statutory regulations, court decisions, agreements and doctrines (teachings). This research was conducted using a conceptual approach and a statutory approach by examining all interrelated laws and regulations as well as legal principles and doctrines or views from legal experts. The implementation of Agrarian Reform can be realized optimally if there is political will from the government, support from legislative institutions, separation of interests between officials and business people, support from law enforcement officers, community involvement, availability of needed materials, and optimal preparation related to the implementation of agrarian reform.

The Indonesian government has launched the National Strategy for Access to Justice in order to provide legal access to the poor and marginalized, which emphasizes the urgency to carry out justice reforms in all areas of life that encourage a better change in Indonesia's position to promote law, justice and human rights for the poor and marginalized (the National Strategy for Access to Justice focuses on eight problem areas in Indonesia). One of the national strategies for access to justice is the field of land and natural resources. This study uses a normative juridical approach, namely a type of legal research that emphasizes applicable legal norms with legal analysis carried out systematically using relevant legal principles, theories, and principles. This approach was chosen because the main focus of this study is a legal political analysis of overlapping authorities in land regulation politics within the scope of the redistribution program within the framework of agrarian reform. The objective of normative legal research is to determine the relationship between the applicable legal framework and policies governing land ownership, namely the Basic Agrarian Law, the Forestry Law, and agrarian reform policies, as well as the political principles of law regarding the determination of legal boundaries, the supremacy of law, and legal guarantees for land rights by the people. This harmonization is realized through the application of principles such as nationality, the right to control the state, recognition of customary rights, the social function of land rights, equal rights between men and women, and land reform to achieve social justice in the agrarian sector. From a political perspective, the state plays an active role in enabling citizens to utilize land equitably. The state changes the view of land not as private property, but as a resource that concerns society and social welfare.

This paper examines the issue of states of emergency from the perspective of public economic law, with particular emphasis on constitutional issues and public procurement law. Public economic law aims to protect the fundamental values of a market economy, such as freedom of economic activity and private property, which may only be restricted by law and only for reasons of important public interest. The introduction of states of emergency allows the state to temporarily interfere with these freedoms to a far-reaching extent, which may result in an increase in the powers of the state at the expense of entrepreneurs and the risk of perpetuating emergency regulations. At the same time, the Constitution imposes on the state an obligation to act proportionately, to limit the duration of such measures and to take into account the principles of compensation, although legislative practice shows that ‘special laws’ are often used to evade these restrictions. Public procurement law is intended to ensure transparency, competitiveness and efficiency in the spending of public funds, but in emergency situations, the lawmakers often introduce special laws that completely exclude the application of these procedures. Such solutions increase the discretion of the administration at the cost of contractors, limiting competition and preventing the achievement of both procurement and non-procurement objectives of public contracts. The lack of intermediate mechanisms (e.g. shortened procedures) and the abuse of total exemptions from the application of the Public Procurement Law may lead to a market imbalance and the risk of discretionary spending of public funds, which should be assessed in the light of the principle of proportionality.

Purpose The paper aims to recommend that developing countries, such as Vietnam, should review and modernize bilateral investment treaties (BITs), strengthen their domestic legal frameworks, develop impact assessment mechanisms and enhance their capacity for dispute prevention to respond effectively to unforeseen changes in circumstances. Design/methodology/approach First, primary sources include the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), BITs, free trade agreements (FTAs) and arbitration awards from significant investment disputes. Secondary sources, including academic articles and commentaries from leading international law experts, are systematically analyzed to build a theoretical framework. The analysis of arbitration decisions focuses particularly on landmark cases, concentrating on cases concerning economic crises, political transitions and environmental policy changes to identify trends in the application of the doctrine. The paper provides a comparative analysis, contrasting Vietnam’s old BITs with newer agreements such as CPTPP and EVFTA to assess the development of treaty language related to exceptions and regulatory space. Findings The disparity between old-generation BITs and new ones (e.g. CPTPP, EVFTA) creates challenges in striking a balance between investment protection and policy space for environmental, health and sustainable development. Research limitations/implications The research mostly combines analysis of Vietnam’s specific economic, environmental and political context for future application of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine. Practical implications Understanding and effectively applying the doctrine of rebus sic stantibus is crucial. From this approach, countries can develop effective mechanisms to respond to economic and social changes without violating their international obligations. Besides, developing countries may require emergency measures affecting foreign investment, such as the temporary requisition of private property, restrictions on the export of essential medical supplies or the imposition of new safety and environmental regulations. Social implications Implementing policies to protect public interests and sustainable development; the general trend in investment law worldwide is a shift toward a sustainable approach linked to governance and environmental objectives. Originality/value For developing countries like Vietnam, studying this doctrine holds significant and practical importance.

This article discusses the regulation of the escape clause in private international family, property and succession law from the perspective of the jurisdiction of a Polish court or other authority, like a notary public. In cases concerning family, property and succession, the predictability of the applicable law is of particular importance as private laws in those matters differ in substantial way from one country to another. Whereas the escape clause exceptionally allows the court for the a posteriori application of the law more closely connected or at least substantially connected to the case which can create a situation of uncertainty of applicable law for the involved parties. The functioning of the escape clause in the family (parental responsibility and maintenance), property (transit goods) and succession private international law is analysed in this article. The common features and the particularities of the legal regulation are presented. First, the law that is manifestly more closely connected to the case, no matter if family, property or succession, is indicated on the basis of all circumstances of the case and not only one (or two), as is the case in the indication of law on the basis of the connecting factor. Those circumstances are different depending on the hypothesis of the legal norm (e.g., different for transit goods than for the succession case), the wording of the escape clause and are estimated by the court a posteriori on the basis of all facts of the case. Second, the application of the escape clause is excluded if there is a choice of law (although in some cases parties are not allowed to choose law, e.g., for transit of goods or parental responsibility). Third, the escape clause is applicable exceptionally, as it introduces the uncertainty of law. Fourth, the escape clause is not regulated uniformly in international family, property and succession law. Moreover, the article presents how values such as legal certainty and flexibility are balanced by the legal regulation of the escape clause in family, property and succession private international law in order to indicate the law most closely related to a given relationship.

This essay discusses Laudato si’ from the perspective of the impact of extractive industries in parts of Africa, like themineral-rich Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Here, as in many other African countries, the poverty of the poor is aggravatedby a system of private and exclusive property rights promoted by the neoliberal market system. While this system benefits the political and business elite, its eco-social impacts unfairly undermine ordinary Africans and their capacity to live fully and/or compete with foreign entities and markets. In Laudato Si’, Pope Francis rebukes the inverse relationship between the technological mindset and its attendant market insensitivity to the cry of the poor and the cry of the earth. His clarion call for ecological conversion gives a good grounding for a relational covenant ethic which, when followed through, would engender a newappreciation of the dignity of all human persons created in God’s image, their environments and communities directly affected by the extractive process.

Introduction. Currently, the field of self-employment in Russia is characterized by rapid growth and legalization, which is reflected in scientific publications exploring various aspects of this element of modern economy. However, undeservedly little attention is paid to such an aspect as property relations in the field of self-employment. Research methodology. The research is based on a systematic approach that suggests the recognition of the unity and interaction of the labor and the property relations systems, acting as a socio-economic form of labor relations and determining the appropriation of factors and results of labor activity by subjects of property relations, which is specified through such property functions as ownership, disposal, use. Results. The article presents a system of ownership relations in the sphere of self-employment, where the self-employed person combines all ownership functions concerning both the working force and means of production. The specifics of property relations in the field of self-employment is determined both by the specifics of this form of employment and by the specifics of the types of activities of the self-employed. Since their sphere is mainly the service sector, the specifics of the service as an economic category determines the specifics of both labor and property relations in the field of self-employment. Ownership relations are formed between the self-employed and the customer and consist of the appropriation of the service’s beneficial effect by the customer and the alienation of funds in the form of payment. Property relations in self-employment sphere consider ownership and means of production and workforce and are a form of private property concerning factors of production. The peculiarity of self-employment lies in private property for means of production being based on personal labor. Conclusion. Consideration of the labor and the property relations systems in the field of self-employment in their unity and interrelation allows us to make a conclusion about the complexity and inconsistency of these relations and the need for further research.

The article examines if the definition of the principle of the social function of private property and public assets contains elements capable of supporting the existence of an environmental function in the exercise of the right over them. To achieve this objective, the work seeks: a) verify how the definition of the social function of private property and how the environmental function is addressed in the selected academic articles; b) examine the definition and environmental content of this principle applied to public assets; and c) discuss whether it is possible to defend the existence of an autonomous environmental function. The article is based on the method of narrative literature research and deductive reasoning. The selection criteria of the articles were based on thematic relevance and reading the abstracts. In conclusion, it is highlighted that the autonomous environmental function seems more effective in protecting the environment, although the absence of a specific device on this principle makes it difficult to define and compromise the greater protection of the assets that make up the natural environment. The relevance of the work stems from the need to provide theoretical bases on the subject, given the importance of the environment and the difficulty of guaranteeing its protection.

This article aims to analyze the concept of property (Eigentum) in the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel, highlighting its fundamental role in the constitution of subjectivity and the organization of the community. Based on Hegel's writings, it is argued that property should not be understood solely as a relationship between person and thing, but as a social and ethical phenomenon linked to intersubjective recognition. The central hypothesis is that property fulfills an ontological function that exceeds its justification in terms of private property, constituting a key moment for the formation of rationality and freedom in the framework of the Hegelian state. The analysis is developed in three sections: first, the tripartite structure of the concept of property according to Hegel is exposed; then, its phenomenological dimension is examined, considering the relation between will and thing, as praxis; finally, the character of private property, its limits and its link with rationality and community are discussed. It is concluded that property is indispensable for the existence of a political community based on positive freedom, since without it it would not be possible to think of a fully realized citizenship.