Private Nature Research Articles

Subsidiary liability of a self-regulatory organization in the system of methods for ensuring the fulfillment of obligations

Relevance. Self-regulation is one of the most rapidly developing legal institutions, but its development faces a number of difficulties, both theoretical and practical. The question of the place of self-regulation in the legal system, its classification as an institution of private or public law is debatable. The problem of subsidiary liability of a self-regulatory organization for its members to consumers of goods (works, services) also requires additional attention, in particular the possibility of classifying it as a method of ensuring the fulfillment of an obligation.The purpose is to develop scientifically substantiated provisions on the subsidiary liability of self-regulatory organizations. Research objectives: to determine the legal nature of self-regulation; to identify private law aspects of self-regulation; to characterize the subsidiary liability of SROs and to establish its relationship with the institution of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations. Methodology. The article is based on the methods of analysis, deduction, description, generalization, formal legal, systemic methods. Results. Self-regulation combines both private law principles and public law ones. The private nature of self-regulation is manifested in the voluntary nature of membership, as well as the imposition of civil liability on it for the actions of its members. The public element is that membership (admission) to the SRO gives the right to carry out certain types of activities.The liability of a self-regulatory organization for damages caused by its members is an important tool in protecting the interests of consumers of goods (works, services) and this differs from licensing.The application of subsidiary liability of a self-regulatory organization should cover any adverse property consequences that have arisen for the consumer of goods (works, services) due to improper performance of their obligations by an SRO member.Conclusions. Subsidiary liability of an SRO is a way to ensure the fulfillment of an obligation aimed at creating additional guarantees for the creditor of the proper fulfillment of the obligation at the expense of the property of a third party.

Impacts of Supplemental Feeding on Sunbird-Pollination Systems in Young Fynbos Varies with Floral Abundance.

Supplementary sugar-water feeding offers nectarivorous birds a source of spatially concentrated food, as opposed to the dispersed food available in flowers. This could impact bird visits to native flowers and alter plant-bird mutualisms, particularly in young post-fire vegetation. This study examined the effects of sugar-water feeders on nectarivorous birds and their plant mutualists in young (burned 18 months previously) and transitional vegetation (burned 5 years previously). A supplementary feeding experiment was conducted at Grootbos Private Nature Reserve in South Africa, using sugar-water feeders when floral abundance was low (winter) and high (spring). We compared bird abundance and visitation rates to flowers before, during, and after feeder presence in both seasons. The use of sugar-water feeders by nectarivorous birds was inversely related to floral abundance, with 679 bird visits (6.94 ± 1.40 bird visitation rate per hour) to feeders in winter and only 90 visits (0.41 ± 0.16 visitation rate per hour) during spring. Bird visits were higher at flowers than at sugar-water feeders, in both seasons. Sugar-water feeders did not influence the visitation rate of sunbirds to flowers in both seasons, contrasting with findings from areas abutting suburbia, suggesting that feeder influence on bird visitation rate may not be apparent in areas with no history of sugar-water feeders. We find that low numbers of feeders do not necessarily compete with natural nectar resources but may instead provide birds with an additional food source, particularly when floral resources are low.

Suicide-related internet use of mental health patients: what clinicians know.

Suicide-related internet use (SRIU), defined as internet use related to one's own feelings of suicide, can be both a risk and protective factor, especially for isolated individuals. Despite its influence on suicidality, clinicians face challenges in assessing SRIU because of the private nature of internet usage. Current recommendations on enquiring about SRIU in a clinical setting concern mostly young people. To address the gap in understanding SRIU among patients of all ages, this study aims to explore mental health clinicians' experiences, attitudes and beliefs regarding enquiring about SRIU, as well as the risks and benefits it presents in the assessment and management of patients. Finally, the study aims to establish the role SRIU potentially plays in the assessment and management of patients. Twelve clinicians practising at secondary mental health services in England participated in interviews. Thematic analyses were used for data interpretation. Clinicians who participated in interviews rarely initiate discussions on SRIU with their patients despite considering this an important factor in suicidality. Age of both patients and clinicians has the potential to influence enquiry into SRIU. Clinicians recognise the potential benefits of patients finding supportive online communities but also express concerns about harmful and low-quality online content related to suicide. Integrating SRIU enquiry into standard clinical practice, regardless of the patient's age, is an important step towards comprehensive patient care. Broader training for clinicians on enquiring about online behaviours is essential to mitigate potential risks and harness the benefits of SRIU in mental health patients.

Письмо татарского воина своей супруге

Purpose of the study: to identify sources on everyday life during the Crimean Khanate. An attempt to reconstruct individual episodes of everyday life through the study and reference to materials of the epistolary genre. Research materials: The article analyzes and translates into Russian a letter from Suleiman Effendi to his wife, presumably written during the Polish-Turkish War (1632–1634). This letter was published in 1864 in the collection of V. Velyaminov-Zernov “Materials for the history of the Crimean Khanate”, but until today it remained completely unexplored. Results and scientific novelty: The topic of everyday life during the Crimean Khanate period remains unstudied and unconsidered. In view of this circumstance, the relevance of the problem raised in the study lies in identifying and considering sources containing descriptions of individual aspects of everyday life. The work examines a letter of a private nature, which reveals several aspects from the past: the private life and relationships of people in the family, the ethics of mental behavior in society, the tactics and techniques used by the warring parties during military campaigns, the names of historical figures, the language of that time. Based on the research and identification of sources of the epistolary genre, the author comes to the conclusion that today the letters of a private nature from the period of the Crimean Khanate are very rare. An analysis of the contents of the letter suggests that there was correspondence between Suleiman Effendi and his wife, and this letter is Suleiman Effendi’s response to a letter sent earlier by his wife. It also turns out that letters from military campaigns were probably delivered by special mounted messengers.

Limits of Interference into the Human Genome

Introduction: The use of advances in genomics in practical medicine can positively affect the quality of services in the healthcare sector, as well as the results of applied medical research. Objectives: The purpose of the article is to research regulatory and scientific approaches to the concept of the human genome as an object of legal relations, as well as to determine the limits of interference into a human being’s genomic integrity. Materials and methods: Regarding the chosen subject matter of research, the author while preparing the scientific article has used materials of international regulatory legal acts, Ukrainian and foreign legal literature. To achieve the set aim, the author has used general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition. These methods combined with the scientific principles of objectivity, scientificity and reasonableness, have provided a comprehensive research of the limits of interference into the human genome. Results: The concept of the human genome, as well as its material and non-material components, have been studied from a biological and legal point of view. The private and legal nature of the human genome as a personal non-property good has been defined. The concept of the individual’s integrity, enshrined in international regulatory legal acts, has been analyzed from the point of view of its coverage of a human being’s genomic integrity. It has been established that a violation of genomic integrity is possible both by the intentional actions of third parties and as a result of genome changes due to the action of natural factors. The concepts and types of the human genome editing have been defined. The potential reasons for banning the editing of human germline cells have been critically analyzed. The legal nature of interference into the human genome from the point of view of eugenical practices has been studied. The author has studied the possibility of classifying the use of vaccines on the mRNA platform as interferences into the human genome. Conclusions: It has been concluded that there is a need to recognize the human genome as a personal non-property good, and, accordingly, as an object of private rights. The author has stated own point of view on the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference into human genomic integrity and the existing types of interference into the human genome.

Effective knowledge representation and utilization for sustainable collaborative learning across heterogeneous systems

AbstractThe increasingly decentralized and private nature of data in our digital society has motivated the development of collaborative intelligent systems that enable knowledge aggregation among data owners. However, collaborative learning has only been investigated in simple settings. For example, clients are often assumed to train solution models de novo, disregarding all prior expertise. The learned model is typically represented in task‐specific forms that are not generalizable to unseen, emerging scenarios. Finally, a universal model representation is enforced among collaborators, ignoring their local compute constraints or input representations. These limitations hampers the practicality of prior collaborative systems in learning scenarios with limited task data that demand constant knowledge adaptation and transfer across information silos, tasks, and learning models, as well as the utilization of prior solution expertise. Furthermore, prior collaborative learning frameworks are not sustainable on a macro scale where participants desire fairness allocation of benefits (e.g., access to the combined model) based on their costs of participation (e.g., overhead of model sharing and training synchronization, risk of information breaches, etc.). This necessitates a new perspective of collaborative learning where the server not only aggregates but also conducts valuation of the participant's contribution, and distribute aggregated information to individuals in commensurate to their contribution. To substantiate the above vision, we propose a new research agenda on developing effective and sustainable collaborative learning frameworks across heterogeneous systems, featuring three novel computational capabilities on knowledge organization: model expression, comprehension, and valuation.

ScamGen: Unveiling psychological patterns in tele-scam through advanced template-augmented corpus generation

Telephone scams, with their profound psychological impact, often compel victims to make hasty and severe decisions. Studying these scams is challenging due to the scarcity of comprehensive datasets, a result of the private nature of telephone interactions. In this paper, we introduce ScamGen, a template-based data augmentation technique designed to enhance Chinese telephone scam data. ScamGen leverages psychological insights to generate diverse and realistic scam scenarios, focusing on the psychological dynamics between scammers and victims. This novel approach integrates psychological theory with data augmentation, diverging from traditional methods by emphasizing scammer–victim interactions. Our method begins with a multi-source data collection framework, compiling an initial seed dataset of tele-scam samples. Using sentence- and word-level perturbations, we expand this seed data to create a comprehensive and diverse dataset covering a wide range of scam scenarios. Rigorous evaluations demonstrate that ScamGen outperforms large language models in generating high-quality, varied datasets. Additionally, we develop five deep learning models for intent detection on this dataset, with BERT achieving the highest precision at 86.68%. The dataset, which will be made publicly available, marks a significant step toward understanding scammer tactics and improving tele-scam detection systems.

Profile of Laboratories With the Seal of the Clinical Laboratory Accreditation Program (PALC)

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze clinical analysis laboratories accredited by the quality seal of the Clinical Laboratory Accreditation Program (PALC) in Brazil. Theoretical Framework: It presents the fundamentals of the research, covering the importance of hospital accreditation, PALC regulations, historical evolution of hospital quality, economic impact on health, quality management in clinical laboratories and the usefulness of quality indicators. Method: A documentary study was carried out, with descriptive and quantitative analysis. During the study period, 163 clinical laboratories were detected in the country accredited by the PALC seal. Results and Discussion: In the study, 163 accredited clinical laboratories were identified in Brazil, with only 32 laboratories in the entire northeast region. Where 92% of accredited laboratories are private and 82% are part of large national diagnostic networks. Highlighting the need for greater investment in quality seals, which better certify the quality of the laboratory service provided. Research Implications: The importance of policies and strategies to promote the accreditation of clinical laboratories stands out, especially in the northeast region of Brazil, aiming to improve the quality and reliability of health services provided to the population, in addition to promoting greater security in medical diagnoses. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the originality by examining the grographic distribution and the public and private nature of accredited clinical laboratories in Brazil. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its crucial role of accreditation in ensuring quality laboratory services, encouraging continuous improvement and patient confidence.

Evaluating mangrove community forestry outcomes: a mixed synthetic control and field-based approach

Abstract Contemporary evaluations of outcomes in human-managed systems have been constrained by a lack of counterfactual analysis. Community forestry (CF), a widely adopted strategy to achieve both conservation and management in coupled human-environment systems, is no exception, and counterfactual analysis would greatly enhance CF research. We used a mixed method approach incorporating quantification of deforestation and forest regrowth rates, synthetic control analysis, and focus groups discussions to evaluate mangrove CF outcomes in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar, from to 1990–2021. CF resulted in an overall increase in net forest gain and reduction in net forest loss across sites. More than two-thirds of CF sites had superior outcomes relative to synthetic controls for at least one metric (deforestation or forest regrowth); however, CF tended to perform better for only one outcome while avoiding underperformance in the other. The annual rate of forest regrowth in CFs accelerated beginning three years prior to certification and peaked two years after certification, likely related to pre-certification engagement with the Forest Department or non-government organizations. Moreover, control sites near CFs experienced more rapid forest regrowth than controls further from CFs, suggesting spillover effects. The predominant challenge facing successful CF management was illegal extraction and overharvesting, and poor performing CFs experienced a complex array of challenges facing forest regrowth, likely related to the private nature of individual land claims within the CFs. Most supporting factors for CF were related to community management capacity, strongly indicating a need for extended close engagement with competent government and non-government actors to develop long-term management and governance capacities, which are sustainably funded. Our mixed-method approach can be replicated in other human-managed systems to evaluate the biophysical impacts of policies and gain insights into the underlying drivers of outcomes.

IoT-driven blockchain to manage the healthcare supply chain and protect medical records

Healthcare supply chain domain and medical records’ management face numerous challenges that come with new demands, such as customer dissatisfaction, rising healthcare costs, tracking and traceability of drugs, and security and privacy related to the sensitive information managed in such a domain. Executing processes related to healthcare domain in a trusted, secure, efficient, accessible and traceable manner is challenging due to the fragmented nature of the healthcare supply chain, which is prone to systemic errors and redundant efforts that may compromise patient safety and negatively impact health outcomes. To cope with such issues, blockchain technology, combined with the Internet of Things (IoT), can offers a reliable way to track and trace products and protect medical data though a peer-to-peer distributed, secure, and shared ledger. Hence, this paper proposes an IoT-driven blockchain-based architecture to manage the healthcare supply chain and protect medical records from tampering and access violation. Hyperledger Fabric, which is a permissioned blockchain, has been adopted due to the sensitive and private nature of the collected data. The envisioned network has been implemented and performance has been evaluated in terms of execution time, resources consumption and throughput.

Perjanjian Pinjam Meminjam Berdasarkan Pasal 1754 KUHperdata

Civil Law is a branch of law that regulates relationships between individuals or legal entities of a private nature. Civil Law regulates the rights and obligations of individuals or legal entities in the context of civil relationships, such as agreements, property ownership, legal responsibility, inheritance, marriage, divorce, and contracts. Civil Law usually applies in situations where there is a relationship between individuals or legal entities that stand as equal legal subjects. This is different from Public Law which regulates the relationship between individuals or legal entities and the state or government. Civil Law covers several important areas, including contract law, property law, inheritance law, family law, and labor law. In this area, Civil Law determines the rights and obligations of the parties involved, clarifies legal responsibilities, and provides a legal framework for resolving disputes. The general principles underlying Civil Law include freedom of contract, principles of justice, protection of personal rights, legal responsibility, legal certainty, and compensation for losses incurred as a result of violations or negligence.

An Analysis of Teaching Menstrual Care Skills Using Single-Subject Methodology: A Systematic Literature Review.

There is a paucity in research supporting procedures to teach skills needed during an individual's menstrual cycle. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, a literature review was conducted to find publications on the topic of menstrual care. Second, the studies found were evaluated against What Works Clearinghouse™ (WWC) standards and analyzed to determine the presence of clinical components relevant to teaching these skills. A literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The review identified publications that taught menstrual care skills to individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or other disabilities. The review focused specifically on studies that employed single-subject research methodology. Studies found were analyzed against the WWC's criteria to assess the rigor of each studies' methodology. Finally, studies were categorized across indicators that are clinically relevant to teaching menstrual care skills. The results highlighted a lack of empirical support for teaching menstrual care skills. 7 single-subject design studies were identified in the previous 40years of research. One study met all criteria required to receive the WWC's highest rating. The complexity and private nature of menstrual care skills can make intervention development daunting. This paper was intended to provide menstrual care researchers with guidance in implementing high-quality studies. Additionally, scientist-practitioners can find guidance regarding important considerations to support programming that is both effective and respectful.

Methodology for determining the durability of soil-cultivating machines working bodies of parts

The development and creation of high-performance machines for agricultural production is in many cases limited by the insufficient wear resistance of individual parts and assemblies. Russian scientists, engineers and technicians working on the problem of increasing the durability of machines have achieved significant results. However, theoretical conclusions and prerequisites for increasing durability and the method of calculating parts of agricultural machines for durability are not enough. The durability calculations of agricultural machine parts used in some cases during their design are imperfect. In addition, in most cases, there are no reasonable calculations of allowable wear that would ensure high quality machine operation, i.e. these calculations are not related to the tasks of preventive maintenance and operation of machines. A number of scientists have been studying the abrasive wear of working parts of soil-cultivating and seeding machines for decades, but this issue has not yet been finally resolved. Until now, there is no clear understanding of the essence of abrasive wear and the factors that determine it. Most of the work carried out on the study of abrasive wear of parts of working bodies of soil-cultivating machines is of a private nature. There are no works covering the study of the complex set of phenomena that occur during abrasive wear. At present, very little has been studied about the wear capacity of soils, there is no criterion that determines it, and there is no connection between the phenomena of wear of the working parts of soil-cultivating machines and the basic theoretical principles of agricultural mechanics. The study of the wear capacity of soils, as well as the determination of the magnitude of pressures that arise during the interaction of the working parts of agricultural machines with the soil, can be used when calculating the working parts of these machines for durability.

Appeal to Aggregators of Market Information in the Field of Medical Services and Protection of Honor, Dignity and Business Reputation

The development of digitalization spheres increases the value of such a resource as information. Legal regulation of aggregator sites, where information is collected and provided to a wide range of users with the ability to evaluate and rank marketable information (description of services/goods, establishment of rating indicators) is insufficient. The analysis of judicial practice and the identified problems of protection of honor, dignity and business reputation when referring to aggregators of market information require special attention in the issues of medical services. The aim and objectives of the study are to analyze the possibilities of protection of honor, dignity and business reputation of professionals providing medical services when applying to aggregators of market information – specialized websites of service consumers. Research methods: general scientific methods of cognition (comparison, description, analysis, synthesis, etc.), special-legal (legal-dogmatic, legal modeling). It should be emphasized that the process of digitalization has a significant impact on most spheres of life of society, in this regard, it was necessary to turn to communicative and anthropological approaches to analyze the impact of digital technologies on the process of development of communications in society. As a result, the conclusions were made about the recognition of the complexity of legislation, which combines norms of public and private legal nature regulating the public relations under study, the need to improve the tools of interaction between subjects in the field of digital reality (owners, operators of sites-aggregators of conjectural information and consumers of services, professionals and organizations providing medical services), the introduction of changes in the norms of legislation in order to eliminate different interpretations and possible conflicts of law.

Collaborative Learning across Heterogeneous Systems with Pre-Trained Models

The increasingly decentralized and private nature of data in our digital society has motivated the development of personalized, collaborative intelligent systems that enable knowledge aggregation across multiple data owners while accommodating for their data privacy and system constraints. However, collaborative learning has only been investigated in simple and limited settings: isolated task scenarios where learning begins from scratch and does not build on prior expertise; learned model is represented in task-specific forms which are not generalizable to unseen, emerging scenarios; and more often, a universal model representation is assumed across collaborators, ignoring their local compute constraints or input representations. This restricts its practicality in continual learning scenarios with limited task data, which demand continuous adaptation and knowledge transfer across different information silos, tasks, and learning models, as well as the utilization of prior solution expertises. To overcome these limitations, my research has been focused on developing effective and scalable resource-aware collaborative learning frameworks across heterogeneous systems.

Spectral imaging of grass species in arid ecosystems of Namibia

Grasslands across the African continent are under pressure from climate change and human activities, particularly in arid ecosystems. From a remote sensing perspective, these ecosystems have not received much scientific attention, especially in Namibia. To address this knowledge gap, various remote sensing methods were implemented using new generation spaceborne imaging spectrometers amongst others. Therefore, this research provides a first methodological approach aimed at mapping and evaluating the distribution of grasslands within two private nature reserves, namely, the NamibRand Nature Reserve (NRNR) and ProNamib Nature Reserve (PNNR) with surrounding farmlands on the edge of Namib Sand Sea. The multi-sensor approach utilizes Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF) and incorporated spectral information collected in the field to analyze grasslands. The research involves a sensor comparison of multispectral Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope data, hyperspectral data from Environmental Mapping and Analysis Programme (EnMAP) and PRecursore IperSpettrale della Missione Applicativa (PRISMA) and an additional data fusion product derived from Sentinel-2 and EnMAP imagery based on a Smoothing Filter-based Intensity Modulation Hypersharpening method (SFIM-HS). Additionally, a unique spectral library of collected field spectra was established and inter-species spectral separability and intra-species spectral homogeneity was analyzed. This library presents newly published spectra of individual species. Due to dry initial conditions, the calculated spectral separability of individual grasses is limited, making only a mean endmember feasible for partial unmixing. The validation results of satellite comparison show that data fusion products (R2 = 0.51 with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); R2 = 0.66 with Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)) are more suitable for mapping arid grasslands than multispectral or hyperspectral data (all R2 < 0.35). More research is required and potential methodological adjustments are discussed to further investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of arid grasslands and to aid conservation efforts in the Greater Sossusvlei-Namib Landscape in line with the United Nations Decade of Restoration.

A 'hidden problem': Nature, prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction in persons living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda.

We conducted a clinic-based cross-sectional survey among 710 people living with HIV/AIDS in stable 'sexual' relationships in central and southwestern Uganda. Although sexual function is rarely discussed due to the private nature of sexual life. Yet, sexual problems may predispose to negative health and social outcomes including marital conflict. Among individuals living with HIV/AIDS, sexual function and dysfunction have hardly been studied especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we aimed to determine the nature, prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction (SD) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Uganda. We conducted a clinic based cross sectional survey among 710 PLWHA in stable 'sexual' relationships in central region and southwestern Uganda. We collected data on socio-demographic characteristics (age, highest educational attainment, religion, food security, employment, income level, marital status and socio-economic status); psychiatric problems (major depressive disorder, suicidality and HIV-related neurocognitive impairment); psychosocial factors (maladaptive coping styles, negative life events, social support, resilience, HIV stigma); and clinical factors (CD4 counts, body weight, height, HIV clinical stage, treatment adherence). Sexual dysfunction (SD) was more prevalent in women (38.7%) than men (17.6%) and majority (89.3% of men and 66.3% of women) did not seek help for the SD. Among men, being of a religion other than Christianity was significantly associated with SD (OR = 5.30, 95%CI 1.60-17.51, p = 0.006). Among women, older age (> 45 years) (OR = 2.96, 95%CI 1.82-4.79, p<0.01), being widowed (OR = 1.80, 95%CI 1.03-3.12, p = 0.051) or being separated from the spouse (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.09-2.59, p = 0.051) were significantly associated with SD. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with SD in both men (OR = 0.27, 95%CI 0.74-0.99) and women (OR = 1.61, 95%CI 1.04-2.48, p = 0.032). In women, high CD4 count (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1-2.01, p = 0.05) was associated with SD. Sexual dysfunction has considerable prevalence among PLWHA in Uganda. It is associated with socio-demographic, psychiatric and clinical illness factors. To further improve the quality of life of PLWHA, they should be screened for sexual dysfunction as part of routine assessment.

AI and the nature of disagreement.

Litigation is a creature of disagreement. Our essay explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to help reduce legal disagreements. In any litigation, parties disagree over the facts, the law, or how the law applies to the facts. The source of the parties' disagreements matters. It may determine the extent to which AI can help resolve their disputes. AI is helpful in clarifying the parties' misunderstanding over how well-defined questions of law apply to their facts. But AI may be less helpful when parties disagree on questions of fact where the prevailing facts dictate the legal outcome. The private nature of information underlying these factual disagreements typically fall outside the strengths of AI's computational leverage over publicly available data. A further complication: parties may disagree about which rule should govern the dispute, which can arise irrespective of whether they agree or disagree over questions of facts. Accordingly, while AI can provide clarity over legal precedent, it often may be insufficient to provide clarity over legal disputes. This article is part of the theme issue 'A complexity science approach to law and governance'.

The Theory of the Evolution of Economic Relations as an Approach to Generalize the Theory of Games

The Theory of Games in the classical sense uses the idea of a system of economic relations of one type, namely economic relations of a private nature when the goal of rational behavior of the subject of economic relations (ER) is to maximize the benefit (own profit). In the process of evolution, economic relations go through several stages (namely 16), and for each stage, the set of characteristics of the basic elements strictly differs from the set of other stages. The rational behavior of the subjects is largely determined by this particular set of characteristics. Thus, the corresponding Theory of Rational Behavior of Economic Subjects (TRES) is the generalization of the Theory of Games for application in economics (that is, it applies not only to one type of economic relations, aiming at private benefit). Another aspect of the generalization of the Theory of Games in conditions of global information and computer accessibility is the transition from money as a medium of exchange that was a “transferable numerical utility” to another medium of exchange - a full range of goods with the complete dynamically changing set of exchange coefficients as a “generalized medium of exchange” that organically corresponds to the economic content of the production process.

Libraries in the Age of Intelligent Information: AI-Driven Solutions

This study explores the paradigm change that artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about in the context of libraries in the age of intelligent information. A quantitative survey was carried out, and a methodical description of the study's procedure is provided. The research sampling strategy, data gathering, data collection tool, and statistical analysis are all included in this quantitative approach. Additionally, a random sampling procedure was used to choose the study sample. Similar to this, questionnaires were employed as response instruments to collect data in both physical and digital formats. Findings from the investigation showed that 45% of institutions are private nature and 50% institutions shows the status public. 1-10 years’ experience were 62% respondents, 11-20 years’ experience were 31% and only 8% of respondents were 21 years above experience. The study emphasizes how important it is to create a welcoming and open library ecosystem where artificial intelligence (AI) enhances operational effectiveness while protecting user privacy and pleasure. All things considered, this thorough analysis highlights the many ways that artificial intelligence (AI) might transform libraries and meet the many demands of their patrons. Looking forward, the article discusses the promising future of AI in libraries, envisioning AI-powered chatbots, predictive analytics, and virtual helpers as integral components of an AI-driven library landscape.