Transformational leadership is a process in which leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation, creating significant changes in the lives of people and organizations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of individualized consideration style on organization performance in private universities in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The objective that guided the study was to: establish the influence of individualized consideration on organizational performance in private universities in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used Transformational Leadership Theory by Burns (1978) and the conceptual framework was based on the relationship between individualized consideration style and organizational performance. The sample comprised of 288 lecturers and 7 Deans of Academic Affairs of the chartered private universities, and questionnaires and interview guides were used to gather data. Validation of the questionnaires was through Cronbach’s Alpha and the use of expert judgement. The coefficient value was 0.879 at alpha = 0.05. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, and the regression analysis showed a strong relationship between individualized consideration and the performance of private universities. The results revealed a positive and significant relationship between individualized consideration (β = .370, p<.05). It was concluded that offering leadership support and advice, mentorship, career development, and solving individual needs among their employees influences performance. The following recommendations were made: the management of private universities ought to offer leadership support and advice to their employees as this is important in improving their performance. Furthermore, they should realize that in order to realize higher performance for their institutions they need to ensure that the leaders in the institutions act as both mentors and coaches for the employees and recognize their contributions to the organization. The Deans of Academic Affairs need to attend seminars and training in transformational leadership so that they can be well-versed in transformational leadership skills, responsibilities, and characteristics.

ABSTRACT Minimalist music, a culturally bound variant of American minimalist music, first emerged in the Soviet Union during the early 1970s. Its key first-generation exponents included Vladimir Martynov, Alexander Knaifel, Nikolai Korndorf, and Alexandre Rabinovitch-Barakovsky. Similar to early American minimalist music in both style and technique, music by these composers differs primarily in that its main aim is to function as discourse. Often labelled ‘maximalist’, this aspect renders it paradoxical in that its goal is to convey far more than its transparent form and minimalist signifiers suggest. It is a controversial phenomenon given its hybrid qualities, but moreover, problematic, given the difficulties that this ‘minimalist–maximalist’ paradox poses for the listener. Using private interview material and manuscripts, I will examine minimalist music by Martynov, Knaifel, and Korndorf as an aesthetic and compositional identity while considering how it differs from its (early) American counterpart. I will explore how these composers' perceptions of American minimalist music have led them to create a unique variant, before discussing the problems that the ‘minimalist–maximalist’ paradox creates.

Adolescence involves extensive brain maturation, characterized by social sensitivity and emotional lability, that co-occurs with increased independence. Mid-adolescence is also a hallmark developmental stage when youths become motivated to reflect on the broader personal, ethical, and systems-level implications of happenings, a process we term transcendent thinking. Here, we examine the confluence of these developmental processes to ask, from a transdisciplinary perspective, how might community violence exposure (CVE) impact brain development during mid-adolescence, and how might youths' dispositions for transcendent thinking be protective? Fifty-five low-SES urban youth with no history of delinquency (32 female; 27 Latinx, 28 East Asian) reported their CVE and underwent structural MRI first at age 14-18, and again 2 years later. At the study's start, participants also discussed their feelings about 40 minidocumentaries featuring other teens' compelling situations in a 2-h private interview that was transcribed and coded for transcendent thinking. Controlling for CVE and brain structure at the start: (1) New CVE during the 2-year inter-scan interval was associated with greater gray matter volume (GMV) reduction over that interval in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a central network hub whose reduced volume has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, and across multiple additional cortical and subcortical regions; (2) participants' transcendent thinking in the interview independently predicted greater GMV increase during the 2-year inter-scan interval in the ACC. Findings highlight the continued vulnerability of mid-adolescents to community violence and the importance of supporting teens' dispositions to reflect on the complex personal and systems-level implications and affordances of their civic landscape.

College faculty are receiving attention as influential members of the Return-to-Learn (RTL) process for students with concussion. Investigators continue to learn more about how faculty can assist students throughout recovery, yet we must also strive to determine whether such evidence is isolated or is in fact exhibited by faculty elsewhere. We sought to determine if successive faculty cohorts demonstrate similar perspectives and RTL decision-making profiles as those from initial investigations. Two universities in New York State were recruited to participate in a two-stage cross-sectional study. College faculty with teaching responsibilities were given the opportunity to complete an online Qualtrics survey followed by a private interview discussing their thoughts, perspectives, and/or experiences with managing students with concussion. Accommodations for students were allowed more often when some form of documentation was present (disability services note = 100%; multiple types of proof = 91%; doctor/medical notes = 90%; and no note = 75%). Three factors consistently scored as influential to faculty RTL decision-making: documentation, teacher-student relationship, and empathy. No significant differences in scoring were seen between male and female faculty participants. Follow-up interviews revealed two themes: legitimacy and empathy. Legitimacy outlines why faculty seek verification of concussion prior to allowing accommodations and includes two subthemes: i) note/documentation, and ii) fairness/protecting integrity. Empathy discusses how and why faculty empathetically assist students with concussion, and includes two subthemes: i) personality, and ii) past experiences/understanding of concussion. Our findings indicate that faculty from different universities display similar RTL decision-making tendencies and perspectives towards students with concussion as those from initial investigations. These data allow RTL stakeholders to better understand and appreciate the potential for faculty to act as facilitators to concussion support. As gatekeepers of the classroom environment, understanding how to produce faculty cooperation will ensure a reproducible and positive outcome for students recovering from concussion.

Our objective was to increase human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening in adolescents presenting to our community pediatric emergency department with symptoms suggestive of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and who were being tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia. Specifically, we aimed to increase the monthly average proportion of adolescents concurrently screened for HIV in this target group from 11% to 50% in 6 months. We identified barriers to HIV screening, focusing on physician-related challenges and adolescents' concerns about confidentiality. We designed interventions targeting these barriers and implemented them in plan-do-study-act cycles beginning in February 2020. We educated physicians and nurses about screening recommendations, emphasized a physician-conducted private interview during which confidential contact information could be obtained, and assured confidentiality on after visit summaries by removing STI results. We also provided regular feedback to physicians on the screening rate. In addition, we implemented an electronic health record quick order set and a documentation tool. Using a statistical process control chart, we measured the average monthly proportion of adolescents in the target group who were offered HIV screening or tested for HIV before and after interventions. A total of 140 adolescents in the target group presented to our pediatric emergency department from February 2020 through December 2021. After plan-do-study-act cycles, the average monthly screening rate increased to 80%. Raising physician awareness of HIV screening recommendations and the importance of conducting a private interview improved screening rates. Assuring adolescent minors of confidentiality in a private interview, removing STI results from the after visit summary, and obtaining confidential contact information were important measures to overcome confidentiality barriers.

The invasion of the ancient Ethiopian empire perpetrated by the Italian fascist regime in 1935-1936 deserves all the blame due to a war of aggression, a belated colonial enterprise and a bullying act of a totalitarian regime. Yet there is one aspect of that war that aroused universal admiration among contemporaries and which still deserves to be analysed today: the healthcare of troops. The Italian army, which came close to half a million men, was the largest European army that had ever fought in tropical or sub-tropical territories. Many Cassandras expected a health catastrophe, even more than a military one. But Mussolini decided to entrust Sir Aldo Castellani, the famous tropicalist doctor who had been living between Italy and England for years, with the role of Inspector General of Military and Civilian Health Services for East Africa. At the end of the seven-month victorious military campaign, the very low number of casualties recorded due to illness or injury evoked amazement and admiration. This was not just propaganda, as proved by the uncountable invitations from military and health authorities all over the world (including some of the nations that had imposed economic sanctions against Italy a few months earlier) for Castellani to reveal his secret through lectures, articles and conferences. Even US President Franklyn D. Roosevelt, who as a polio sufferer was particularly sensitive to public health issues, asked for and obtained a long private interview with Castellani, the "man who won the war".

Background and objective: The purpose of this study aims to understand and explore the relationships of stress, job satisfaction, and the career decisions of taxi drivers in South Korea, particularly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Based on the self-efficacy approach and social cognitive career and motivation theory, this study was guided by two research questions, as follows: (1) What are the stress factors for senior taxi drivers? How do senior taxi drivers describe the relationship between stress and job satisfaction, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea? Does age play a role? (2) Did senior taxi drivers leave or retire from the taxi driving profession due to stress and job satisfaction during or after the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea? Why? Does age play a role? Materials and methods: The purposive and snowball sampling strategies were employed to recruit 62 male senior taxi drivers all across South Korea. The in-depth, semi-structured, and private interview session was employed. Results: The results indicated that the surrounding environment and individuals, personal considerations with health and body condition, and financial consideration with insufficient pension from the government policy were three key elements for motivations and career decisions. Contributions and conclusion: Government leaders and policymakers should take the results from this study as a blueprint to reform and polish human resources planning and working rights for senior citizens who continue to work in the professions. Although the government has encouraged senior citizens to be part of the workforce until the age of 65, many senior citizens in late adulthood still suffer from negative workplace conditions and stress. Immediate solutions are needed as senior citizens deserve a manageable retirement.

En un sistema acusatorio, el derecho a interrogar o confrontar a un testigo esuna garantía procesal mínima. Es importante que la información aportada porel testigo, a través de la entrevista privada, sea recuperada en forma cuidadosae imparcial.

Objectives: African American women are disproportionately impacted upon by HIV, particularly in the Southern states of the USA where the percentage of new cases of HIV and the percentage of people living with HIV in the USA are highest. This study describes the lived experiences of HIV-positive African American women based on their written stories. Design: Naturalistic qualitative design. Setting: Three organisations serving people living with HIV in a Southern state in the USA. Method: HIV-positive African American women 18 years of age and older ( N = 23) recruited from organisations working with people living with HIV were given the opportunity to write their own story following their participation in a semi-structured individual private interview. Content analysis was conducted on the written accounts. Results: Analysis of narratives written by HIV-positive African American women revealed themes of self-actualisation and self-worth. While some stories highlighted experiences of helplessness/hopelessness, most stories were more optimistic in nature, offering advice for prevention and highlighting individual efforts of advocacy and education. Stories also touched on risk/protective behaviour and women’s acknowledgement of their own responsibility in their HIV status. Conclusion: Strengths and resources are expressed in stories, as well as the acknowledgement of stressors associated with HIV. These within-culture narratives may be useful in programmes and interventions to inform culturally resonant prevention efforts and promote self-management activities among women living with HIV.

The brain's mapping of bodily responses during emotion contributes to emotional experiences, or feelings. Culture influences emotional expressiveness, that is, the magnitude of individuals' bodily responses during emotion. So, are cultural influences on behavioral expressiveness associated with differences in how individuals experience emotion? Chinese and American young adults reported how strongly admiration- and compassion-inducing stories made them feel, first in a private interview and then during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). As expected, Americans were more expressive in the interview. Although expressiveness did not predict stronger reported feelings or neural responses during fMRI, in both cultural groups more-expressive people showed tighter trial-by-trial correlations between their experienced strength of emotion and activations in visceral-somatosensory cortex, even after controlling for individuals' overall strength of reactions (neural and felt). Moreover, expressiveness mediated a previously described cultural effect in which activations in visceral-somatosensory cortex correlated with feeling strength among Americans but not among Chinese. Post hoc supplementary analyses revealed that more-expressive individuals reached peak activation of visceral-somatosensory cortex later in the emotion process and took longer to decide how strongly they felt. The results together suggest that differences in expressiveness correspond to differences in how somatosensory mechanisms contribute to constructing conscious feelings. By influencing expressiveness, culture may therefore influence how individuals know how strongly they feel, what conscious feelings are based on, or possibly what strong versus weak emotions "feel like." (PsycINFO Database Record

How to be Prepared for Auditions in New York After encountering New York and listening to advice, one dancer recommends quality over quantity—and plenty of preparation and research by Tivoli Evans Here’s why you should choose to audition well, rather than to audition frequently. Last summer, I made the decision to attend The New York Satellite Program, during my senior year of college at University of California, Irvine, to gain some insight about what I want to pursue after graduation. The UCI Drama Department offers a New York Satellite Program as a four-week intensive in the big city, choosing about twenty-six students to take classes from some very well-known Broadway dancers, actors, and teachers. I have always known that I wanted to dance after college, but I was not sure what field I wanted to enter. It was not until I arrived in New York City and started the program that I finally figured out where I really belonged. Like any other over-excited dancer in the program, I spent my first few days trying to attend as many open dance auditions as I possibly could. However, once my New York City program schedule started, I was not encouraged to attend multiple auditions as I had expected. My first thought was, “My teachers obviously do not want me to find work?” and “They clearly do not want me to succeed?” It was not until one of our guest faculty members, Denis Lambert, said, “As a dancer or actor, you need to audition well, not audition frequently,” that I understood why I was wrong. He said it would be better to be 100% confident going into one audition a month, than going into many not being fully prepared. As a performer, it is crucial to know the in’s and out’s of auditioning in New York City. I found out it only takes one good audition to change your life. As an auditioning dancer, you need to pick and choose wisely. Moving to New York and starting a new chapter of life can be terrifying—and expensive. The rent is costlier, the food is more expensive, and you avoid car expenses, public transportation still costs money. According to Brian Blithe, another NYC Satellite professor and theater director in NYC, “A performer needs to have a day job, especially when he or she is first starting to audition for productions.” Finding a place to live and a steady source of income is the first and foremost step. My friend, Bryce Vaewsorn, a NYC resident and fellow performer, currently works at a preschool called Playgarden, as a source of income while he attends auditions on his days off. Another colleague, Laura Hanlon, works as a Pilates instructor at a gym called Equinox down the street from the Metropolitan Opera House, and on her free afternoons, she attends open dance calls. It is more beneficial to keep a steady income and only attend specific auditions that are the right fit and are conveniently scheduled than not having enough money afford rent. In today’s auditioning world, casting agents will be looking for something very specific. As the auditioner, you always want to be ready for anything. In a private interview with Joy Dewing, a well-known casting director, she stated that, while auditioning, “You must be prepared and have done your homework ahead of time” (also a tip she gives in de Giere, listed below). What does this homework entail? Research. Casting calls will list specific instructions for each audition that detail what to bring, what to wear, and what to sing. Do not overlook this information, it is the first thing the casting agents will look at, to see if you can follow directions and if you are actually prepared. In other words, “Don’t waste someone's time if you're 29 and they're looking for a 13-year-old girl, just to be seen” (Hetrick).

During the last few years the Greek consumers seem to have a tendency towards organic food because of health, food safety and environmental issues. The objective of this study is to compare the dietary habits of people who consume organic food versus those who consume conventional food and to establish any common characteristics between the first groups of people. A questionnaire was used to collect the data that consisted of three parts. The first part contained demographic and anthropometric information, the second information about the dietary habits of the participants and the last part was a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The participants completed the questionnaire on their own, without the need of a private interview. The data was analyzed using Epi-info and SPSS. 133 persons took part in the study, 61 of which work at Saint Paul Hospital in Thessaloniki and 65 are costumers of two organic product stores. The results suggest that more people that prefer organic over conventional food are married and that consumers of organic food have healthier dietary habits, since they consume less energy, saturated fat and cholesterol and more vitamins, dietary fibers and antioxidants.

WS03.3 Preparing first school entry for a child with cystic fibrosis: Contribution of a group education session

Perspectives on Sexual Health and Function of Recent Male Combat Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan

In psychologically safe workplaces, employees feel comfortable taking interpersonal risks, such as pointing out errors. Previous research suggested that psychologically safe climate optimizes organizational outcomes. We evaluated psychological safety levels in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals and assessed their relationship to employee willingness of reporting medical errors. We conducted an ANOVA on psychological safety scores from a VHA employees census survey (n = 185,879), assessing variability of means across racial and supervisory levels. We examined organizational climate assessment interviews (n = 374) evaluating how many employees asserted willingness to report errors (or not) and their stated reasons. Finally, based on survey data, we identified 2 (psychologically safe versus unsafe) hospitals and compared their number of employees who would be willing/unwilling to report an error. Psychological safety increased with supervisory level (P < 0.001, η = 0.03) and was not meaningfully related to race (P < 0.001, η = 0.003). Twelve percent of employees would not report an error; retaliation fear was the most commonly mentioned deterrent. Furthermore, employees at the psychologically unsafe hospital (71% would report, 13% would not) were less willing to report an error than at the psychologically safe hospital (91% would, 0% would not). A substantial minority would not report an error and were willing to admit so in a private interview setting. Their stated reasons as well as higher psychological safety means for supervisory employees both suggest power as an important determinant. Intentions to report were associated with psychological safety, strongly suggesting this climate aspect as instrumental to improving patient safety and reducing costs.

This qualitative study investigated the impact of the mirror on a dancer’s body image. Two groups of students enrolled in beginner ballet classes were taught the same classroom material; one group was taught with mirrors, the other, without. At the end of the semester four students from each class were randomly selected to participate in a private interview. Students were asked questions alluding to their experience in the classroom either with or without the mirror. Most students felt that the mirror is a necessary tool to facilitate their technical growth in a ballet class. However, further analysis of the interviews suggested that the student dancers experienced body objectification as they compared their physical selves to the images they saw in the mirror. Opportunities to take advantage of their kinaesthetic sensations to stimulate technical growth were not always possible as their concentration was focused on the reflection of individual body parts in the mirror. Researchers concluded that the mirror in the dance classroom can be an instigator of poor body image.

Background:An audit is a written series of simple, direct questions, which when answered and reviewed, tell whether the laboratory is performing its procedures, activities, and policies correctly and on time.Aim:The aim of this study is to briefly highlight the importance of audit in blood bank services.Materials and Methods:An Audit of Blood Bank Services was carried out in a Blood bank of the tertiary care hospital, Central India by using the tool kit, (comprised of checklists) developed by Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka WHO, July 2008.Results:After going through these checklists, we observed that there is no system for assessing the training needs of staff in the blood bank. There was no provision for duty doctor's room, expert room, medical technologist room and duty care service. There was no checklist for routine check for observation of hemolysis and deterioration of blood and plasma. There was no facility for separate private interview to exclude sexual disease in the donor. Requisition forms were not properly filled for blood transfusion indications. There was no facility for notification of donors who are permanently deferred. There were no records documented for donors who are either temporarily or permanently deferred on the basis of either clinical examination, history, or serological examination. It was found that wearing of apron, cap, and mask was not done properly except in serology laboratory. When the requisition forms for blood transfusions were audited, it was found that many requisition forms were without indications.Conclusion:Regular audit of blood bank services needs to be initiated in all blood banks and the results needs to be discussed among the managements, colleagues, and staffs of blood bank. These results will provide a good opportunity for finding strategies in improving the blood bank services with appropriate and safe use of blood.

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;Kota kecil memiliki peranan yang strategis dalam konteks pengembangan wilayah. Peranan kota kecil sangat erat kaitannya dengan konsep &lt;em&gt;growth pole&lt;/em&gt; dan teori tempat pusat Christaller. Secara umum peranan kota kecil dalam pengembangan daerah perdesaan memiliki tiga peranan pokok yaitu sebagai pusat perdagangan, pusat penyerapan tenaga kerja, dan sebagai pusat pelayanan (Bajracharya: 2000, Mathur: 1982). Sedangkan dalam konteks sistem perkotaan, peranan kota lebih dilihat dari segi skala pelayanan masing-masing kota. Kota kecil dapat berkembang sebagai pusat pelayanan regional sedangkan lainnya merupakan pusat pelayanan lokal. Tata kelola adalah rangkaian proses, kebiasaan, kebijakan, aturan, dan institusi yang mempengaruhi pengarahan, pengelolaan, serta pengontrolan suatu perusahaan atau korporasi. Pemerintah sebagai petinggi daerah selalu menjadi aktor utama dalam tata kelola kota kecil. Namun, tanpa disadari keberadaan swasta dan masyarakat memiliki peran penting dalam keberhasilan penataan dan pengelolaan kota kecil. Permasalahan sampah merupakan salah satu sektor yang diperhatikan dalam upaya adaptasi suatu kota untuk mencapai kota yang berketahanan. Undang-Undang No. 18 Bab IX Pasal 28 ayat (1) menjelaskan peran masyarakat dalam pengelolaan sampah yang diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah dan/atau pemerintah daerah. Kecamatan Ambarawa adalah sebuah kota pasar yang terletak di lingkaran segitiga antara Semarang, Solo, dan Jogjakarta. Permasalahan yang dihadapi Ambarawa pada sistem perkotaan adalah kurang optimalnya bentuk dan peran masyarakat dan swasta dalam penataan dan pengelolaan perkotaan, salah satunya adalah pengelolaan sampah perkotaan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui bagaimana swasta dan masyarakat berperan dalam pengelolaan sampah perkotaan, khususnya pada perkotaan kecil di Jawa Tengah, dengan studi kasus kawasan Kupang Kidul, Kota Ambarawa. Terdapat dua sasaran yang akan dicapai yaitu (1) mengidentifikasi siapa aktor dalam pengelolaan sampah di Kota Ambarawa; dan (2)menganalisis bagaimana aktor tersebut berperan dalam pengelolaan sampah di Kota Ambarawa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode campuran (mixed method) antara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan metodologi studi kasus (case study) sebagai strategi penelitian (strategy of inquiry) utama. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi lapangan, wawancara swasta dan masyarakat, kuesioner check-list masyarakat, serta menelaah dokumen dari survei instansi. Sedangkan teknik analisisnya menggunakan statistik dekriptif, dengan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitataif, serta analisis skoring. Hasil observasi mengenai pengelolaan sampah di kawasan Kupang Kidul sudah melibatkan masyarakat dan swasta dalam peranannya. Namun untuk peran swasta masih sangat minim sehingga masyarakat di kawasan Kupang Kidul masih mengalami beberapa kendala dalam pengelolaan sampah khususnya peran sebagai penyedia dana. Selain itu, masih sedikit pihak swasta yang menganggap bahwa sampah di kawasan tersebut perlu untuk dikelola. Pihak swasta yang sudah terlibat masih secara perorangan.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

The seventh annual edition of Spanish Film Screenings took place in the capital on June 18–20, 2012. Intended as the major professional event for the promotion of Spanish film, Madrid de cine (as it is also known) is organized by FAPAE (the producers’ association), ICAA (the film academy), and other bodies including the Madrid tourist authority. Sixty-six foreign buyers and twenty-four representatives of the international press (including your correspondent) were treated to meetings with Spanish sales agents and film crews and screenings of forty-three recent titles. In a uniquely Spanish touch, there was also a padrino, or godfather, for the event. Enrique Urbizu (director of No Rest for the Wicked, the most recent feature to gain the best film award at the Goyas or Spanish Oscars) gave an evocative and informative talk on ‘‘The Light of Madrid’’ high above the city in the tower of the Cibeles Palace. The location was emblematic for more than one reason. While the Cibeles statue in front of the palace is a famous symbol of the city, the huge building itself was recently transformed from central post office to town hall at ruinous expense. Coming as it did just days after Spain was granted a humiliating bailout (known significantly in Spanish as rescate—rescue) by the European Central Bank, Spanish Film Screenings provided a rare opportunity not only to take the commercial pulse of a national cinema, but also to ask what the future of such a mid-sized industry (and nation) might be at a time of unprecedented fiscal crisis. The Spanish case thus holds clues for the future of film elsewhere in Europe and beyond. At first things seemed surprisingly positive. A FAPAE report on 2011 suggested that, out of a total of 199 features made that year (the fourth-highest figure in Europe), the number of titles screened abroad had increased (by twentyone percent), as had the number of countries in which they were seen (by fifteen percent). In Mexico alone distribution had risen to thirty-six titles, higher than ever before. An award was presented to Agustin Almodovar, producer of The Skin I Live In, as the film with greatest international impact: to date it had been sold to forty-two countries and seen by 4.2 million people. In private interview, however, Pedro Perez, the head of the producers’ association, was more cautious. Spanish cinema had always been in crisis; and he hoped that his country, the first to go into recession, would also be the first to come out of it. But there were three new problems. Firstly, a change in the market meant that, in this current transitional period, box-office receipts were down but it was as yet unknown how to monetize new windows such as video-on-demand and Internet (the rate of piracy in Spain remains among the highest in the world). Such uncertainty damaged small businesses like Spanish production companies above all. Secondly, the very visible economic crisis in Spain cast a shadow over the industry. Thirdly, a recent change in government from the Socialists to the right-wing People’s Party had brought with it a shift in funding policy from state subsidies to fiscal incentives. The latter would prove insufficient to fund features, unless they were raised enough to reassure private investors, an initiative that might well be vetoed by the European Union on anti-competition grounds. Enrique Urbizu, Agustin Almodovar, and Pedro Perez at the Spanish Film Screenings awards ceremony Courtesy of FAPAE.

Risk-Reducing Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy and Sexual Health: A Qualitative Study