Private Corporations Research Articles

The Effect of Blockchain Technology in Enhancing Ethical Sourcing and Supply Chain Transparency: Evidence from The Cocoa and Agricultural Sectors in Ghana

This study examines the impact of blockchain technology on ethical sourcing and supply chain transparency in Ghana's cocoa and agriculture industries. Using the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a framework, the study investigates the adoption and influence of blockchain technology on ethical sourcing practices and supply chain transparency. Regression analysis was conducted using data from 153 firms in the agricultural and cocoa sectors to explore the relationships between blockchain technology usage, ethical sourcing, supply chain transparency, adoption of new technologies, and corporate social responsibility. The results highlight the significant influence of blockchain technology adoption on supply chain transparency and ethical sourcing practices in the cocoa and agricultural sectors. Specifically, companies that utilize blockchain technology tend to have more transparent supply chains and are more likely to engage in ethical sourcing compared to those that do not. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that the use of technology, particularly blockchain, is a strong predictor of increased transparency, with positive correlations observed across all industries. These findings illustrate the potential of blockchain technology to enhance ethical sourcing methods and supply chain transparency in Ghana's cocoa and agriculture industries. It is recommended that both public and private corporations consider investing in technology adoption, particularly blockchain technology, as it has the potential to improve ethical sourcing practices.

Bagaimana Mempertahankan Karyawan Berketerampilan Tinggi? Studi Ekstrapolasi Faktor-Faktor Yang Menyebabkan Dosen Meninggalkan Organisasinya

Research aim: This paper discusses the factors that cause lecturers to resign based on an extrapolation study at a private corporate University located in South Tangerang, Banten region, Indonesia owned by a big business group in Jakarta. Methods: The research was conducted using the data from exit interviews that were done by the HR for people who had left the university during 2020-2021 with a total of 25 respondents and the engagement survey result done for people who were still working in 2022 with a total of 109 respondents. Finding: The results showed that the top three main driving factors for lecturer turnover are remuneration, recognition, and work-life balance. Theoretical contribution/Originality: These findings provide an important contribution in the context of human resource management in higher education, refer to Maslow's needs theory, and emphasize the need to pay attention to these factors. Practitioner/Policy implication: The results of the study provide input for decision-makers in universities on how to improve employee engagement that will reduce lecturer turnover. Research limitation: The research is limited due to the scope and information gathered only focusing on University X and it does not take into account the individual situation and consideration.

Work Related Rest-An Employer’s Favour or Employee’s Right? A Perspective of Ghana’s Legal Regime

Work related rest is highly ignored by employers especially in Ghana’s private corporate sector. In a highly competitive job market and scarce job opportunities, employers tend to perceive jobs as favour being made to employees. This perception tends to influence employers to deprive employees of their necessary work-related rest breaks rightfully due them. Such actions by these employers in most cases seem uncontested by employees since they are not privy to their rights to work related rest or tend to apprehend fear that they might lose their jobs in a bid to agitate for their legal rights to rest breaks. Alternatively, an employer may not restrict an employee’s right to rest breaks but rather, employees may tend to ignore their rights to rest especially in the form of annual leave for want of excessive financial gain. This paper highlights provisions on work related rest from Ghana’s Labour Act,2003 (ACT 651) which is a domestic law drawn from the International Labour Organization. The manuscript advances practicality of the sections on rest breaks highlighted by the Labour Act of Ghana by introducing both Ghanaian and Common law cases on rights and obligations of employers and employees in relation to rest breaks in Ghana.

The economic incentive for risk taking in professional partnerships

Professional service firms are common in some areas, in particular auditing and law. They are organized as partnerships, private corporations, or public corporations. This paper discusses the first category of these three. When a partner leaves the partnership, her/his shares are redeemed. Two alternatives for redemption are at book value, the traditional alternative, or at fair market value. By means of a novel discounted dividends model that includes risk taking, it is shown that there may be an economic incentive for risk taking when the redemption value is equal to book value. There may also be an incentive for risk taking when the redemption value is equal to fair market value. However, the level of risk taking in the latter alternative is not higher than the level of risk taking in the former alternative. Switching from book value to fair market value as redemption value is hence suggested as one way to reduce client propensity for litigation. This paper’s incentive for risk taking in a professional partnership has apparently not been noted in the literature.

An Overview of Reporting Practices in Malaysian Foundations

The increasing number of foundations or ‘Yayasan’ provide many advantages to national social, economic, and political development. This paper seeks to identify foundation reporting practices in Malaysia. Since NPOs commonly have multiple accountabilities, this paper also aims to identify the major stakeholders of the foundation. This paper used in-depth face-to-face interviews with the account and administrative managers of 4 foundations in Malaysia and a document review were developed to collect data. The findings indicated that the foundations in Malaysia vary in legal forms: state-owned, state-religious council-owned, private independent, and private corporation. The reporting practices also followed the legal forms on which the foundation was established to. It is suggested to have specific reporting guidelines and monitoring by the authorities to allow comparability and enhance transparency among the NPOs, especially the foundation.

Price of Mobility

This research paper explores the origins of the border industrial complex, current American policies supported by private corporations regarding border infrastructure, and the impact of these policies on Central American asylum seekers. My investigation draws from critical border studies literature on the existence of borders as political tools as opposed to ‘neutral lines’ demarcating sovereignty, interrogating how border policies fuel the neoliberal economy. Given this background, I examine the commercialization of human mobility using border policies at the U.S.-Mexico border as a case study. The question at the core of my investigation is: to what extent does corporate investment in U.S-Mexico border militarization obstruct protection for Central American migrants seeking asylum in the United States? In response, I argue that the issue of corporate involvement in U.S. border policy is important to examine because of how it impedes the implementation of progressive immigration policy by centering the border security market, and decentering human rights. More specifically, I contend that border violence as funded by corporate investment in state bordering becomes a way of maintaining racial hierarchy through movement and citizenship restrictions against racialized migrants from the Global South.

Making the China Data Valley – The National Integrated Big Data Centre System and Local Governance

As a core part of the New Infrastructure Project, China officially launched the National Integrated Big Data Centre System (NIBDCS) in 2022. As part of the “West Computes Data for East” initiative, the NBDCS is a national digital governing infrastructure that includes eight National Data Hubs hosted by ten National Data Centre Clusters. This article examines the Guizhou Hub – one of the earliest established National Data Hubs and where China’s first National Big Data Pilot Zone is located. The research takes an infrastructural perspective and reveals how contingent alignments, including the central state’s initiatives, local government’s role, and corporations like Apple and Alibaba, have come to negotiate, collaborate, and compromise in sustainable arrangements, and eventually bring about Guizhou Hub. The research shows that the grand strategies envisioned and supported by the central state are not enough; localising technological infrastructures requires key local leaders with business and political networks, and mechanisms of state–commercial complexes where intimate partnerships among governmental entities, state-owned enterprises, and private corporations are established, and mutual interests are achieved. This process is conditioned by a “frame of locality” and requires scholarly attention to a local perspective of infrastructural developments.

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility and Emotional Intelligence Towards Effective Management: Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia

In today’s fast-paced business world, companies are experiencing rapid changes and fierce competition, where Social and Environmental Responsibility needs to be prioritized for good management practices. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) have become increasingly important in management. However, there is a shortage of research that scientifically explores how these two elements interact, particularly within Saudi Arabia’s private corporate sector. To fill the gap, this research aims to examine the relationship between CSR, EI and effective management in the private corporate sector and its impact on organizational performance, on any possible mediating or moderating factors. An online survey with 200 respondents (employers and managers of the business sector) was conducted and analyzed using SPSS along with factor analysis to extract latent factors from the observed variables. The findings revealed that both EI and CSR have a significant positive impact on effective management. At the same time, CSR and EI emerged as stronger predictor of effective management. These results highlight the importance of fostering EI and integrating CSR initiatives to enhance managerial effectiveness in organizations, leading to long-term sustainability with a positive impact on the community.

Private Equity Investment and Corporate Technological Innovation: An Empirical Examination Based on Chinese Mainboard-listed High-Tech

Technological innovation is very important to the growth and success of an enterprise, which greatly affects its market competitiveness. There are many known factors that affect the technological innovation of enterprises, and private equity investment is one of the important but often neglected factors. As a country with relatively developed finance, China's laws and systems related to private equity investment are relatively sound. Based on a large number of sample data of high-tech enterprises listed on the main board of China in 2012-2022, this paper studies the influence of private equity investment on technological innovation of enterprises. This paper finds that private equity investment has an obvious positive effect on enterprise technological innovation, and the effect of private equity investment on innovation shows certain differences due to different types of enterprises, which is embodied in the fact that state-owned enterprises or smaller enterprises are more sensitive to private equity investment. The research has both theoretical and practical significance, and can provide some help and suggestions for enterprises and the government in making decisions related to private placement.

The Impact of Globalization on Third World Countries

The impact of globalization on the nations of the world especially third-world countries brings along with it the myriad of problems associated with globalization. The colonial partition of most countries of the third world especially Africa as well as the development of technology and the provision of capital for use in foreign countries by private corporations have all contributed to the development of globalization. At the same time, it may be argued that the global economy passed a series of changes in virtually all areas of human endeavour. Developed countries are now championing globalization to access the untapped resources of developing Third World countries.

Management of Green Open Spaces in the Malang City Region, Indonesia

Based on Malang City Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2011 concerning Regional Spatial Planning in Malang City, regulations have been regulated regarding the existence, management, and availability of green open space in Malang City as an ecological balance in the Malang City area. However, this policy has only partially influenced green open space development, especially city parks. So currently, the Malang City government is managing and revitalizing several green open spaces (RTH) areas and city parks; even though they need to be improved, such funding problems hamper them. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The research location was carried out at the Malang City Environmental Service. The data sources are primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. For data analysis techniques in this research, we use techniques from Miles and Huberman, namely data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and data verification. The research results explain that budget problems have resulted in managing green open spaces limited to maintenance activities. This can be seen from indicators in policy implementation, which include the communication factor, namely the clarity of policy orders from the city government to the implementing organization, even though there has been no form of socialization to the public. The next factor is resources in the form of limited regional income and expenditure budgets, limiting the management of green open spaces. The third factor is good cooperation and coordination between related areas and regional apparatus organizations from within and outside the organization, such as the private sector or corporate social responsibility (CSR).Fourth, the bureaucratic structure, namely the organizational structure, the appropriate division of tasks and functions, and standard operational procedures have been implemented in green open space for the environmental service.

Supply Chain Information Disclosure: Costs and Benefits of Public and Private Corporate Communication

Supply Chain Information Disclosure: Costs and Benefits of Public and Private Corporate Communication

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ТУРИЗМ ЯПОНІЇ ПОЧАТКУ ХХI СТОЛІТТЯ

Object. Investigation of the main factors of Japans success on the international tourism market on the XXI century. Methodic. Analysis of: tourism enterprise private corporate groups activity on the international tourism business and functioning of hotels chains; illustrating the harmonious influence of national culture and mentality on the international tourism and importance of use of Economic Power and Soft Power on the international traveling making. Results. Comprehend that: "break through" of Japan on the world international tourism market are providing a) by action of strong private corporate groups (KEIRETSU – tipe), b) and accomodation - by the hotels chains based mainly on the national capital. At that, main attractivity factors for the foreign visitors - is an culture and mentality of Japanese nation and the image of harmoniously formed regional tourism destinations of the Japanese country. Novelties. First time. Investigated specific action of "East-Asian model of economy" on the case of international tourism. Significance. Experience of Japan on international tourism business organization must take into consideration on the making international tourism business in Ukraine .

기술신탁의 법경제적 분석에 관한 연구

Trust is a system derived from Common law, but it is widely used in Civil law countries, and technology trust can be said to be of great significance as a system that can maximize the economic utility of the trust system. In this study, based on the legal structure of technology trust, an economic analysis of the internal relationship of technology trust and technology trust management institutions was attempted to discuss how technology trust achieves efficiency. The summary of the contents is as follows. First of all, it was discussed that technology trust imposes fiduciary duty on the trustee to solve the problem of agency and transaction costs. The fiduciary duty of the existing trust law is applied as it is to technology trust, and in addition, the fiduciary duty is incorporated into contracts to reduce transaction costs. It was explained that since the fiduciary duty is a standard, not a rule, and costs are incurred, judicial costs are being reduced through sub-standards that specify the contents of the fiduciary duty. Regarding the restrictions on the participation of commercial corporations by technology trust management institutions, it was explained that the participation of private corporations increases the economic utility of society as a whole. It was presented based on the fact that existing trust companies are unlikely to handle technology trust business, that the scope of business activities of technology trust management business has expanded, which has increased the incentives for for-profit corporations to participate in the market, and that participation of for-profit corporations can contribute to increasing social welfare from a legal and economic perspective. Lastly, in relation to the non-dispute obligation imposed by the contract between the technology trust management institution and the licensee, it was reviewed whether the person concerned in the request for invalidation trial of the prior licensee was reviewed. Since the technology trust management institution is the least cost avoider compared to the licensee, the licenseeʼs request for invalidation trial can be justified. A request for invalidation trial by a licensee is a case in which a legal act is invalidated by applying the inalienability rule, and it can be said that the license contract itself is highly likely to create an external effect to a third party. Even if there is a non-dispute agreement in terms of the welfare of society as a whole, if this cannot be justified in terms of external effects, the licensee can claim for invalidation despite the non-dispute agreement. The criterion for determining the legitimacy of a non-dispute agreement is the case where transaction costs are minimized, and it is judged that the transaction costs can be minimized by leaving it to the judgment of the court.

Have credit risk mitigation warrants eased the difficulty and expensive of financing for private enterprises?

ABSTRACT The Credit Risk Mitigation Warrants (CRMW), as the primary tools for supporting bond financing for Chinese private enterprises, have the capacity to guide the market in reducing risk concerns associated with private enterprises and alleviating their financing challenges. Consequently, CRMW has garnered sustained attention and support within the bond market. Few empirical studies have analyzed the effects of CRMW on private enterprise bonds in the Chinese market. Using a sample of 1,171 bonds issued by 210 private firms between 2018 and 2020, we conducted an empirical analysis to examine CRMW’s effect on the enthusiasm for private enterprise bond subscriptions and issuance costs. We find that private enterprises issuing bonds with CRMW can significantly increase the enthusiasm for bond subscriptions. CRMW’s effects in expanding such enthusiasm are more evident among high-rated private enterprises. The CRMW is more effective in non-listed, smaller-asset enterprises, while the effects of reducing bond issuance costs are more significant in lower-rated private enterprises. This study provides precise empirical evidence for lowering the difficulty of private corporate bond financing for CRMW. The study also addresses the debate in existing literature regarding whether CRMW reduces the cost of debt financing for private enterprises, and provides references for policy improvements related to CRMW.

Panacea for M&A dealmaking? Investor perceptions of earnouts

We survey 129 investors from private equity firms, investment banks, corporate M&A and other M&A-related roles about their perception of earnouts. The results indicate that earnouts are applied to reduce information asymmetries and to bridge negative agreement zones in transactions. While these findings are largely aligned with the academic perspectives, we reveal several discrepancies to existing theory with respect to motives, valuation and associated costs. This is the first study that incorporates the view of M&A professionals and thus attempts to bridge the gap between academics and professionals. In addition, it provides impulses for further academic work on earnouts.

Land Ownership in Cameroon: An Overview

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to thoroughly examine land ownership in Cameroon, focusing on the legal classification of land, the legal and institutional framework governing land registration, and the procedures for obtaining a land certificate.
 Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative research approach, emphasizing content analysis of relevant data. It involves a detailed examination of legal documents, policies, and case studies related to land ownership in Cameroon.
 Findings: The findings reveal a diverse array of land forms in Cameroon, highlighting a comprehensive legal framework for land acquisition. However, discrepancies exist in the implementation of these laws, leading to conflicts and uncertainties in land ownership. The study identifies a significant gap in land title formalization, with many landowners relying on informal agreements or deeds of conveyance as proof of ownership. Furthermore, the findings suggest the need for further research into the intersection of ethnicity, land ownership, and the role of private corporations in land disputes.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of land ownership in a post-colonial African context, specifically examining the complexities in Cameroon. It offers practical insights for policymakers, legal practitioners, and landowners on the challenges and potential solutions in the land registration process. The study strongly recommends a revision of the existing land laws in Cameroon to align with contemporary realities and address the identified challenges.

Analisis Kebijakan Restorasi Ekosistem Gambut di Indonesia dengan Discourse Network Analysis

After the forest fires in 2014-2016, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) placed the restoration of the peatland ecosystem (RPE) as one of its priority policies in the environmental sector. This study seeks to analyze RPE in Indonesia using a discourse network analysis approach. Researchers utilize Twitter as primary research data. This data was processed with R, rDNA, and Gephi. Researchers found three network patterns that are connected to RPE efforts in Indonesia. First, affiliate networks connect actors and the concepts voiced by the actors. This network involves various actors such as government institutions, civil society organizations, private corporations, universities, research institutes, foreign governments, international organizations, and local citizens. The dominant concept in the affiliate network is peatland restoration and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Second, the actor congruence network assigns Mangrove and Peatland Restoration Agency (Badan Restorasi Gambut dan Mangrove or BRGM) as the dominant and central actors. However, some actors are not connected to the core network and create separate sub-groups. Third, a network of conflicts between actors involving four conflict themes: Government Regulation Number 57/2016 concerning Amendments to Government Regulation Number 71/2014 on Protection and Management of Peatland Ecosystems, peatland conversion, horizontal conflicts between the local community and plantation corporations, and prevention and law enforcement related to forest fires. The researcher recommends BRGM to: (a) strengthen collaborative practices with the various parties involved in RPE; (b) beware in converting peatland so it does not damage the peatland ecosystem landscape; (c) integrate community conflicts with plantation corporations as part of the RPE agenda in Indonesia. The researcher also recommends NGO activists in Indonesia who care about peatlands to continue monitoring and criticizing the RPE process in Indonesia, and fight for local community groups that have been marginalized by the RPE process. Researchers also encourage plantation corporations, both oil palm plantations and industrial timber plantations, to jointly guard RPE in Indonesia by not opening up new land as part of the actual contribution of the Indonesian people to climate change adaptation and mitigation.

Private sanctions

SUMMARY We survey a representative sample of the US population to understand stakeholders’ desire to see their firms leave Russia after the invasion of Ukraine. Only 37% of the respondents think that leaving Russia is a pure business decision, and only 30% think that sanctions are a pure matter for the government. If a firm does not conform to the desire to leave Russia, 66% of the respondents are willing to boycott it (exit). We randomize a (hypothetical) cost of exiting the firm. This cost has a strong effect on the stated propensity to exit. This sensitivity allows us to provide a natural $ equivalent of moral motivations for exiting. We try to distinguish deontological and impact-related motives to exit, by randomizing beliefs about the impact on the firm. We find a clear effect of impact for shareholders, but not for consumers and employees. Our results continue to hold on the subsample of participants who actually donate part of their survey compensation to Ukraine. In our survey, consumers emerge as the most powerful force to control the morality of firms. We discuss the geopolitical and economic implications of a world where private corporations can discontinue profitable business relationships for moral or political reasons.

Global yield from aquaculture systems

AbstractAquaculture is expected to expand significantly in the coming decades to meet growing demand. A key variable for understanding the potential benefit of and impact from this growth is efficiency; yet a comprehensive assessment of on‐farm area use and yield is limited. Much like land‐based agriculture, range and variation in yields across space, species, and practice provide insights into area use and production efficiencies. Current estimates of aquaculture yields (production per area per time) aggregate on‐farm and off‐farm land use into one ‘land use’ category; in contrast, we disaggregate this category to provide on‐farm yield estimates and account for water area use. We use a quantitative review of scientific literature to synthesize and compare on‐farm area use and yield patterns across countries, taxa, aquatic systems, data source, and production mode (n = 378). Because recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have been touted as a particularly efficient production mode, we also found estimates for RAS from industry (n = 4). Median, mean and range in yields among countries and taxa vary by orders of magnitude, with algal production greatly exceeding that of crustaceans, fishes and molluscs. Yields in marine systems were on average roughly 5× greater than yields in freshwater systems. RAS had particularly high yields but sparse data and estimates from private corporations were approximately 3.7× higher than literature estimates, on average. This comprehensive assessment of global aquaculture yields offers critical insight into the production efficiencies of different aquaculture forms and the large amount of variability, which could help guide aquaculture policy and practice.