Pristine Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Research Articles

COMPARISON OF OXIDIZED CARBON NANOTUBES EFFICIENCIES FOR BENZENE AND TOLUENE REMOVAL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used as adsorbent in environmental treatment, especially for pollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The purpose of this work is to develop materials based on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for Benzene and Toluene removal. This will exploit adsorption propertiesof modified MWCNTS for Benzene and Toluene. In the first study, adsorption capacity of pristine MWCNTs to Benzene and Toluene in aqueous solution was investigated through isotherm study. The qe values of CNTs for Benzene and Toluene were 45,5 mg.g-1 and 56.3 mg.g-1, respectively and a contact time of 120 min. The modification of three oxidized MWCNTs were performed with acid solution (HNO3/H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The modified MWCNTs materials (CNT-COOH,CNT-NaOCl,CNT-H2O2) were characterized by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effects of functional groups on the MWCNTs on the adsorption capacity of Benzene, Toluene in aqueous solution were studied and compared to pristine MWCNTs. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of adsorption was significantly enhanced with oxidized CNTs, and following the order CNTs-NaOCl > CNTs-H2O2> CNTs-H2SO4> pristine CNTs.

Hydrogen uptake of manganese oxide-multiwalled carbon nanotube composites

Abstract Hydrogen uptake of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes is increased more than three-fold at 298 K and hydrogen pressure of 4.0 MPa, upon addition of hydrogen spillover catalyst manganese oxide, from 0.26 to 0.94 wt%. Simple and convenient in situ reduction method is used to prepare Mn-oxide/MWCNTs composite. XRD, FESEM, and TEM demonstrates nanostructural characterization of pristine MWCNTs and composite. TGA analysis of Mn-oxide/MWCNTs composites showed a single monotonous fall related to MWCNTs gasification. Enhancement of hydrogen storage capacity of composite is attributed to spillover mechanism owing to decoration of Mn-oxide nanoparticles on outer surface of MWCNTs. Hydrogen uptake follows monotonous dependence on hydrogen pressure. Oxide-MWCNTs composite not only shows high hydrogen storage capacity as compared to pristine, but also exhibit significant cyclic stability upon successive adsorption–desorption cycles.

Synergistic effect of iron diselenide decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes for enhanced heterogeneous electron transfer and electrochemical hydrogen evolution

Iron diselenide (FeSe2) has been of recent interest as a potentially useful electrode material. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the synergistic effect between multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and FeSe2 in a form of MWCNT/FeSe2 composite, for the heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) reaction with the [Ru(NH3)6]3+/2+ redox probe and the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media. Plain FeSe2 and the MWCNT/FeSe2 composite were synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method. Although all electrode materials (pristine MWCNT, FeSe2, and MWCNT/FeSe2) show a quasi-reversible electrode behavior, MWCNT/FeSe2 has a smaller peak separation potential and exhibits an enhanced HET rate constant, k0 = 5.4 × 10−3 cm/s, which is 3.2 and 1.6 times higher than that of FeSe2 and MWCNT, respectively. Similarly, the HER performance of the composite demonstrates a smaller Tafel slope of 70 mV/dec and a reduced overpotential. We anticipate that such promising outcome can be further improved by employing different morphologies of FeSe2 and engineered interaction with other conductive supports suitable for their applications in electrochemical sensing and energy conversion.

Metal nanoparticles by doping carbon nanotubes improved the sorption of perfluorooctanoic acid

Due to considerable application of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its refractory degradation, the widespread distribution of PFOA has already resulted in its’ risks to environment and organisms. However, the intrinsic characteristic of pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) limited their application for removing PFOA from aqueous medium. Therefore, three nano-metals (nano-crystalline iron, copper and zinc) grafted MWCNTs were synthesized and characterized by BET-N2, TEM, FTIR, XPS and XRD as well as MWCNTs (as the control treatment) in this study. The results showed that nano metals were well grafted on the surface of MWCNTs. Adsorption were investigated by using radioactive labeled PFOA (14C-PFOA) to quantify the trace PFOA. Adsorption kinetics showed the adsorption of PFOA on the metal doped MWCNTs (MDCNTs) was controlled by intra-particle diffusion. Adsorption isotherms showed the sorption amounts on the MDCNTs were higher than the control. This attributed much to the hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction and the formation of the inner sphere complexes. Ionic strength (0-100 mM) and ionic species (Ca2+) had little effects on the sorption of MDCNTs. PFOA adsorption on MDCNTs strongly depended on pH value in the medium. These results provide an innovative approach for removing trace PFOA from liquid medium.

Combined toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and benzo [a] pyrene in human epithelial lung cells

Combined exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and air contaminants such as benzo [a] pyrene (BaP) in ambient air is unavoidable. In this study, the toxicity of co-exposure to pristine-MWCNTs (P-MWCNTs) and BaP and co-exposure to functionalized-MWCNTs (F-MWCNTs) and BaP were investigated in the A549 lung cells. Combined toxicity demonstrated that co-exposure to P-MWCNTs and BaP had an additive and a synergistic effect through cell viability and ROS generation, respectively. Moreover, our findings indicated that co-exposure to F-MWCNTs and BaP had a slight antagonistic effect on both cell viability and generation of ROS. The results of this study revealed that MWCNTs can alter the toxicity of contaminants such as BaP in the co-exposure situations.

Study of distribution of Carbon nanotube in Al-CNT nanocomposite synthesized via Spark-Plasma sintering

In the present study, first ever attempt has been made to develop physically functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced Al-11 5Si alloy nanocomposites synthesized via novel consolidation technique viz spark plasma sintering (SPS). There is a recent trend in employing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), an allotrope of carbon, as reinforcement for high strength structural metallic composite materials, as these cylindrical nano-fibers poses extremely unique mechanical properties such as very high elastic modulus (~ 300 GPa to 1.5 TPa) as well as tensile strength (~150 GPa). However, it has remained as an ever-existing problem to achieve a porosity-free nanocrystalline matrix with homogenously dispersed CNTs, owing to the very high coagulation tendency of CNTs. The gas-atomized, spherical Al-11.5Si alloy powders (1-8 μm) were subjected to high energy ball milling for the purpose of achieving nanocrystallinity in the powders. The improvement in MWCNT dispersion was effort by treating the MWCNTs with a physical surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The nano-grained ball-milled Al-Si powders with varying MWCNT content (0.5 and 1 wt%) were consolidated via spark plasma sintering in order to retain the nano-sized grains in the Al-Si matrix, attributed to the faster and highly effective sintering kinetics of the sintering techniques. FESEM study shows problem of MWCNT agglomeration persists by addition of non-SDS treated as pristine MWCNT in the composite. After treated with SDS, MWCNTs are well separated out from each other and as a result of that good morphological and mechanical property such as high hardness value obtained after analysis. Detailed TEM study of the 0.5wt% MWCNT reinforced SPS nanocomposite revealed that the distribution of CNTs in the matrix. Mechanical analysis study of the nanocomposite attributes higher hardness in case of SDS treated CNT reinforced nanocomposite owing to less agglomeration problem of the CNT in the matrix. Nano-tribological data attributed variation of surface roughness after consolidated by SPS.

Effects of Chemical Functionalization of MWCNTs on the Structural and Physical Properties of Elastomeric Copolyetherester-based Composite Fibers

Elastomeric copolyetherester (CPEE)-based composite fibers incorporating various neat and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared through a conventional wet-spinning and coagulation process. The influence of functionalized MWCNTs on the morphological features, and the thermal, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of CPEE/MWCNT (80/20, w/w) composite fibers were investigated. FE-SEM images show that a composite fiber containing poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized MWCNTs (MWCNT-PEG) has a relatively smooth surface owing to the good dispersion of MWCNT-PEGs within the fiber, whereas composite fibers including pristine MWCNTs (p-MWCNT), acid-functionalized MWCNTs (a-MWCNT), and ethylene glycol-modified MWCNTs (MWCNT-EG) have quite a rough surface morphology owing to the presence of MWCNT aggregates. As a result, the CPEE/MWCNT-PEG composite fiber exhibits noticeably increased thermal and tensile mechanical properties as well as a faster crystallization behavior, which stems from an enhanced interfacial interaction between the CPEE matrix and MWCNT-PEGs.

Immobilization of cross-linked tannase enzyme on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and its catalytic behavior

ABSTRACTImmobilization of cross-linked tannase on pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) was successfully performed. Cross-linking of tannase molecules was made through glutaraldehyde. The immobilized tannase exhibited significantly improved pH, thermal, and recycling stability. The optimal pH for both free and immobilized tannase was observed at pH 5.0 with optimal operating temperature at 30°C. Moreover, immobilized enzyme retained greater biocatalytic activities upon 10 repeated uses compared to free enzyme in solution. Immobilization of tannase was accomplished by strong hydrophobic interaction most likely between hydrophobic amino acid moieties of the glutaraldehyde-cross-linked tannase to the MWCNT.

Flame Retardant Effect of Nano Fillers on Polydimethylsiloxane Composites.

Polydimethylsiloxane has exceptional fire retardancy characteristics, which make it a popular polymer in flame retardancy applications. Flame retardancy of polydimethylsiloxane with different nano fillers was studied. Polydimethylsiloxane composite fire property varies because of the shape, size, density, and chemical nature of nano fillers. In house made carbon and bismuth oxide nano fillers were used in polydimethylsiloxane composite. Carbon from biochar (carbonised bamboo) and a carbon by-product (carbon soot) were selected. For comparative study of nano fillers, standard commercial multiwall carbon nano tubes (functionalised, graphitised and pristine) as nano fillers were selected. Nano fillers in polydimethylsiloxane positively affects their fire retardant properties such as total smoke release, peak heat release rate, and time to ignition. Charring and surface ceramization are the main reasons for such improvement. Nano fillers in polydimethylsiloxane may affect the thermal mobility of polymer chains, which can directly affect the time to ignition. The study concludes that the addition of pristine multiwall carbon nano tubes and bismuth oxide nano particles as filler in polydimethylsiloxane composite improves the fire retardant property.

Development and Characterization of Novel Conductive Nanofiller Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Grafted with Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)

In the present study, an approach for the graft polymerization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) has been evaluated. The surface of the MWCNTs was activated with thiophene groups through the amide linker followed by oxidative polymerization of EDOT monomer resulted in the development of PEDOT-g-MWCNTs. The methods of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy were used for characterization of functionalization efficiency. The TGA data indicated of 21% functionalization attached to MWCNTs. X-ray fluorescence confirmed the presence of Cl, and S atoms in functionalized fillers. The study of Raman spectra confirmed the presence of PEDOT groups attributed to most characteristic signal at 1400-1500 cm-1 region. The electrical conductivity for both pristine MWCNT and PEDOT-g-MWCNT powder materials was compared.

Nanoparticle-Guided Biomolecule Delivery for Transgene Expression and Gene Silencing in Mature Plants

Genetic engineering of plants is at the core of environmental sustainability efforts, natural product synthesis of pharmaceuticals, and agricultural crop engineering to meet the needs of a growing population and changing global climate. The physical barrier presented by the cell wall has limited the ease and throughput with which exogenous biomolecules can be delivered to plants. Current techniques suffer from host range limitations, low transformation efficiencies, toxicity, and unavoidable DNA integration into the host genome. The central aim of our research is to bring plant science up to speed with modern genome editing biology. Herein, we demonstrate efficient diffusion-based plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivery into two species of mature plants with a suite of pristine and chemically-functionalized high aspect ratio nanomaterials. Efficient DNA delivery and strong transient protein expression is accomplished in mature Eruca sativa (arugula) leaves with covalently-functionalized or pristine single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, with efficiencies comparable to agrobacterium. We also demonstrate nanotube-based transient protein expression in cell wall-free arugula protoplasts with 85% transformation efficiency. Lastly, we demonstrate a second nanoparticle-based strategy in which siRNA is delivered and activated in the Nicotiana benthamiana plant cell cytosol, effectively silencing a gene with 95% efficiency. Our work provides a promising tool for species-independent, targeted, and passive delivery of genetic material, without transgene integration, into plant cells for rapid and parallelizable testing of plant genotype-phenotype relationships.

Structural and Optical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified by DBD Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure

Structure, chemical, and physical properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) after modification by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) at atmospheric pressure is investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Raman and Uv-vis-NIR spectroscopy. Effects of plasma treatment time on MWCNTs are analyzed. TEM result shows that during the short period of plasma treatment time of 5 minutes, the tube surface experienced a few damages. With increase in plasma treatment time, the tube surface is damaged to a certain extent. Intensity ratio, ID/IG through Raman analysis shows a good agreement with TEM. The values of ID/IG of the modified MWCNTs are larger than those of pristine MWCNTs. An increase of ID/IG indicates that considerable defects are produced on the surfaces of MWCNTs. The treated MWCNTs has energy band gap compared to zero band gap of untreated MWCNTs. It is believed that the defect site of MWCNTs can modify the electronics properties of MWCNTs from being metallic to semiconducting structure, which is applicable for almost all electronics device applications.

Enhancement of CNT-based filters efficiency by ion beam irradiation

It is shown in the report that disorder produced by ion beam irradiation can enhance the functionality of the carbon nanotubes. The filters of pressed multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were irradiated by He+ ions of the energy E = 80keV with the fluence 2 × 1016ion/cm2. The removal of manganese from aqueous solutions by using pristine and ion beam irradiated MWNTs filters was studied as a function of pH, initial concentration of manganese in aqueous solution, MWNT mass and contact time. The filters before and after filtration were characterized by Raman (RS) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques to investigate the deposition content in the filter and defect formation in the MWNTs. The irradiated samples showed an enhancement of removal efficiency of manganese up to 97.5% for 10ppm Mn concentration, suggesting that irradiated MWNT filter is a better Mn adsorbent from aqueous solutions than the pristine one. Radiation-induced chemical functionalization of MWNTs due to ion beam irradiation, suggesting that complexation between the irradiated MWNTs and manganese ions is another mechanism. This conclusion is supported by EDS and RS and is correlated with a larger disorder in the irradiated samples as follows from RS. The study demonstrates that ion beam irradiation is a promising tool to enhance the filtration efficiency of MWNT filters.

Sensitivity Enhancement of Benzene Sensor Using Ethyl Cellulose-Coated Surface-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes

A hybrid sensor based on the integration of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with ethyl cellulose (EC) was fabricated for sensitivity enhancement of benzene detection. To functionalize the surface of MWCNTs, MWCNTs were treated with hydrochloric acid for 60 min (A60-MWCNTs), while other MWCNTs were treated with oxygen plasma for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min (P30-MWCNTs, P60-MWCNTs, P90-MWCNTs, and P120-MWCNTs, resp.). Pristine MWCNTs, A-MWCNTs, and P-MWCNTs were dispersed in 1,2-dichloroethane, then dropped onto a printed circuit board consisting of Cu/Au electrodes used as the sensor platform. Next, EC was separately spin coated on the pristine MWCNTs, A-MWCNTs, and P-MWCNTs (EC/MWCNTs, EC/A-MWCNTs, and EC/P-MWCNTs, resp.). All sensors responded to benzene vapor at room temperature by increasing their electrical resistance which was sensitive to benzene vapor. The EC/P90-MWCNTs enabled an approximately 11-fold improvement in benzene detection compared to EC/MWCNTs. The sensitivity of all sensors would be attributed to the swelling of EC, resulting in the loosening of the MWCNT network after benzene vapor exposure. The differences of the sensing responses of the EC/MWCNTs, EC/A-MWCNTs, and EC/P-MWCNTs would be ascribed to the differences in crystallinity and functionalization of MWCNT sidewalls, suggesting that acid and oxygen plasma treatments of MWCNTs would be promising techniques for the improvement of benzene detection.

Variability Study of MWCNT Local Interconnects Considering Defects and Contact Resistances--Part I: Pristine MWCNT

In this paper, an enhanced compact model of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) interconnects while considering defects and contact resistance is proposed. Based on the atomistic-level simulations, we have found that defect densities impact MWCNT resistance and ultimately their electrical performance. Furthermore, we have computed by atomistic-level simulations, the end-contact resistance between single-wall carbon nanotube and palladium (Pd) electrode to mimic the Pd–CNT end-contact resistance of each CNT shell in MWCNT. We have developed an advanced shell-by-shell model to include various parameters, such as shell diameter, shell chirality, defects on each shell, and connectivity of each shell to end contacts. We run Monte Carlo simulations to perform variability studies on each of these parameters to understand the electrical performance variation on MWCNT interconnects. We present the simulation results to convey the critical impact of variations. The impact of doping on MWCNT variability in the form of Fermi level shift will be addressed in Part II of this paper.

Effect Dispersibility of MWCNT on the Mechanical and Tribological Performance of Polymer Nanocomposite Coating

To utilize MWCNTs as influential reinforcement in polymer composites, reasonable dispersion and a satisfactory interfacial bond between the MWCNTs and polymer matrix must be ensured. The chemical modification of carbon nanotube surface (CNTs) could enhance their chemical compatibility and dispersibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, polymer matrix composites reinforced by pristine MWCNT and MWCNT grafted PMMA (CNTPMMA) were prepared. A comparative study executed to analyze the impact of MWCNT dispersion on the mechanical and tribological performance of the resultant polymer nanocomposite coating. The results showed that the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the base polymeric material was improved after being grafted with polymethyl meth acrylate chains, and thus improved their mechanical and tribological performance in the composite coatings.

Biodegradable multi-walled carbon nanotubes trigger anti-tumoral effects.

Carbon nanotubes are of huge biotechnological interest because they can penetrate most biological barriers and, inside cells, can biomimetically interact with the cytoskeletal filaments, triggering anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects in highly dividing cells. Unfortunately, their intrinsic properties and bio-persistence represent a putative hazard that relapses their application as therapies against cancer. Here we investigate mild oxidation treatments to improve the intracellular enzymatic digestion of MWCNTs, but preserving their morphology, responsible for their intrinsic cytotoxic properties. Cell imaging techniques and confocal Raman spectroscopic signature analysis revealed that cultured macrophages can degrade bundles of oxidized MWCNTs (o-MWCNTs) in a few days. The isolation of nanotubes from these phagocytes 96 hours after exposure confirmed a significant reduction of approximately 30% in the total length of these filaments compared to the control o-MWCNTs extracted from the cell culture medium, or the intracellular pristine MWCNTs. More interestingly, in vivo single intratumoral injections of o-MWCNTs triggered ca. 30% solid melanoma tumour growth-inhibitory effects while displaying significant signs of biodegradation at the tumoral/peri-tumoral tissues a week after the therapy has had the effect. These results support the potential use of o-MWCNTs as antitumoral agents and reveal interesting clues of how to enhance the efficient clearance of in vivo carbon nanotubes.

Hybrid Composite Using Natural Filler and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)

This paper presents an experimental study on the development of hybrid composites comprising of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and natural filler (oil palm shell (OPS) powder) within unsaturated polyester (UP) matrix. The results revealed that the dispersion of pristine MWCNTs in the polymer matrix was strongly enhanced through use of the solvent mixing method assisted by ultrasonication. Four different solvents were investigated, namely, ethanol, methanol, styrene and acetone. The best compatibility with minimum side effects on the curing of the polyester resin was exhibited by the styrene solvent and this produced the maximum tensile and flexural properties of the resulting nanocomposites. A relatively small amount of pristine MWCNTs well dispersed within the natural filler polyester composite was found to be capable of improving mechanical properties of hybrid composite. However, increasing the MWCNT amount resulted in increased void content within the matrix due to an associated rapid increase in viscosity of the mixture during processing. Due to this phenomenon, the maximum tensile and flexural strengths of the hybrid composites were achieved at MWCNT contents of 0.2 to 0.4 phr and then declined for higher MWCNT amounts. The flexural modulus also experienced its peak at 0.4 phr MWCNT content whereas the tensile modulus exhibited a general decrease with increasing MWCNT content. Thermal stability analysis using TGA under an oxidative atmosphere showed that adding MWCNTs shifted the endset degradation temperature of the hybrid composite to a higher temperature.

Graphene oxide-assisted dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in biodegradable Poly(ε-caprolactone) for mechanical and electrically conductive enhancement

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are known for improving the mechanical and electrical properties of polymers. The dispersion state of MWCNTs in the polymer matrix is critical for the fabrication of high-performance nanocomposites. Here, we show a simple strategy for tuning the dispersion state of MWCNTs in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) via graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and to further balance electrical and mechanical properties of the PCL/MWCNT nanocomposites. The strong π-π interactions between MWCNTs and GO nanosheets lead to easy adsorption of MWCNTs on GO nanosheet surfaces to form GO/MWCNT hybrids that retard the aggregation of MWCNTs in PCL. Furthermore, the GO/MWCNT ratio could also affect the dispersion of GO/MWCNT hybrids in PCL. Three different dispersion states of MWCNTs were found in the PCL matrix, i.e. PCL/MWCNT, PCL/GO/MWCNT (1/4) and PCL/GO/MWCNT (2/1) nanocomposites that represented severe, low and almost no aggregation of MWCNTs, respectively. The GO/MWCNT hybrids with a 2/1 ratio showed better dispersion in PCL matrix than the hybrids with a 1/4 ratio and pristine MWCNTs. The PCL/GO/MWCNT nanocomposites with almost no aggregation of GO/MWCNT (2/1) hybrids exhibited the highest tensile strength and elongation at break in comparison to the PCL/GO/MWCNT (1/4) nanocomposites and PCL/MWCNT nanocomposites. However, the best electrical conductivity was achieved in the PCL/GO/MWCNT (1/4) nanocomposites due to the low aggregation of MWCNTs.

Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes with an Enhanced Antifungal Activity for the Control of Plant Fungal Pathogen.

The addition of surface functional groups to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) expands their application in engineering, materials, and life science. In the study, we explored the antifungal activities of MWCNTs with different surface groups against an important plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium graminearum. All of the OH-, COOH-, and NH2-modified MWCNTs showed enhanced inhibition in spore elongation and germination than the pristine MWCNTs. The length of spores decreased by almost a half from 54.5 μm to 28.3, 27.4, and 29.5 μm, after being treated with 500 μg·mL−1 MWCNTs-COOH, MWCNTs-OH, and MWCNTs-NH2 separately. Furthermore, the spore germination was remarkably inhibited by surface-modified MWCNTs, and the germination rate was only about 18.2%, three times lower than pristine MWCNTs. The possible antifungal mechanism of MWCNTs is also discussed. Given the superior antifungal activity of surface modified MWCNTs and the fact that MWCNTs can be mass-produced with facile surface modification at low cost, it is expected that this carbon nanomaterial may find important applications in plant protection.