Prisoner Of War Camps Research Articles

Camp literature. Introduction

This article includes a terminological discussion regarding the notion of camp literature. Within Polish literary science, it is usually applied to literature raising the topic of German Nazi camps, particularly concentration camps and death camps, and, though less often, to Soviet camps, particularly forced labour camps. Yet the definition has proved to be excessively narrow. It should also cover, previously less studied, works of Polish literature regarding, i.a. the Polish concentration camp in Bereza Kartuska, the communist labour camps established in post-WWII Poland, and the Spanish concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro. The notion camp literature could also be applied to works devoted to internment camps, POW camps, or even ghettoes.

Wojenne losy Heleny Grossówny

Helena Grossówna, one of the most popular prewar Polish actresses, at the peak of her popularity got confronted with wartime. Like most people of art after 1st September 1939 she abandoned hitherto lifestyle and participated in the defense of Warsaw as a nurse and cook but did not become a regular soldier at that time. Together with other professional jobless actors she rendered services as a waitress in a café U Filmowców and occasionally performed on a stage. However, in the third year of war she joined the structures of Polish Underground State and fought in the Warsaw Uprising in Battalion Sokół. Consequently Grossówna got sent to POW camp Gross-Lübars and the latter in Oberlangen. After the camp was released in 1945, she came back to the country to struggle with the reality of Poland ruled by the Communist Party.

Formation of Ukrainian military emigration in Germany (1918-1939)

The formation and circumstances of Ukrainian military emigration in Germany in 1918-1939 are taken into consideration in this article. Ukrainian emigration in Germany between the wars had different origins and diverse character. By origin it can be divided into three groups. The first group consisted of Ukrainian soldiers released from German POW (prisoners of war) camps for the former Russian army, who for various reasons had not returned to Ukraine. The second one included military men of Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State and Galician Army who emigrated to Germany after the defeat of the national liberation struggle of 1917-1921. The third group contained deserters from the Polish army who did not want to serve in the hostile armed forces. The Ukrainian military emigration conventionally included former officers of the Ukrainian army, who were of German origin but born in Ukraine. They went to Austria and Germany for permanent residence, where they maintained contacts with the Ukrainian liberation movement. Former Ukrainian soldiers who lived in Danzig (Gdansk) were in close connection with emigration in Germany. In the interwar period that city had the status of "free", but it was under serious political and economic influence of Germany. In general, military emigration in Germany was not numerous and consolidated. But former Ukrainian soldiers who were there, created separate environments related to their new professional status, different political orientations or participation in military organizations. Some of them, especially officers of the Ukrainian army, rallied around Hetman Pavlo Skoropadski, dictator Ieuhen Petrushevych and Colonel Ieuhen Konovalets, in various ways, were involved in the continuation of Ukrainian national liberation struggle in exile in the interwar period.

Settler Modernity’s Spatial Exceptions: The US POW Camp, Metapolitical Authority, and Ha Jin’s War Trash

This essay provides a critical genealogy of the United States’ militarized relation with China through an analysis of Ha Jin’s novel War Trash . This vexed relation takes form in the novel as a self-described “documentary style” memoir of a Chinese POW who survives the brutality of a UN–US camp during the Korean War. War Trash gestures to the significance of China in the consolidation of the United States as an increasingly militarized national security and permanent warfare state from World War II and into the twenty-first century. Focusing on how the novel renders the POW camp as a particular kind of spatial exception, in which the biopolitical space and the geopolitical territory coconstitute each other, the essay demonstrates how the nexus of US militarism, imperialism, and settler colonialism—an ensemble theorized as settler modernity—in Asia and the Pacific is largely structured and reproduced through such exceptions. War Trash’s rendering of the Korean War POW camp thus generates broader questions about US settler modernity’s attempt to seize metapolitical authority through spatial exceptions extending beyond what became the fifty states (or incorporated territories) constituting the United States in an era when the settler state also becomes a military empire.

Отечественная историография пребывания японских военнопленных на территории Хакасии в 1945—1947 гг.

The domestic historiography of stay of Japanese prisoners of war in the territory of Khakass Autonomous region in 1945-1947 is considered for the first time. The article contains a historiographical analysis of the works of Russian historians, published in the period from 1994 to 2016, which addresses the issues of stay of Japanese prisoners of war on the territory of Khakassia. The author noted the lack of scholarly monographs on Japanese prisoners placed in the Khakass Autonomous region after the second world war. Information on the presence of Japanese prisoners of war in the region contained in the few publications on Japanese prisoners, located in the Krasnoyarsk region, and a number of historians of foreign prisoners of war of the second world war in Siberia is identified and analyzed. Insufficient knowledge of a number of questions of stay of Japanese prisoners of war on the territory of Khakassia is stated. Historical publications about the Japanese prisoners, located in Krasnoyarsk Region, obviously pay the authors’ attention to the study of Japanese prisoners of war camp No. 34, which office and camp departments were located outside of the Republic of Khakassia. Significantly less attention is paid to the Khakass camp No. 33. The greatest contribution to the study of different aspects of stay of Japanese prisoners of war on the territory of Khakass Autonomous region in the years 1945-1947 made Krasnoyarsk historian M. N. Spiridonov. But after the publication of the monograph dedicated to the Japanese prisoners of war located in Krasnoyarsk Region (2003), he did not publish no single work on the subject. The author believes that, in addition to more in-depth study of some insufficiently studied questions of the topic, it is advisable to prepare and publish a collection of papers on various aspects of stay of Japanese prisoners of war on the territory of Khakassia.

Richard Flanagan�s The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Matsuo Basho�s Oku no Hosomichi

This paper investigates Australian author Richard Flanagan’s novel, The Narrow Road to the Deep North, and attempts to clarify the reason why Flanagan chose this title, which is linked to the travel writings of the Japanese author Matsuo Basho, for his novel. The novel focuses on the central character’s prisoner of war experience on the Thai-Burma Death Railway during World War II, and depicts the POW camp as well as cruel Japanese behaviour and atrocities in a realistic way. The work seems to provide a postcolonial framework in the sense that there is a colonial and postcolonial relationship between the colonizer, and the colonized. However, in this novel, the colonizer is Eastern, and the colonized is Western, and this fact reverses postcolonial theory which postulates a structure in which the colonizer is usually considered as Western and the colonized, Eastern. Postcolonial theory, thus, cannot be applied in this novel, which attempts to fuse the two opposites, the Western view and the Eastern view, through the work of the Japanese poet. As a result, Flanagan, in writing The Narrow Road to the Deep North, goes beyond being a postcolonial writer to become a writer in a globalizing age.

Wir Unsichtbaren. Geschichte der Polen in Deutschland by Peter Oliver Loew

Reviewed by: Wir Unsichtbaren. Geschichte der Polen in Deutschland by Peter Oliver Loew Jie-Hyun Lim Wir Unsichtbaren. Geschichte der Polen in Deutschland. By Peter Oliver Loew. Munich: C.H. Beck, 2014. Pp. 336. Paper €18.95. ISBN 978-3406667084. In a recent review essay, Michał Nowosielski pointed out that no monograph has been written so far on the history of the Polish minority in Germany (“Polacy w Niemczech. Stan i Perspektywy Badań,” Przegla˛d Zachodni 3 [2012]: 26). The existing scholarship in his estimation is fragmented, descriptive, narrowly focused, gender blind, or framed by the national history. Nowosielski called for a comprehensive history of the Polish minority in Germany from a transnational perspective (26–27). Peter Oliver Loew’s book is just that. For Loew, however, the reason why scholars have yet to write such a monograph derives from the difficulties with its terms: Germany, Poland, and minority (11). All three components of this topic resist easy or agreeable definition. Loew’s pioneering work intends to make the “invisible” visible. Poles in Germany have been marginalized, silenced, erased, and deprived of agency. As subalterns, they have spoken discreetly, but were hardly heard. Or worse, their voices were hijacked for the purposes of national histories: for instance, when historians try to determine [End Page 208] whether they were really “Polish Prussians” or “Prussian Poles.” Such an interrogation simplifies and singularizes their fluid, multiple, and often interchangeable identities in an ahistorical effort to fix them. Even today, “Poles in Poznań and Pomorze are jokingly called ‘Prussian Poles’ for their Prussian virtues” (122–123). Such self-identification defies national categorization. Indeed, people in borderlands often adhere to these fluctuating, multiple, elusive, and joking identities. Keenly conscious of these methodological dilemmas, Loew sees identity both as a “pragmatic concept” and a “working concept.” Pragmatically Loew frames historical Germany encompassing both German territorial states and German-speaking states where Poles lived. The large part of East Prussia, Silesia, Pomorze, the Habsburg monarchy, and so on, were parts of Germany in this sense. As a working concept, he defines Poles in terms of both a subjective and an objective nation (12). In this way, Loew can count Marcel Reich-Ranicki—the Polish Jewish German “literary pope” (Literaturpapst)—as a Pole. Though Reich-Ranicki did not regard himself even as half Polish, he maintained a strong bond to Polish language and poetry (206). Yet this approach leaves open the question of where to place the “Polonized Germans” who had belonged to “group 4” in the Deutsche Volksliste (171), the Nazi institution that classified the peoples of Occupied Europe according to racial desirability. In Loew’s schema, they seem to be subjective Poles but objective Germans—which would make them ultimately Germans. Loew ends up defining Poles, minorities, and Germany either too broadly or too narrowly because he still tends to reify identity. To be sure, he sees identity flexibly as multiple, fluid, and fragmented; but he often uses a mix of constructivist language and essentialist argumentation. The term itself seems responsible for that reification. Referring to identity still allows readers to imagine that it exists independent of the actions that create it and the norms that legitimize it. An alternative might be to use the concept of identification as it draws attention to the agency of historical actors in dialectical interplay with power institutions and thus the tension between relational and categorical modes of identification. Nonetheless, Loew’s panoramic description of the Polish minority in Germany is colorful, dynamic, wide-ranging, and transnational. His illustrations, postcards, and photos are fabulous. In the place of the stereotyped clichés of Poles as migrant workers, forced laborers, and seasonal workers, he explores the broad spectrum of their diverse historical traces. They include itinerant merchants at the Messe, the intelligentsia in exile, revolutionaries in the socialist movement, students at universities, artists in performance, inmates in concentration camps, prisoners of war in German POW camps, volunteers and conscripts in the German army during the two world wars, war expellees, postwar settlers, displaced persons, commuters, peddlers, marriage emigrants, and athletic stars, among others. That much diversity “makes it impossible to speak sweepingly of ‘Poles in Germany’” (278–279). The virtue of...

Voices from the Past: Epistolary Sources on Tambov POW Camps During the Second World War

Voices from the Past: Epistolary Sources on Tambov POW Camps During the Second World War

Wechselnde Formate. Zur rezenten Geschichte der Sprachaufnahmen des Berliner Lautarchivs – ein Bericht

Changing Modes: The Recent History of the Voice Recordings in the Berlin Sound Archive. The Sound Archive (Lautarchiv) of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin is a collection of language and voice recordings dating back to recording activities in prisoner of war camps during World War I. Since 1990 the recordings have been included in and used for various scientific and cultural modes of research and presentation. This article illustrates the ways in which the collection in both its entirety as well as in its individual objects have been transformed and relocated, thus changing their meanings within these different contexts. Particularly their inclusions into these very different structural and cultural modes have not only opened up new dimensions and opportunities, but at the same time also have shown specific limitations and determinations. The Sound Archive appears to thus be an example of an academic collection at the interfaces of both cultural and scientific activity in a constant process of transformation.

Architectures of the Pacific Carceral Archipelago: Second World War Internment and Prisoner of War Camps

Characterisations of the Pacific Basin as a tropical archipelago essentialise its geo-cultural diversity as an alternative way of envisioning the region and its politics. This paper offers a darker projection of this archipelagic imagination as one forged by imperial competition and wartime violence. It traces its genesis across the history of the Second World War internment and prisoner of war camps. Their spatial proliferation as a carceral geography produces a variety of temporary environments where civil and legal rights are suspended. The roles adopted by captors in their treatment of prisoners reflect the social prejudices of the period, the politics of imperialism and the specific responses of warring nations during various stages of the conflict. This paper asks how architectural scholarship might address this imperial history. It draws together diverse models of incarceration related to the Pacific War, acknowledging the different treatment of racially different colonial and national subjects and tracing their passage through multiple spatial configurations of camps. The camps in Australia are contextualised in their wider Pacific geography with special attention to Victoria’s Tatura Group.

Multi-disciplinary investigations at PoW Camp 198, Bridgend, S. Wales: site of a mass escape in March 1945

The largest escape of German Prisoner of War (PoW) in WW2 was in March 1945 from Camp 198, situated in Bridgend, South Wales, UK. Since camp closure the site has become derelict, and has not been scientifically investigated. This paper reports on the search to locate the PoW escape tunnel that was dug from Hut 9. This hut remains in remarkable condition, with numerous PoW graffiti still present. Also preserved is a prisoner-constructed false wall in a shower room behind which excavated material was hidden, though the tunnel entrance itself has been concreted over. Near-surface geophysics and ground-based LiDAR were used to locate the tunnel. Mid-frequency GPR surveys were judged optimal, with magnetometry least useful due to the above-ground metal objects. Archaeological excavations discovered the intact tunnel and bed-board shoring. With Allied PoW escape camp attempts well documented, this investigation provides valuable insight into German escape efforts.

Where Nothing Happened

This article takes as its subject matter the juridico-political space of the prisoner of war (POW) camp. It sets out to determine the nature of this space by looking at the experience of war captivity by Jewish members of the Western forces in World War II, focusing on the experience of Emmanuel Levinas, who spent 5 years in German war captivity. On the basis of a historical analysis of the conditions in which Levinas spent his time in captivity, it argues that the POW camp was a space of indifference that was determined by the legal exclusion of prisoners from both war and persecution. Held behind the stage of world events, prisoners were neither able to exercise their legal agency nor released from law into a realm of extra-legal violence. Through a close reading of Levinas’s early concept of the ‘there is’ [ il y a], the article seeks to establish the impact on prisoners of prolonged confinement in such a space. It sets out how prisoners’ subjectivity dissolved in the absence of meaningful relations with others and identifies the POW camp as a space in which existence was reduced to indeterminate, impersonal being.

The Imperialism of Internment: Boer Prisoners of War in India and Civic Reconstruction in Southern Africa, 1899–1905

ABSTRACTDuring the course of the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902, over 9,000 captured Boers were sent abroad to India as prisoners of war. Using hitherto unexamined sources, this article explores how, during their internment and repatriation, British officials and administrators across the empire collaborated in a concerted attempt to transform the imperial enemy into colonial collaborator. This involved a necessarily intercolonial effort to conduct a successful programme of ‘re-education’ capable of cultivating ‘white’ British virtues in preparing Boer POWs for their future rights and duties in reconstructing Southern Africa upon their repatriation. In so doing, the government of India and other colonial officials across the empire thus recapitulated their ideal of Britain’s imperial project in the Boer POW camps. Highlighting the intercoloniality of this process, India’s viceroy, Lord George Curzon, played as prominent a role as did the War Office, or South Africa’s soon-to-be pro-consul, Lord Alfred Milner. The microcosmic imperialism of Boer internment thus reveals a great deal about the nature and structure of power within the British Empire, and emphasises the value of an intercolonial or transcolonial perspective in examining the complex, global consequences of the Anglo-Boer War.

거제도포로수용소의 9ㆍ17폭동 연구

거제도포로수용소의 9ㆍ17폭동 연구

„Oko w oko z światem”. O wierszach Kazimierza Wierzyńskiego pisanych „w wojsku austriackim i w niewoli rosyjskiej”

The article is devoted to poems by Kazimierz Wierzyński written during World War I, and published in the volume The Great Bear, 1923. During the war the poet served in the Austrian army and was taken prisoner by the Russians; in 1915–1918 he stayed in a POW camp in Ryazan. There he met Yelena Maslova, who he fell unhappily in love with. In this unhappy love the author of the article tries to find the key to understanding the analyzed poems. They were created at the same time as the vitalistic verses from the volume Spring and Wine, but are kept in a completely different, pessimistic tone. In his detailed analysis of poems “A Letter Home” and “To My Mother,” the author uses anthropological works concerning home (Mircea Eliade, Gaston Bachelard, Martin Heidegger) and findings of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis, and thus, on the basis of the biographical context, he demonstrates that the unrequited love of the young poet was related to the lack of maternal love in early childhood.

The Anatomical Institute at the University of Greifswald during National Socialism: The procurement of bodies and their use for anatomical purposes

This is the first comprehensive account of body procurement at the Anatomical Institute at Greifswald University during National Socialism (NS). As in all other German anatomical departments, the bodies received during this period included increasing numbers of victims of the NS regime. Prior to 1939, 90% of all bodies came from hospitals, state nursing homes and mental institutions (Heil- und Pflegeanstalten), but dropped to less than 30% after 1941. While the total catchment area for body procurement decreased, the number of suppliers increased and included prisons, POW camps, Gestapo offices and military jurisdiction authorities.Among the 432 documented bodies delivered to the institute, 132 came from state nursing homes and mental institutions, mainly from Ueckermünde. These were bodies of persons, who probably were victims of “euthanasia” crimes. The Anatomical Institute also procured 46 bodies of forced laborers, of whom at least twelve had been executed. Other groups of victims included 21 bodies of executed Wehrmacht soldiers and 16 Russian prisoners of war from the camp Stalag II C in Greifswald, who had died of starvation and exhaustion. From 1941 onwards, the number of bodies delivered from prisons and penitentiaries greatly increased. In total, 60 bodies of prisoners, mainly from the penitentiary in Gollnow, were delivered to the Anatomical Institute.Greifswald Anatomical Institute was not just a passive recipient of bodies from all of these sources, but the anatomists actively lobbied with the authorities for an increased body supply for teaching and research purposes.

Climatologists, Theologians, and Prophets: Toward an Ecotheology of Critical Hope

Climatologists, Theologians, and Prophets: Toward an Ecotheology of Critical Hope

Changi: A Penal Genealogy across the Pacific War

Anglophone scholarship on the Pacific War in Singapore is largely focused on records and memoirs of captive allied forces, extending imperial histories of that period. The punitive environments that incarcerated soldiers and civilians are examined through that lens. This essay approaches the Pacific War as an interregnum in a longer penal genealogy and a historical border to political decolonisation. It reviews this literature as significant for understanding the evolution of the colonial prison and its wartime transformation into a Prisoner of War (POW) camp environment posing questions about incarceration, citizenship and penal labour. It asks how residential carceral facilities such as the prison, the POW camp and the home are adapted and transformed. The main foci of this paper and its genealogy are the Changi Prison and the Changi POW Camp.

“The Enemy Within Never Did Without”: German and Japanese Prisoners of War at Camp Huntsville, 1942–1945 ed. by Jeffrey L. Littlejohn and Charles H. Ford

Reviewed by: “The Enemy Within Never Did Without”: German and Japanese Prisoners of War at Camp Huntsville, 1942–1945 ed. by Jeffrey L. Littlejohn and Charles H. Ford Martin T. Olliff “The Enemy Within Never Did Without”: German and Japanese Prisoners of War at Camp Huntsville, 1942–1945. Edited by Jeffrey L. Littlejohn and Charles H. Ford. (Huntsville: Texas Review Press, 2015. Pp. viii, 162. Paper, $18.95, ISBN 978-1-68003-028-0.) This study of the World War II prisoner of war (POW) camp at Huntsville, Texas, combines academic and public history nicely. It emerged from a 2012 seminar about the POW camp taught by Jeffrey L. Littlejohn at Sam Houston State University and incorporates work from his students, but it also came about from the desire of the community to remember the camp as well as the (unstated) desire of the university community to document its Country Campus [End Page 971] that occupied the site of the camp into the 1960s. Editors Littlejohn and his writing partner, Charles H. Ford of Norfolk State University in Virginia, organize the short narrative into six chapters that track the camp’s existence from its origins through its postwar existence, followed by a full transcript of the Geneva Convention of 1929 and endnotes. The work contains neither a bibliography, largely because it relies heavily on primary sources from the National Archives, nor an index. Each chapter is well illustrated and divided by subheadings, which make the first chapter about the camp’s origins seem syncopated. The study becomes more sustained in the next three chapters concerning European internees; this section is the book’s real strength as well as its greatest appeal to readers outside the local community. Chapter 2 discusses the arrival of Afrika Korps prisoners in 1943 and their daily lives, camp conditions, diet, and the use of prisoners as labor for the local cotton and timber industries. Chapter 3 deals with the domination of the camp population by hard-core Nazi prisoners, a prison riot, and the baffling response of camp commanders to transfer anti-Nazi German prisoners even though Camp Alva, Oklahoma, was designated to receive the Nazis. Chapter 4 examines the history and morality of political reeducation of prisoners that occurred in the wake of the riot in November 1943. When Germany surrendered in May 1945, all European prisoners were repatriated or transferred. After Japan surrendered, Camp Huntsville took in either 160 or 205 (the authors are unclear) Japanese prisoners between October and December 1945 to reeducate them in an attempt to instill American democratic values into postwar Japanese society. This experiment was spearheaded by the State Department’s John Emmerson and involved Sam Houston State Teacher College faculty. Chapter 5 provides an incisive critique of the reeducation program, but its discussion of this fascinating episode is hampered by the short time the Japanese prisoners were at the camp and the dearth of sources compared with those concerning German and Italian prisoners. “The Enemy Within Never Did Without”: German and Japanese Prisoners of War at Camp Huntsville, 1942–1945 expands our knowledge of POW camps scattered across the United States. The story of the Huntsville camp’s origins and its European prisoners comports with similar histories of other camps, and the history of its Japanese reeducation program raises a number of intriguing research questions. The book would have benefited from a stronger editorial hand, as its narrative is slightly uneven and contains some noticeable typographical errors. In addition, the title is not satisfactorily explained, though the narrative alludes to it. Nevertheless, the study is a good model for collaborative historical publication and a worthwhile addition to the literature. Martin T. Olliff Troy University Copyright © 2016 The Southern Historical Association

Kulturmanöver: Das k.u.k. Kriegspressequartier und die Mobilisierung von Wort und Bild ed. by Sema Colpan, Amália Kerekes, Siegfried Mattl, Magdolna Orosz, and Tatin Teller

Reviewed by: Kulturmanöver: Das k.u.k. Kriegspressequartier und die Mobilisierung von Wort und Bild ed. by Sema Colpan, Amália Kerekes, Siegfried Mattl, Magdolna Orosz, and Tatin Teller John E. Fahey Sema Colpan, Amália Kerekes, Siegfried Mattl, Magdolna Orosz, and Tatin Teller, eds., Kulturmanöver: Das k.u.k. Kriegspressequartier und die Mobilisierung von Wort und Bild. Budapester Studien zur Literaturwissenschaft 18. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2015. 374pp. One of the most fascinating aspects of war is how it allows military culture and events to suffuse through and dominate civilian culture and life. In Austria-Hungary during the First World War, one of the most important shapers of both military and civilian culture was the Kriegspressequartier (kpq). Started in July 1914 as a branch of the General Staff, the kpq had the responsibility to coordinate press and propaganda throughout the war. Colpan et al. in Kulturmanöver: Das k.u.k. Kriegspressequartier und die Mobilisierung von Wort und Bild show the wide variety of ways that the kpq affected soldiers and civilians. After a short overview of the kpq by Walter Reichel, Kulturmanöver dives into analysis of the written activities of the kpq. Most of the notable authors of Austria-Hungary spent time as war correspondents, propagandists, or supporters of the war through other literary means. Specific authors like Alice Schalek, Ferenc Molnár, Margit Vészi, and Felix Salten are discussed by Bernhard Bachinger, Boldizár Vörös, Katalin Teller, and Alfred Pfoser, respectively. There are also excellent overviews of Hungarian literary attitudes regarding Serbia and women’s writings about the war by Edit Király and Alexandra Millner. Larger-profile authors such as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Karl [End Page 129] Kraus are not explicitly covered, as they have been well studied elsewhere, but Kraus in particular is a frequent foil for many of the kqp’s writers. More ephemeral but perhaps more influential on troops and audiences, theater was also controlled by the kpq. Kulturmanöver’s authors do an excellent job of showing the ties between theaters in the various parts of the empire and the front. For example, Eva Kirvanec shows the large number of plays and theater groups that traveled between Vienna and Budapest, helping to unify cultural expression within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Multiple chapters address theater on the front lines, looking at cultural transmission from the core to the frontier. Mirella Csiszár and Marianna Sipőcz go further and examine theaters in prisoner of war camps in Russia. Since around two million Habsburg soldiers ended up in pow camps, this is a huge potential area for study. Internment also proved to be a fruitful field for acting practice—many interwar stage actors got their start in pow camps. Audio-visual propaganda was also extremely important. Obviously, this includes patriotic paintings, wartime photography, and propaganda films. Siegfried Mattl’s chapter takes wartime propaganda in a new direction by looking at wartime clothing and style. The Vienna Werkstätte worked hard to create a distinctly Viennese fashion in contrast to Paris and the other fashion powerhouses. Joachim Schätz examines a fascinating subgenre of wartime propaganda films—factory films. He argues that the kpq produced documentaries showing how ammunition, weapons, and other war material was produced to inspire confidence that Austria-Hungary could compete in the newly industrialized battles of World War I. Though not directly a product of the kpq, memory and memorialization of the war was heavily influenced by wartime propaganda. Section five of Kulturmanöver addresses memory. Some of the chapters show direct connections to the kpq. For example, many of the photographs stored in archives discussed by Tamás Lénárt in were taken by kpq photographers. The control and use of archival photographs is an important aspect of archival politics. Likewise, Sabine Zelger discusses novels written by, or heavily influenced by, authors who had worked at the kpq. Finally, Attila Ferenczi analyzes war memorials in Budapest. Memorial slogans and tablets are invariably reflective of wartime propaganda, with terms like fatherland, sacrifice, and honor extremely common in both media. The kpq continued to influence Central Europe through these residual memorials, novels, and materials well...