Principles Of Policy Research Articles

Uniform Civil Code Isn't a Distant Dream

When looking at the Article 44 of the Indian constitution gives us an insight into equality in the aspects related to civil matters. But currently, we are having personal laws in different religions. These laws are usually contradictory to the basic law of the country, we can see this difference when it comes to Hindu and Muslim personal laws concerning marriage, Divorce, Adoption of children, and Maintenance of women after divorce. This article will enhance the understanding as well as the outcome of UCC if brought into force. It will also help us to know whether there is a need to bring this uniformity. If yes how should it be implemented so that it does not violate any Fundamental right that is provided by our constitution? This article will also focus on the statement of not bringing UCC force and also touch upon areas of alternatives. It will also reason why UCC should remain a goal as a Directive principle of state policy and not common law. By understanding both sides of UCC it helps the reader to analyze the benefits of UCC and the need for UCC for a better India

The divergence of South Korea's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) from the EU ETS: An institutional complementarity view

AbstractEmissions trading schemes (ETS) have spread across the globe to tackle climate change. However, limited attention has been given to how ETS characteristics and designs differ and why. We use the concept of institutional complementarity to explore how the EU ETS and South Korea's ETS (K‐ETS) adapt to complement established political economy. The EU ETS is characterized as a market with stakeholder ownership, while the K‐ETS is more regulatory in nature with government leadership. The EU ETS complements a decentralized political system with liberalized energy market, and the K‐ETS became compatible with the centralized majoritarian politics and a regulated electricity market. The ETSs have evolved incrementally, and they are not likely to link in the foreseeable future due to divergence. We suggest a strong focus on “how to adapt” an ETS to its own institution rather than adopting the established blueprint model in countries with a strong regulatory style of governance.Related ArticlesCaliskan, Cantay. 2020. “The Influence of Elite Networks on Green Policy Making.” Politics & Policy 48(6): 1104–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12382.Tanaka, Yugo, Andrew Chapman, Tetsuo Tezuka, and Shigeki Sakurai. 2020. “Multiple Streams and Power Sector Policy Change: Evidence from the Feed‐In Tariff Policy Process in Japan.” Politics & Policy 48(3): 464–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12357.von Malmborg, Fredrik. 2023. “Combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework and Argumentative Discourse Analysis: The Case of the ‘Energy Efficiency First’ Principle in EU Energy and Climate Policy.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 222–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12525.

Историко-правовой анализ уровневой системы высшего образования в условиях выхода Российской Федерации из Болонского процесса

Introduction. Significant changes in approaches to the implementation of the educational process and the establishment of new principles of educational policy are associated with the withdrawal of the Russian Federation from the Bologna process. Purpose. To systematize the result obtained and, based on it, formulate proposals for the transition to a new national system in higher education that will take into account the foreign and domestic political challenges facing the state. Methods. The methodological framework for the research is based on the general scientific methods of historical and systemic analysis and the comparative law method. Results. The historical and legal analysis of the development of the higher education system in Russia has allowed for the identification of the positive and negative aspects of the long-term practice of applying European standards in the field of education. Conclusion. The termination of the implementation of the Bologna education system within the territory of the Russian Federation will act as a new impetus for the modernization of the structure of higher education, capable of ensuring rapid economic growth and strengthening public relations in general.

No more harm: A guiding principle of psychedelic drug policy

No more harm: A guiding principle of psychedelic drug policy

Do preferred habitat investors exist? Evidence from the UK government bond market

The existence of investors with non-pecuniary preferences for particular assets is central to the rationale and efficacy of unconventional monetary policies. Using a new, granular dataset for the UK government bond (gilt) market, we identify preferred habitat behaviour directly from the amount of variation investors allow in the average duration of their gilt portfolios. We find investors with particular duration habitats exist across the yield curve. These investors can be reasonably proxied by specific sectors - like foreign central banks, insurance companies and pension funds - and their behaviour conforms to a number of predictions from preferred habitat theory.

An Analysis of Bülent Ecevit’s Policies, Decisions, and Attitudes Towards the European Union Membership Process of Türkiye

This study focuses on the analysis of the EU membership policy of Bülent Ecevit and scrutinized his attitudes through the lens of continuity and change, seeking to trace the imprints of influential factors and dynamics in the decision-making process. In this way, this study contributes to the scholarly literature by not only revealing the limited influence of leaders on Türkiye's EU accession process but also explaining the effects of Ecevit's ideological orientations on the course of Türkiye-EU relations. As a result, it is understood that Ecevit's stance on the EU was shaped by various internal and external factors, such as economic crises in the country, the attitudes of EU leaders, and individual factors such as ideological inclinations. Nevertheless, it is claimed that Ecevit's decisions regarding the EU generally followed the fundamental principles of Turkish foreign policy.

Indonesia’s South China Sea Policy: The Limits of Hedging

This paper discusses Indonesia's hedging policies towards China, especially in the South China Sea issue. In line with a free and active foreign policy principle, Indonesia seeks a middle way by establishing cooperation with the United States and China, two major powers with different interests in the South China Sea issue. This research is qualitative research using a case study approach. In this study, I carried out two data collection techniques, namely interviews and literature studies. The political elite decides to hedge within a government, so it is motivated more internally than externally. Hedging is a tactic that demands a low commitment to a country that does not represent friend or foe. However, in line with the increasing competition between the two, Indonesia's hedging strategy may fail due to external pressure to join one side. Therefore, in maximizing the hedging strategy, Indonesia seems to need to increase its defense capabilities to increase its bargaining position and deter threats from external parties

Higher Education System Reform in Russia: Problems of Legislative Regulation and Standardization

The paper is devoted to the problems of reforming the system of Russian higher education in the context of its legislative regulation and standardization. The author proceeds from the fact that the absence of its own independent concept of education in the context of the aggravation of the geopolitical situation and withdrawal from the Bologna process is one of the main threats to Russia’s national security. The author attempts to objectively assess the current state of legal regulation in the field of higher education. To this end, the paper characterizes the changes in the parameters of standardization in the field of education in the context of domestic reforms carried out in recent years and due to the entry into the Bologna process. The author argues that legislative innovations at this historical stage determined a number of systemic problems of public administration in the field of education. One of the most difficult and negatively affecting the quality of education problems is associated with the non-alternative introduction of a competence-based approach to the development of educational programs. The author concludes that the state policy in the field of higher education should be reoriented to return to the fundamental approach in higher education according to the general rule for all specialties and areas of training. At the same time, the competence approach should be implemented reasonably and only for those specialties for which such an approach is objectively more effective. The author considers it necessary to consolidate such a fundamental decision for domestic higher education as a principle of state policy in the field of education and suggests one of the possible options for the legal and technical formalization of this principle.

2007 RE-OPENING OF MALAWI'S DIPLOMATIC MISSION IN NEW DELHI UNDER PRESIDENT BINGU WA- MUTHALIKA: DISCUSSING THE CRITICAL JUNCTURES

Malawi and India improved their bilateral ties during the presidency of Bingu wa Muthalika that run from 2004 to 2012. Thus in 2007 Malawi opened its resident mission in New Delhi, followed by the re-opening of Indias diplomatic mission in Lilongwe in 2012. Several critical junctures pushed Bingu wa Muthalika, president of Malawi then, to resurrect diplomatic engagement with India. The notable critical junctures being the lust for accelerated economic growth and the weaning off of trust by the western traditional donors due to registered human rights violations that engulfed his regime. Bingu chose India for the enhanced relations because India had allowing principles of foreign policy that included policy of non-intrusion and policy of solidarity with the third world countries, which looked welcoming to Bingus interests and desires. Needless to say, Bingus strategic interest with India was that of aid to finance flagship developmental projects for his political survival and legacy, the same way the first president of Malawi, Kamuzu Banda manoeuvred by benefiting economically from the apartheid South Africa and Israel. The study used library research, employing secondary data sources in form of journal articles, books, newspapers and You Tube videos to collect content for analysis. Individual level of analysis in International Relations was favoured to adequately examine the character of Bingu wa Muthalika. KEY WORDS: Aid, Critical Juncture, Principles of Foreign Policy, Path Dependency, Strategic Interests

MEDICAL AND SOCIAL REASONING FOR IMPROVING THE ORGANISATION OF PREVENTING AND FIGHTING SKIN CANCER IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. Scientific reasoning for improving the organisation of cancer prevention and the providing onco-dermatological care to the population in the conditions of the public health system development.
 Materials and methods. The article includes the method of system approach as well as bibliosemantic, epidemiological, medical and statistical, sociological, expert assessment, content analysis, structural and logical analysis, modelling methods. Sources of information are the data from scientific literature, the Center for Medical Statistics of the Ministry of Health Care of Ukraine, the National Cancer Registry of Ukraine, the sociological research among various groups of participants in providing healthcare services and strategic documents of the national and international levels.
 Results. Unfavourable trends in skin malignancies spread, an increase in their contribution to the burden of the disease and the imperfection of the organisation of skin cancer prevention and the onco-dermatological care to the population were revealed. According to the principles of the state policy and the recommendations of the international organisations the directions of improving the preventive, therapeutic and diagnostic services were reasoned out on the basis of the data from the scientific literature, epidemiological research, spread, locational, gender and age peculiarities of skin cancer among the population, risk factors for their development, estimating the health care resource support, scale and results of the activities, studies of the patients, doctors and health care professionals' opinions. The modern functional-organisational model of the prevention system and control of skin cancer in the conditions of the public health system development with the definition of its principles, structures and functions was reasoned and worked out.
 Conclusions. The practical implementation of the measures for improving the prevention organisation and therapeutic and diagnostic work to fight skin cancer and the developed functional and organisational model of the system of prevention and control of onco-dermatological pathology in conditions of the public health development will effectively prevent onco-dermatological diseases, reduce the burden of skin cancer, improve people’s health and health care performance indicators and contribute to the health care sustainable development and the population’s well-being.

Rethinking Indonesia's Response to the Sino-U.S. Competition through the Lens of Constructivism

Abstract
 The emergence of China as a major power in the world has provoked turmoil among countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. This situation was then responded to by the Western major powers, especially the United States and the United Kingdom, which carried out various maneuvers to counter China. Facing this situation, Indonesia has consistently conducted a middle-ground policy by not siding with one of the conflicting parties. Some scholars name this policy as a hedging strategy. Notwithstanding, existing research limits the explanations of the economic and security factors influencing Indonesia's position while overlooking non-material aspects. Against this background, this article seeks to fill this gap by analyzing Indonesia’s policy using the constructivist approach and explanatory qualitative research method. This research found three ideational aspects that shape the Indonesian government in issuing foreign policies related to major power competition in the Asia-Pacific, namely principles, values, and state identity. The concerned values and principles highlight that Indonesia adheres to Pancasila and “free and active” foreign policy principles which are primarily influenced by past colonialization and the struggle for independence. Meanwhile, identity refers to the international situation in which Indonesia has been exercising a vital role as the leader of global south countries.
 Keywords: China, constructivism, hedging strategy, Indonesia, the United States

Democratizing dual enrollment: Beyond economic rationales

Dual enrollment (DE) is a popular reform in the United States that allows high school students to take college courses through partnerships between school districts and institutions of higher education. DE programs have been scaling rapidly, but participation is stratified by race and class, and research reveals little about the quality and content of DE courses. These limitations stem, in part, from a lack of theorizing around what purpose DE reform can and should serve, both in the lives of youth and for communities writ large. Situated in literature on the purpose of education in capitalist democracies, this study employs qualitative content analysis to examine the rationales for DE coursework, as depicted in state-level policy documents. Findings indicate that DE policy rationales are depicted almost entirely in neoliberal economic terms. We argue that, while economic benefits are important, the almost exclusive emphasis on economic outcomes has led to rapid scaling of a curricular reform with insufficient attention to teaching, learning, and equity. To maximize the potential benefits of DE reform, we call for imagining its democratic possibilities.

Awareness And Utilization of Esi Benefits Among Employee

Awareness And Utilization of Esi Benefits Among Employee

THREE POINTS FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA: AN APPRAISAL OF PRESIDENT MUHAMMADU BUHARI’S FIRST TERM FOREIGN POLICY AGENDA

On assumption of office on May 29 2015, President Muhammad Buhari outlined three cardinal issues his administration will place a premium on Economic Development, the Fight against terrorism and the Fight against Corruption. These three issues have also continued to guide the administration’sforeign policy. This paper aims to appraise how the administration has performed in its first term from 2015-2019 with regard to these three cardinal foreign policy principles. Using secondary data sources from journals, books, newspapers, and government reports, the research found that President Buhari's trips across the world capital are in tandem with the administration’s foreign policy goals for the implication on national development. Considerable effort has been made towards the fight against insurgency by raising a multinational coalition to tackle the menace of terrorism, which had negatively affected Nigeria’s image on the International scene. This was made possible with collaboration with Chad, Cameroon and Niger to form Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) which played an important role in degrading Boko Haram Insurgency. As for economic development, the president's trip to China has brought about considerable infrastructural development and Foreign Direct Investment from other world capitals, which help the government in exiting the recession. The paper concludes that there is a need for the administration to follow up on agreements signed during this foreign trip to engender national development effectively.

Principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war

This article analyzes the principles of legal policy in the field of treatment of prisoners of war. It is motivated that the actualization of the issue of the status of prisoners of war is due to the following circumstances: the presence of a state of war on the territory of Ukraine and an increase in the number of prisoners of war on both sides; the absence of a real mechanism to guarantee the proper treatment of prisoners of war, the weakness of international institutions in this area; normative legal acts were adopted after the Second World War in the conditions of the information society, globalization and changes in the life of society in all spheres, therefore a modern update of the norms and their clarification and the development of an effective policy in this area are necessary.
 It was established that a significant breakthrough in the direction of humanizing social development was the adoption of norms of international law, in particular, those related to the rules of treatment of prisoners of war. Formally, there is a model for protecting and ensuring the humane situation of this group of participants in the armed conflict. However, it is necessary to state a significant, even colossal problem: the declarativeness of international obligations, the ineffectiveness of international institutions and the lack of real influence on the party that holds prisoners of war. In this context, we should talk about updating the international norms of international humanitarian law in general, as well as prisoners of war in particular.
 The author points out the lack of a clear legal agreement on the concept of «prisoner of war» and the generally significant political nature of the issue.
 Within the scope of the represented scientific research, the essential principles (main principles) of the legal policy of democratic states in the field of treatment of prisoners of war are defined. They are grouped into two categories - general (prohibition of ill-treatment, humane treatment, right to dignity, preservation of personal belongings and documents, right to contact with family and protection agencies, right to return home) and special (rehabilitation and special state support prisoners of war after returning from captivity; support for families of prisoners of war).

Regulation and Application of Norms on Non-Criminal Criminal Acts Through the Prism of the Principles of Criminal Policy (on the Example the Principles of Justice, Differentiation and Individualization of Criminal Responsibility)

The article raises the question of the dependence of the implementation of the principles of criminal policy (principles of justice, differentiation and individualization of criminal responsibility) on the regulation and application of norms on non-criminal acts. The purpose of the work is to assess the impact of non-criminal criminal acts on the implementation of such principles of criminal policy as justice, differentiation and individualization of criminal responsibility. Research objectives: 1) to determine the dependence of the principles of justice, differentiation and individualization on the regulation of non-criminal criminal acts; 2) to determine the dependence of the principles of justice, differentiation and individualization on the application of norms on non-criminal criminal acts. The paper draws the following conclusions. The effectiveness of the implementation of the principles of criminal policy (principles of justice, differentiation and individualization of criminal responsibility) depends not only on the processes of reasonable criminalization (decriminalization), penalization (depenalization), trends in the qualification of crimes, but also on the regulation and application of norms on non-criminal criminal acts. To implement the principles of justice, differentiation of criminal responsibility, it is necessary to strive to achieve a balance of interests of the individual and the state. The result of its achievement should be the definition of such areas protected by criminal law, the security of which is restored by positive post-criminal behavior, as a result of which a person should be exempt from criminal liability, provided that there are no signs of other elements of a crime in his actions. To ensure the implementation of the principle of justice, it is advisable to supplement Articles 127, 226 and 229 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with a basis for exemption from criminal liability, the material condition of which should be appropriate positive post-criminal behavior. Add a note to Article 127 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: “A person who voluntarily released a person deprived of liberty is released from criminal liability if his actions do not contain other elements of a crime.” Add a note to Articles 226 and 229 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: “A person who voluntarily surrendered the items specified in this article is exempt from criminal liability under this article if the theft of these items was committed from illegal owners without the use of violence.”

Neutrality in determining the fate of the Moldovan statehood

This article examines the challenges and threats faced by Moldovan diplomacy in the modern world in the context of new global changes. The author assesses and analyses the main trends in the foreign and domestic policy of the Republic of Moldova. Considerable attention is paid to the historical premise of following a neutral foreign policy course of the state. The article carried out the analysis of the fundamental doctrinal documents, resulted in a number of conclusions, which allow to make a forecast regarding the future of neutrality of Moldova and the possibility of its transformation. Today, the permanent neutrality significantly affects the foreign and security policy, becoming a factor of social and national disintegration of Moldova, as the debate about its necessity does not stop and the political elites haven’t reached a general consensus on this issue. Despite this, the policy of neutrality remains as a basic principle in foreign and security policy. Geographically, Moldova is located at the intersection of two political structures: post-soviet and european. Based on these realities, the permanent neutrality of the Republic of Moldova is considered as the best way for Moldova to maintain stability and territorial integrity. Also. the relevance of the article results from the confl ict in neighboring, demonstrating the fragility and vulnerability of neutral states in the face of modern geopolitical problems. The neutrality of the Republic of Moldova prohibits: participation in armed confl icts, deployment of any foreign armed forces on its territory and participation in any political or economic union with the aim of starting wars. The specifi city of the status of permanent neutrality of the Republic of Moldova lies in the principle of pursuing a policy of neutrality in times of peace in order to remain neutral during a possible geopolitical conflict. Accordingly, strategic adaptation to the international security environment will remain the concern of political elites of Moldova. There is an opinion among scientists and politicians that neutrality in the classical sense is no longer relevant and requires conceptual adaptation. Thus, it becomes actual and necessary to conduct a scientific study aimed at studying the manifestation of the status of permanent neutrality of Moldova under the influence of the international security system.

Emergent Institutional Issues from New Tenure Reforms and Social-Forestry Initiatives in Indonesia: Notes from The Field

In Indonesia, land tenure reform has been approached as a policy priority by the government to address rural poverty and achieve distributive economic equity. It is instituted around allocation and consolidation of land ownership and access. Tenure reform policy promises over 21.7 million hectares (including 16.8 million hectares of forestland) to be distributed through two modes, i.e., land subject to agrarian reform and social forestry. Specifically for Java, the country’s most populated island, the government has recently allocated 1.1 million hectares of state forests to be entrusted to local communities in a scheme called Kawasan Hutan Dengan Pengelolaan Khusus/KHDPK (Forest Zones for Special Management Purposes). Approximately three-quarters of the KHDPK-reserved forestland is pledged for SF licensing/permits to be completed by 2024. Currently, there is heightened activity to hand over social forestry permits. However, the KHDPK-designated forest is not an unoccupied resource that can simply be transferred/granted to local communities. From only four sites, we discovered that the forests have been guided by contrasting (often conflicting) principles, norms, and values that have shaped the existing tenure arrangements, how it is used and managed, and by whom. Such issues must be navigated prior to introducing the new policy and implementation regime. We conclude that while the policy rationales look perfect as a framework, KHDPK implementation exhibits impediments and potential failures. There is risk of altering it into a mere industry of policy rhetoric, sustaining major flaws from design to execution.

Constitutional and Judicial Interpretation of Environmental Laws in Nigeria, India and Canada

The judiciary, an important branch of government responsible for legal interpretation, dispute resolution, and justice administration, holds a crucial role in national environmental protection. Courts play a key role in safeguarding a nation's environment by interpreting constitutional provisions related to environmental protection and other legislative frameworks. The effectiveness of a country's environmental protection is contingent on the assertiveness, creativity, and innovation of its judiciary in interpreting laws, policies, and regulations designed for environmental preservation. The widely held belief is that the judiciary, more than any other institution, is best positioned to adjudicate, inform, guide, and lead in environmental protection. A proactive, inventive, and inspirational judiciary motivates the executive and legislative branches to implement pertinent environmental laws, policies, and regulations. This study utilizes a doctrinal research methodology to comprehensively review and compare the environmental protection frameworks in Nigeria, India, and Canada. The focus is on constitutional provisions related to environmental protection and judicial interpretations, particularly in the context of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) laws. While explicit constitutional provisions on environmental protection are absent in Canada, India, and Nigeria, the courts in India and Canada have demonstrated creative interpretation of their constitutions to safeguard the environment. Notably, in India, environmental protection falls under the non-adjudicable Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP).

Dealing with Europe's economic (in‐)security

AbstractEconomic security is going to occupy an increasingly important role in global politics. While the EU should aim to avoid a fragmentation of the global economy and support multilateralism, it needs to prepare for protectionism, a global subsidy race and weaponisation of interdependencies. First, the EU must take geopolitical risks seriously and use stress tests and a data‐driven approach to identify vulnerabilities. We propose creating a European Economic Security Committee to advance coordination between national security and European economic policymaking. Second, the EU must increase its resilience to better withstand economic coercion and be less affected by shocks. Resilience cannot be increased by protectionism but by keeping markets open and concluding trade agreements. Industrial policy has some role to play, but the EU should apply the ‘narrow yard’ principle in industrial policy and enhance cooperation to reduce the risks and costs of a global subsidy race. Third, economic security will require investments in European public goods such as R&D for defence, decarbonisation, technology and the reconstruction of Ukraine, which will be cheaper to procure at EU level. Strengthening the international role of the euro would add to Europe's economic security and financial power.