Principles Of Partnership Research Articles

Reconceptualising Security-development Paradigm: A Critical Analysis of Chinese ‘Development Peace Model’ in the Middle East

In recent years, China has emerged as a significant player in the intersection of international security and development in the Middle East. This development coincides with a decline in the enduring dominance of the US in the region’s security and development affairs. In contrast, China has pursued a cautious, impartial and novel concept of zero enemy policy with regional states. While existing research has explored Chinese economic engagement in the Middle East, literature focusing on the ‘Development Peace Model’ in relation to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) remains limited. This article aims to provide a critical analysis of how China’s pursuit of a multi-polar world order, based on principles of neutrality and partnership for promoting stability through the ‘Development Peace Model’, offers an alternative approach to ‘Liberal Democratic Peace’ in the Middle East. Furthermore, the article examines why Middle Eastern states are receptive to China’s ‘Development Peace Model’ as they seek to address their economic crises.

PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION OF PARTNERSHIP RELATIONS BETWEEN BUSINESS AND GOVERNMENT IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY SECURITY OF UKRAINE

The article is dedicated to the study of the principles of organizing partnership relations between the business and state in the field of energy security in Ukraine. The aim of this research is to develop a system of principles for effective partnership between business and government in the sphere of Ukraine’s energy security, based on the methodologies of developed countries. It has been determined that organizing partnership relations between the state and business requires a comprehensive approach based on joint responsibility, transparency, mutually beneficial cooperation, and innovative development. The application of a systemic approach allowed of the consideration of energy security as a multifactorial process encompassing political, economic, technical, and environmental aspects. This approach facilitated the identification of key elements of energy security and the interaction between business and government that affect the development of the energy sector. Systemic analysis enabled the consideration of energy security in Ukraine as a component of national security, as well as an assessment of the role of partnership between the state and business in this process. In particular, an analysis of energy threats, possible scenarios for the development of Ukraine’s energy sector, and potential ways to overcome them through collaboration between the state and the private sector was conducted. It has been substantiated that the main principles of interaction between the state and business in the field of energy security are as follows: the principle of transparency and openness; the principle of joint responsibility; the principle of mutually beneficial cooperation; the principle of sustainable development; the principle of legal regulation; the principle of innovation; the principle of cybersecurity; and the principle of adaptability. The implementation of these principles will ensure the resilience of the country’s energy system, promote investment in the renewable energy sector, and enhance national security as a whole. It has been revealed that each country has developed its own approaches to organizing partnerships between business and government in the field of security of energy, with its unique features in managing the energy sector depending on political, economic, and geographical factors. The success with which firms can unite efforts with the state and civil society organizations in forming an active social development strategy will depend on both their competitiveness and the effectiveness of the business itself. Some states are gradually losing the ability to independently shape their internal socio-economic policies, yielding to transnational corporations. The methodology of the research is based on a comprehensive approach that encompasses both theoretical and practical aspects of the interaction between business and government in the field of energy security in Ukraine. To achieve the research goals, a range of methods was employed that allow for the examination of partnership relations between the public and private sectors at various levels, as well as the exploration of their impact on the country’s energy security.

Specifics of the Constitutional Right to Establish and Operate the Trade Unions

Introduction. In the framework of the legal regulation of the trade union activities in Russia, a number of regulations cause certain contradictions with regard to establishment of the social and labour relations. Difficulties in interaction of the trade unions with the employers and the state, supplemented by the competition with the private labour, arise the problem of preserving the institution under study as the one aimed at the formation of a system of social partnership, development of the labour environment, national economy and social equality. Therefore, the research strives to investigate the constitutional requirements for establishment and operation of the trade unions to enable harmonization of the social and labour relations. By finding the legislative gaps in the process of implementing the rights of citizens to establish and operate the trade unions, it is possible to modernize the regulatory legal institutions in this field. The aim of the research is to study the specifics of the constitutional right to establish and operate the trade unions.Materials and Methods. The methodological framework was organised based on the selection, analysis and systematisation of the relevant regulatory and legal data and research works in the subject area. The use of a set of general scientific (dialectical, logical, systemic) and specific scientific methods of cognition (comparative legal, dogmatic legal, sociolegal) made it possible to study the principles of state regulation of the trade union activities, identify the gaps in their work and shortcomings due to be eliminated, as well as to summarise the factors of applicability of the constitutional operational procedure to the activities of the trade union organisations in Russia.Results. The constitutional right to establish and operate the trade unions has been analysed. It has been acknowledged that determination of the legal advantages of the trade union members does not correlate with the process of declining the popularity of this institution in the Russian Federation. It has been revealed that this trend is caused by the several problems, i.e.: the multiplicity of the legislative requirements creates a number of contradictions in the relations between the trade unions and employers preventing the full freedom of organisations’ activities; the process of establishing the trade unions is complicated by the need to incorporate the legal entity, the legislative predetermination and formality do not give freedom to the organisations in compiling the charter and making changes to it without permission of the state; the principles of the internal relations regulation must comply with the standard provisions of the Labour Code of the Russian Federation, which also limits the trade union activity; the court defence of the rights of the trade union members needs to be revised and modernized to eliminate the ambiguous provisions and reduce the bureaucratic processes. The use of the variable collective agreements and principles of social partnership aimed at harmonisation of the social and labour relations have been proposed as the solutions to the identified problems.Discussion and Conclusion. The study has identified the key issues and underdeveloped aspects of the constitutional regulation of the trade union activities in the Russian Federation, which could be solved through the optimisation of the excessive legislative requirements, issuing the updated provisions on court defence of the trade union members, establishing the full independence and autonomy of such organisations in the matters of internal regulation, as well as through the development of the system of social partnership. The theoretical and practical conclusions drawn in the paper could be used for further research in the field of improving the legal literacy of the trade union members.

Dispute Resolution Efforts for Sharia Banking Profit-Sharing Agreements

Islamic banking relies on profit-sharing agreements as one of its fundamental financial instruments, adhering to the principles of justice and partnership in sharia law. However, disputes often arise between banks and customers regarding the distribution of profits and losses. This study examines the dispute resolution mechanisms for profit-sharing agreements within Islamic banking, focusing on litigation in religious courts and non-litigation processes such as mediation and arbitration. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness and compliance of these mechanisms with Sharia principles while also proposing improvements to regulatory frameworks. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining normative juridical analysis and empirical research. The normative juridical method was used to review existing laws and regulations related to Islamic banking and dispute resolution. At the same time, the empirical data was gathered through interviews with key stakeholders such as banking practitioners, customers, and mediators involved in dispute resolution. The results indicate that non-litigation mechanisms, particularly mediation, are more efficient and cost-effective than litigation. However, there remains a need for greater public understanding and stronger institutional support to ensure the fairness and transparency of these processes. This research recommends enhancing dispute resolution systems in Islamic banking, aligning them more closely with legal and sharia standards.

Р ОЛЬ ТВОРЧЕСКИХ ИНДУСТРИЙ В КРЕАТИВНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГА В НАЧАЛЕ 2020-Х ГОДОВ

The development of the “creativity economy” of St. Petersburg in the early 2020s reflects the significant potential of the city’s creative space, which has been emerging since the 2000s in various spheres of modern culture – design and architecture, art and fashion, cinema and television, music and exhibition business, advertising and marketing, interactive media and video games – which will allow the city on the Neva in the foreseeable future to become a leader in the creative industries of Russia in order to serve as a resource influencing modernization processes, both in the economy and in culture. The legislator generates favorable opportunities for this, in particular, the Fundamentals of State Cultural Policy notes the importance of interconnected processes to “create conditions for the development of creative industries”, the production of “economic values in the process of creative activity”, which are focused on “capitalization of cultural products and their presentation on the market”. Legal deci- sions in St. Petersburg comprehensively support the spheres of creative industries, influencing their innovative soil, communication and information space, stimulate the environment, influence the market and modernize the principles of social partnership with- in the boundaries of government, business and culture in order to improve the quality of life of Russian society.

A guiding framework for implementing forest landscape restoration in the tropics

Interest in forest landscape restoration (FLR) is high, but there is limited guidance on how to implement it. In this contribution, we aim to synthesise the salient points of the voluntary FLR guidelines developed by ITTO (2020) and demonstrate their application through three case studies. The objectives of the ITTO guidelines are to increase the positive contributions of trees and forests to the ecological health, productivity and resilience of tropical forest landscapes and to generate forest products. The guidelines elaborate on the six principles of the Global Partnership on FLR, through a set of 32 guiding elements (GE) intended to promote enabling conditions for successful FLR implementation and outcomes. Going forward, we propose three tangible mechanisms to improve use of the guidelines: 1) bringing key elements of the guidelines into other global conventions interested in restoration; 2) running regional capacity building workshops for middle-level practitioners and decision-makers; and 3) a mechanism to collect lessons emerging from their implementation.

MEDICAL-SOCIAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE REGIONAL CENTRE OF CARDIOLOGY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (on the example of Kyiv region)

Introduction. The transformation of our country's healthcare system is impossible without quality medical reform. One of the reform's starting directions is improving the provision of cardiac care to the population. Aim. Medical and social substantiation of directions for developing a conceptual model of a regional cardiology centre based on the principles of public-private partnership (on the example of the Kyiv region). Materials and methods. Data from state and industry statistical reports of healthcare institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine and data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, as well as materials from a sociological survey of cardiologists and patients and a survey of 31 experts (highly qualified health care organizers) conducted according to specially developed programs) were the materials in this study. The research used complex methods: systematic approach and analysis, synthesis, generalization, interpretation, medical-statistical and sociological method, expert assessment and conceptual modelling method. Results. Stable high levels of circulatory system disease prevalence among the adult population of the Kyiv region and differences depending on different age groups, increase in the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the studied time intervals and the mortality rate of cardiac patients were established. At the same time, there was a decrease in the level of hospitalization of patients along with a decrease in the average number of beds for the treatment of cardiology patients; there were no significant changes in the staffing indicators of health centres of the Kyiv region, which provide cardiac medical care to patients with CVD in 2018-2022. However, there was an increase in the number of cardiovascular surgeon positions for the adult population of the Kyiv region in 2020 by 12.9%, and then a decrease of 7.01% in 2021. The insufficient resource provision of healthcare facilities in which cardiac medical care is provided as evidenced by a significant decrease in the coverage of echocardiography in the study, despite the reform of the network of healthcare facilities in the region. The results of the survey of patients and cardiology specialists revealed significant levels of dissatisfaction with the possibilities of providing and receiving quality cardiology care. Conclusions. A range of problems in the field of providing high-quality cardiac care to the population was determined on the example of the Kyiv region, and a strategy with phased and complex steps to solve the most acute problematic issues was proposed with the proposed project of the Strategic Plan for the development of the regional system of cardiac care for the population of the region for the period 2024-2029.

Legal Enforcement for Limited Companies that Do Not Implement Corporate Social Responsibility

Supporting the Company's business activities, CSR must be implemented not only as an implementation of responsibility but also as an obligation for the business world. CSR can be said to be future savings for companies to gain profits. The benefits obtained are not just financial benefits but more on the trust of the surrounding community and stakeholders based on the principles of volunteerism and partnership. The formulation of the problem in this research is how to enforce the law for Limited Liability Companies that do not implement Corporate Social Responsibility. This research uses a normative type of research. The results of this research are that Limited Liability Companies have an obligation to implement CSR. However, if a Limited Liability Company does not implement CSR, there are no legal sanctions related to Limited Liability Companies that do not implement CSR. If there are no regulations that enforce it, many companies will ignore CSR provisions and this will become an obstacle in the future in implementing CSR.

STRATEGI BISNIS RITEL DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN PERSAINGAN YANG KOMPETITIF KEPADA PEMILIK TOKO RITEL

ABSTRACT This research activity was conducted for retail store owners in Natar Village, South Lampung Regency. The outcomes of this activity are: 1) Increased knowledge and insights of the participants in maintaining retail businesses in the face of competitive challenges, 2) Enhanced participant knowledge in business management, where owners must be able to separate roles in financial management, operational management, human resource management, and marketing management to ensure their businesses remain sustainable, 3) Improved participant knowledge in online marketing, enabling direct delivery of goods to stores, 4) Continuation of this activity, fostering a partnership principle between the outreach team and the retail store owners. The activity was carried out through the following stages: 1) Selection of community outreach participants, specifically retail business owners in Natar Village, South Lampung Regency, 2) Presentation of outreach materials on strategies to sustain retail businesses in a competitive environment, 3) Conducting evaluations. The evaluations were done by: pre-outreach, conducting a Q&A session to assess each participant's initial knowledge of the retail business; post-outreach, conducting another Q&A session on the same material. By comparing the results, it will be determined whether there is an increase in participant knowledge about retail business management and its scope. Keywords: strategy, retail business, competitive environment

The Complex Approach to Environmental and Technological Project Management to Enhance the Sustainability of Industrial Systems

To achieve sustainability, industrial systems need to be modernized to improve resource efficiency while optimizing environmental and social performance. The implementation of environmental and technological projects is a complex management process and requires sufficient innovative potential and serious investments, which not every company can provide. Network integration of companies, providing synergy of resources and potentials, is an effective tool for the development and implementation of innovative technologies that allow achieving optimal resource efficiency indicators. An integrated complex approach to the formation of a cross- industrial system on the principles of network integration and partnerships ensures technological interaction between companies, optimizes the methods and forms of their economic activities, allows integration participants to achieve strategic goals and ensure environmental and social effects for the territory of presence. The sustainability of such a system is expressed in its ability to withstand internal threats and external challenges. Approaches to balancing environmental and technological effects while simultaneously analysing social efficiency have not received sufficient development in scientific research. This article discusses an approach to the selection of environmental-technological projects based on criteria for assessing the sustainability and resilience of industrial systems. The authors’ approach has been tested using two industrial symbioses of advanced socio-economic development territories in the city of Novotroitsk (Orenburg region, Russian Federation). The authors presented calculated indicators of resource efficiency before and after the formation of a cross-sectoral industrial system in order to identify social and environmental effects in Novotroitsk. This approach to the assessment of environmental and technological projects allows to concentrate government support measures on the general priorities of the implementation of regional economic and industrial policies.

Provincial Autonomy and the 2023 Federal-Provincial Healthcare Deal: A Federalism Deficit at Work?

The fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic put enormous strain on healthcare services across the country, leading Canadian premiers to call on the federal government to negotiate a new healthcare deal. The dynamics of these negotiations received extensive media coverage and highlighted some of the most fundamental issues in Canadian federalism. The objective of this article is to explore whether the 2023 healthcare negotiations were conducted in accordance with core federalism principles (e.g. autonomy, constitutionalism, partnership), or if they rather reflect some form of federalism deficit. More specifically, it asks whether, and to what extent, provincial autonomy was challenged through conditional federal funding to health care. The authors conclude that the formal division of constitutional powers is blurred through the federal government’s use of its “spending power,” and that the state of intergovernmental relations in Canada has undermined the principle of equal partnership between Ottawa and the provinces within the federal system.

Features of employment of persons with disabilities in the Republic of Kazakhstan

In this article the authors investigate the issue of employment of persons with disabilities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The studied foreign experience has shown that in developed countries the government develops various state programs aimed at the development of an inclusive society. The activity of these bodies is manifested in the implementation of measures that promote effective employment of persons with disabilities. The study showed that the non-profit sector also plays an important role in the adaptation of persons with disabilities in the labor market. The article shows the analysis of the state of the labor market of persons with disabilities in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the last 5 years. The authors showed the structure of the number of persons with disabilities in the context of regions of Kazakhstan, as well as crisis and emergency statuses in the context of regions The parameters of the level of social well-being of persons with disabilities in the Republic of Kazakhstan were given. The study showed the structure of employed persons with disabilities in the context of industries, as well as the factors that negatively affect the process of employment of persons with disabilities. State support for the employment of persons with disabilities depends on many factors, including socio-cultural, economic and legislative features of a particular country. The main principles of state support for persons with disabilities include the principle of equal opportunities, the principle of individual approach, the principle of inclusion, partnership and consultation and others. The authors cited the example of state social policy of Sweden and other developed countries as an example of social policy development for our country. In addition, the article shows the state measures to promote employment for persons with disabilities.

Co-designing complex therapy interventions with parents as partners in the care of children with cerebral palsy: An Experience-based Co-design study in England

BackgroundParents of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy are increasingly involved in therapy intervention delivery. Enhancing the ways that parents are supported in delivery is key to optimising outcomes. This study aimed to refine an existing programme in England to better support parents partnering in their child’s intervention delivery. Methods and proceduresExperience-based Co-design (EBCD) fostered collaboration between parents and therapists to identify shared improvement priorities and develop solutions. The study included eighteen interviews and sixteen co-design meetings involving twenty parents and eight therapists in total. Intervention development followed the MRC Framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions. Outcomes and resultsThemes from parent and therapist interviews informed priority setting for the co-design work. Three key shared priorities emerged a) accessing rehabilitation; b) fostering partnership and c) parent learning. Aligned with these priorities, three mixed parent and therapist co-design teams produced a) a parent booklet; an education outline for healthcare professionals; b) partnership principles; adaptations to intervention logbooks c) an online parent education session. Conclusions and implicationsEngaging parents and therapists in a structured co-design process using EBCD yielded innovative interventions supporting parents in delivering therapy for children with hemiplegia. This collaborative approach is anticipated to enhance programme implementation and effectiveness.

The multilevel governance challenges of NextGenerationEU: the Spanish and Italian decentralised systems viewed through the lens of federalisation

The post-COVID-19 panorama presents serious economic and social challenges, prompting the European Union (EU) to allocate extensive funds to its Member States. The central financing instrument created for this purpose, NextGenerationEU (NGEU), requires the Member States to implement ambitious reforms to bring about green and digital transitions within their National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs). Despite innovative elements in NGEU’s decision-making process, legal basis and fiscal integration policy, the role of sub-state authorities in the context of multilevel governance (MLG) demonstrates a centralised tendency. In order to understand this issue, the management of NRRPs in the Spanish system of autonomous communities and Italian regionalism will be taken as emblematic case studies. Specifically, the constitutional significance of the MLG model in the context of the NGEU recovery package will be evaluated in light of the principles of solidarity, subsidiarity, proportionality and partnership. This paper ultimately aims to offer broader insights into NGEU’s role in the ongoing EU federalisation process and its shortcomings with respect to national decentralised systems.

Implementation of the Islamic Social Entrepreneurship Concept in the Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor Business Unit

Islamic social entrepreneurship is a concept of social entrepreneurship based on Islamic principles and values. The goal is to create positive social impact and benefits for the wider community. This paper aims to analyze the application of the concept of Islamic social entrepreneurship in business units in Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor. Gontor is the oldest Islamic educational institution in Indonesia known for its education system that prioritizes the independence and entrepreneurship of its students. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection was conducted through in-depth observation and interviews. The results showed that Gontor has applied the concept of Islamic social entrepreneurship to business units such as printing, agriculture, animal husbandry, and others. The principles of tawhid, justice, partnership, and social responsibility are implemented in the management of these business units. The hope is that Gontor alumni can establish organizations or companies that provide broad benefits to society by adhering to Islamic ethics.

Interview study exploring how global health partnership principles are enacted and recommendations for practice

BackgroundEffective global health partnerships can strengthen and improve health and healthcare systems across the world; however, establishing and maintaining effective partnerships can be challenging. Principles of Partnerships have been developed...

Analysis of Partnership Principles of Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) in BUMN Minister Regulation No. PER-05/04/2021 Against PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Medan

Analysis of Partnership Principles of Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) in BUMN Minister Regulation No. PER-05/04/2021 Against PT. Perkebunan Nusantara III Medan

Principles and norms of law in the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children – representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine

The article focuses attention on the fact that the principles and norms of law are one of the effective components of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the quality of legal norms as a necessary condition for the effectiveness of the constitutional and legal mechanism of ensuring the right to education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine. It has been established that due to the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples enshrined in the UN Charter, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - Krymchaks, Karaites, Crimean Tatars - are the people of Ukraine, its component; indigenous peoples of Ukraine have the right to carry out their cultural and social development; the right to education of children - representatives of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - is a guarantee of the realization of the right to cultural and social development of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine and the subjective rights of each child a representative of the indigenous people of Ukraine; the right to self-determination belongs to the Ukrainian people, the indigenous peoples of Ukraine are its component, not a separate and isolated component, but a component that is inseparable from the people of Ukraine; every state of the world must respect the right of the Ukrainian people and its integral component - the indigenous peoples of Ukraine - to realize their economic, social and cultural development. The principles of the state's internal policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine are singled out: 1) the principle of state care; 2) the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of the state; 3) the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples. The analysis of the above­mentioned international act made it possible to establish the role of these principles in the formation (planning) and implementation of state policy in the sphere of education of children - representatives of indigenous peoples of Ukraine: the principle of state care and the principle of responsibility (paternalism) of implementation should be combined with the principle of partnership between the state and indigenous peoples. The purpose of the state's activity - it consists in maximally ensuring respect, preservation and development of the identity of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine. The toolkit used for this can also be identified based on the analysis of the Convention of the International Labor Organization on indigenous peoples and peoples leading a tribal way of life in independent countries: 1) correlation of the duties of the state and the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 2) stimulation of such an entity as the state by such an entity as the international community to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 3) the use of treaties by the international community to stimulate the establishment of partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine; 4) application by the international community of forcing the state to establish partnership forms of interaction with the indigenous peoples of Ukraine in the event that the state violates the rights of the indigenous peoples of Ukraine, or does not establish partnership forms of interaction.

Principals' managerial role in realizing the ideal curriculum and learning: The case of remote areas schools in Indonesia

Leaders who have a strong spirit and are creative, innovative and skilled are needed by one-roof schools, especially in realizing ideal curriculums and learning methods. The aim of this study is to describe the efforts of school principals in creating an ideal curriculum and the optimal method of learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. It uses a qualitative approach with a multisite study research design. The location of this research is three one-roof schools in the Bondowoso Regency. Data collection was carried out by unstructured, in-depth, group interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The validity of the data was checked using data triangulation, member checks, discussions among members, and adequacy of reference materials. The data was analyzed using reduction analysis, presentation, verification, and drawing conclusions. Cross-site data analysis was carried out on a constant comparative basis. The results revealed that school principals employ varying strategies to achieve ideal learning, influenced by factors such as students, teachers, infrastructure, and local community conditions. The results also show that in order to realize an ideal curriculum and learning in one-roof schools, it is necessary to compile and implement learning in accordance with the conditions and readiness of students by including local knowledge and highlighting the principle of partnership with the community. This research offers practical guidance for policy makers and the school community in realizing ideal curriculums and learning methods, especially for schools in remote areas.

School Based Management: A Strategy to Improve the Quality of Education

Schools have their own challenges and problems that have an impact on differences in the quality of educational goals achieved. This article aims to analyze and describe School-Based Management (SBM) as a school quality improvement concept. This article uses a literature review approach. The SBM concept offers schools autonomy to provide flexibility to schools in the context of equal distribution of education, manage all school resources, make and determine school policies, create independence, increase community participation, develop schools according to the demands and needs of the local community. so that educational goals can be achieved. School responsibilities in implementing SBM as a school quality improvement concept include; teaching and learning process, planning and evaluation of school programs, curriculum management, education and education personnel, school facilities and infrastructure, financing, student services, school relations with the community, and school climate. The principles of SBM implementation are the principles of openness, independence, fairness, partnership, accountability, participatory, democratic, efficiency and quality-oriented. Therefore, education managers must be able to make SBM as a concept to improve the quality of education based on the circumstances, needs and demands of the school environment.