Universal Principles Research Articles

CRITICAL ANALIYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF «UNIVERSAL CONCRETENESS» IN VOLTAIRE’S PHILOSOPHY

The article presents a critical analysis of the concept of «universal concreteness» in Voltaire’s philosophy. The content of the ontological and epistemological foundations of Voltaire’s worldview in his historical-philosophical searches is revealed. The abstract nature of the principles of deism and «universal unity» in the philosophy of the French enlightener is the result of the influence of the one-sidedness of representatives of empiricism and rationalism. Voltaire and his associates in their philosophical constructions, argued G. Hegel, proceeded from the principle of universality and the embodiment of the concept of «wit», while the Germans relied on the possibilities of criticism of pure reason. The potential possibilities of the concept of «universal concreteness» in Voltaire’s worldview form the basis of his theoretical and practical philosophy, in particular of human existence, morality and free will.

Assessing the performance of the pedestrian path accessibility standards for people with disabilities

An optimal pedestrian pathway should cater to various user needs, encompassing safety, comfort, and universal accessibility. This research endeavors to evaluate the efficacy of pedestrian pathways, with a particular focus on public green spaces in Kendari City. The study emphasizes the implementation of an inclusive design concept for pedestrian pathways, ensuring the protection and fulfillment of rights for all demographic groups. To achieve its objectives, the research employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. A qualitative case study approach was utilized to assess architectural elements, while a Likert scale was employed for the performance evaluation. The findings from the performance assessment indicate that the service attribute values fall short of being optimal. Observational data suggest that most existing facilities fail to adhere to universal design principles, catering to the needs of all individuals. Consequently, there is a pressing need for physical modifications in the pedestrian pathway areas. These modifications include the installation of ramps, clear markings, and pathways for people with disabilities (guiding blocks), as well as the integration of trees and plants, trash receptacles, traffic signs, and essential utilities such as street lighting and billboards. Furthermore, the research highlights the necessity of organizing street vendor (PKL) zones across all area segments to enhance overall accessibility and usability.

Model of the response of surface detectors to extensive air showers based on shower universality

We present a full model of surface-detector responses to extensive air showers. The model is motivated by the principles of air-shower universality and can be applied to different types of surface detectors. Here we describe a parametrization for both water-Cerenkov detectors and scintillator surface detectors, as for instance employed by the upgraded detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Using surface detector data, the model can be used to reconstruct with reasonable precision shower observables such as the depth of the shower maximum Xmax and the number of muons Rμ. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Whistleblowing likelihood scale in the lights of Kohlberg and Maqasid Shariah

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop a new whistleblowing scale considering the conventional and Islamic perspectives in combating corruption. Whistleblowing has received great attention because it helps the corruption prevention process by revealing bad practices, improving transparency and ensuring accountability. However, not many scholars have focused on the concept of whistleblowing in the Islamic context.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a theoretical inquiry design, delving into the literature to thoroughly examine whistleblowing likelihood, Kohlberg’s theory and Maqasid Shariah. Through qualitative content analysis, relevant concepts are scrutinized and synthesized. The integration of Kohlberg’s theory and Maqasid Shariah aims to offer a comprehensive framework for comprehending whistleblowing likelihood, integrating perspectives from both Western and Islamic traditions.FindingsThis study has conceptualized the integration of the six stages of Kohlberg and Maqasid Shariah to understand whistleblowing likelihood. The study offers a scale to explain whistleblowing likelihood based on the two theories.Research limitations/implicationsThe correlation between Kohlberg and Maqasid Shariah reveals a nuanced relationship between individual moral evolution and Islamic ethical imperatives, in the context of whistleblowing likelihood. As individuals progress through Kohlberg’s stages, aligning with Maqasid Shariah’s emphasis on societal well-being, their inclination to blow the whistle evolves from early considerations of fear and conformity to a commitment to universal ethical principles and justice.Practical implicationsThe new scale integrating Kohlberg and Maqasid Shariah aids ethical climates in organizations by assessing employees’ moral development and promoting ethical leadership through tailored training. Aligned with Islamic values, the scale becomes a tool for fostering ethical behavior and organizational culture, emphasizing justice and commitment to higher ethical objectives. Managers must delicately balance justice and community harmony when implementing whistleblowing initiatives to ensure a positive impact on both ethical principles and organizational cohesion.Social implicationsBy integrating the six stages of moral development proposed by Kohlberg, the new scale plays a role in promoting transparency and accountability for sustainable development. Furthermore, its alignment with Maqasid Shariah contributes to addressing corruption and advocating for social justice, making the scale a catalyst for societal well-being that respects cultural and religious values. Ultimately, the scale supports a socially responsible approach, reinforcing ethical behavior and contributing to the broader global agenda for sustainable and just societies.Originality/valueThe new scale integrating Kohlberg and Maqasid Shariah offers an innovative and interdisciplinary approach to assessing whistleblowing likelihood. This fusion provides a nuanced understanding of individuals’ ethical reasoning, aligning universal moral principles with Islamic ethics. The scale not only broadens the conceptual framework for evaluating ethical decision-making but also respects cultural diversity, making it inclusive and applicable across diverse global contexts.

The Birth of Hyperborea. Volynsky vs Blok

The article treats the historical discussion between A. L. Volynsky and A. A. Blok, which took place at several meetings of the editorial board of the publishing house “World Literature” in 1919. The reason for the discussion was Blok’s presentation on the translations of H. Heine where the poet discusses the fate of modern culture and the related problem of humanism. Blok understands humanism as a specific cultural and historical phenomenon, rooted in the Renaissance and asserting the perfect autonomy of the human person and total individualism. On the contrary, Volynsky considers humanism as a universal and timeless principle, as “the ideological core of every historical process.” The dispute soon spilled over into the field of comparative religion; its subject was Heine’s Judaism and, more broadly, Judaism as one of the sources of Christianity. In the course of this discussion Volynsky’s concept of the Hamitic basis of the Christian faith, which was therefore devoid of monic monolithicity, was developed. This concept will form the basis of his book “The Hyperborean Hymn,” which will become the final chord of his creative life. This book will reconsider the then fashionable hypothesis about the Arctic origin of the Aryan civilization. According to Volynsky, Hyperborea was a real northern country. Its inhabitants were a single people, their whole life was determined by the principle of monism. Due to climate change, several thousand years ago the Hyperboreans were forced to leave their land. Scattered throughout the southern lands, they lost their original monism — all except the Semites, who retained the features of their ancient ancestors and monotheistic religion. In the spirit of Russian cosmism, the author prophesies about the coming era of the “new Apollo”— a man of holistic consciousness and universal intelligence who will live forever.

Virtue before Punishment and Punishment before Reward: a Comparative Study of Two Early Chinese Penal Virtue Theories

Abstract The silk manuscripts of Huang-Lao, unearthed at the Mawangdui Han Tombs, articulate a theory that advocates nurturing penal virtue through the prioritization of virtue before punishment. Many scholars have used Han Fei’s concept of xingde-erbing 刑德二柄 to explain the theory and give it context. Contrasted with Legalism, represented by Shang Yang and Han Fei, which emphasizes rewards and punishments – with Shang Yang advocating punishment before reward – the Huang-Lao doctrine extends beyond this dichotomy. It notably diverges in its exploration of the relationship between the heavens and humanity, as well as theories on motivations underlying human nature. Han Fei’s concept of the xingde-erbing fundamentally aligns with Shang Yang’s approach to governance through the mechanisms of punishment and reward. Moreover, Han Fei’s notion of yindao quanfa 因道全法 posits that sovereigns, by governing according to universal principles and fully understanding the law, can ensure state peace and deter major crimes. However, this concept is distinct from Huang-Lao thought, which does not share the same ideological framework as the reward-punishment methods of Shang Yang and Han Fei. The analogous approach of the prioritization of virtue before punishment found in Guanzi, which stresses that wise and virtuous monarchs govern by aligning their decrees with the natural progression of the seasons, is closely aligned with Huang-Lao philosophy. The present analysis clarifies the longstanding intellectual debates between Huang-Lao and Legalism, affirming the distinctiveness of Huang-Lao’s penal virtue theory and illuminating the conceptualization of the heaven-human relationship during the Warring States period.

Empowering Hearing-Impaired Learners for Digital Citizenship: A Thai MOOC-Based Design Thinking Approach

In today's technology-driven world, digital citizenship is vital in fostering responsible technology use and essential skills for learning, problem-solving, and community participation. However, a significant focus emerges within digital citizenship—empowering individuals with disabilities. This research addresses this crucial area by spearheading the creation of a specialized Thai Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) meticulously designed for hearing-impaired learners. The core objective is to equip these individuals with indispensable digital citizenship skills for seamless integration and active engagement in digital environments. The study progresses through three key phases. Phase 1 involves crafting the MOOC course to meet the needs of hearing-impaired individuals. Phase 2 develops a course on the Thai MOOC platform, using the MOOC-based Design Thinking Model and universal design learning principles. Phase 3 assesses 20 hearing-impaired learners in the "Utilizing Online Media as Digital Citizenship Course." The research reveals two significant outcomes, highlighting the course's impact. First, an evaluation of digital media quality and learning activities was conducted by five experts with 15 to 30 years of experience in the field, the result was an impressive performance rating of 4.56 on a 5-point Likert scale, indicating the course's high suitability for hearing-impaired learners. Such findings validate the precise alignment of the course with its intended objectives. Second, the outcomes of learning achievement tests on the Thai MOOC platform involving 20 high school hearing-impaired learners revealed that 15 learners scored above 70 (passing), representing 75%. The average post-test score was higher than the pre-test, with an average score of 72.05 points. These results demonstrate the course's effectiveness in improving learning outcomes and meeting predetermined criteria, while also indicating that adopting the MOOC-based Design Thinking model has led to the creation of high-quality media that delivers tangible results for hearing-impaired individuals. This research contributes to the eLearning field by addressing the specific needs of hearing-impaired individuals in digital citizenship education through tailored online learning courses designed to bridge existing gaps.

An Applied Approach to Cognitive Ergonomics in Restaurant Design

Through theoretical frameworks and applications of cognitive ergonomics, this article illustrates, with practical examples, the role of designing restaurants from the perspective of cognitive ergonomics concerning the process of perception and sensory stimuli. The goal is intended to promote well-being and differentiation in a saturated and competitive market by optimizing the interaction between patrons and their environments with a focus on perceived comfort and quality. This paper examines the application of selected universal principles of design and environmental psychology that affect how people might respond to spatial qualities and designs in the dining experience. Central to the integration of these concepts is designing for well-being which increases patron satisfaction and supports positive mental and emotional effects.

Oral health promotion and dental care of children with microcephaly in the context of public health

The university's fundamental mission is to be a source of scientific knowledge, technological innovation, and academic public health practices, all the while being mindful of social responsibility. But when faced with children in vulnerable clinical conditions, what would this public and professional knowledge and practice be? Currently, there is a lack of oral health education programs aimed at children with microcephaly, including a protocol for preventive dental care. This study aims to describe the field experiences of the academic team of the Dental School of the State University of Southwest Bahia in oral public health practices in children with microcephaly based on the principles of universality, equity, and integrality. Extracurricular activities provide a dialogue between the university and society, where both environments teach and learn from each other, making the university not the only place where knowledge is shared. Consequently, professors and students must understand that in order to achieve a high quality education, the implementation of extracurriculars in their academic curriculum is extremely necessary.

The State of Moral Intelligence of Medical Students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2022

Background: Recently, new dimensions have been recognized in the field of intelligence. One of the most important of these is moral intelligence, which has not been extensively addressed in Iran. Objectives: Moral intelligence represents the mental capacity of individuals to relate universal human principles to their values, goals, and actions. It guides all other types of human intelligence towards performing valuable work. Methods: The current descriptive cross-sectional study involved a statistical population of medical students, with a sample size of 248 people selected through random and available sampling methods. To collect data, the standard moral intelligence questionnaire by Lennik, Keel, and Jordan was used. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS-21 software, employing both descriptive and inferential statistics, including Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: The total score of students' moral intelligence was 76.29 ± 9.80, which is evaluated as good. The area of honesty had the highest score (81.2), while the area of empathy had the lowest score (70.3). Among the indexes, keeping promises scored the highest (93.6), and admitting mistakes and omissions scored the lowest (70.5). Scores were higher among women and married individuals, and moral intelligence scores increased with advancing academic semesters. However, there were no significant differences overall, except that the empathy field had a significant relationship with age (P = 0.031), and gender had a significant relationship with the overall score of moral intelligence (P = 0.041). Conclusions: According to the total moral intelligence score of the students, which was 76.29 ± 9.80, it was determined that the moral intelligence status among the medical students of Kermanshah Medical School is in good condition.

The Foundations Of A Nation’s Existence In Maghakia Ormanyan’s Arguments

It is an obvious philosophical truth that people turn to eternal, unchanging values when they find themselves in uncertain, crisis or declining situations during historical and political scandals, as well as in the periods preceding violent cultural-civilizational movements, when in the search for new value orientations, the foundations of national existence, the universal essence of existence, universal principles of existence, reflections on human existence, self-interpretation and worldview become primary. Discussions of the problem of practical philosophy are also activated on the basis of theoretical concepts. These universal patterns are also characteristic of the Armenian reality. In particular, in the process of searching for possible ways of solving the Armenian Question in Western Armenia at the end of the 19th century, the scientific and philosophical analyzes of the genealogy of the Armenian nation, the factors of preserving the national identity, and the legality and justice of the reform of the political existence were important.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ И ФИЛОСОФСКИХ ОСНОВАНИЙ В РОССИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ДИАЛЕКТИКИ ВСЕОБЩЕГО ДУХА

This article presents an analysis of the perspective of research on cultural and philosophical foundations in Russia, taking into account the dialectics of the universal spirit. The author examines the influence of cultural and philosophical traditions on the formation of Russian identity, considering their interaction with universal principles of spiritual development. The article discusses key concepts, including the notion of the universal spirit, its role in a cultural context, and its impact on philosophical thinking in Russia. The author offers their vision on studying cultural and philosophical foundations in Russia, highlighting their importance for understanding the mentality of contemporary society. Special attention is given to the interaction of cultural and philosophical traditions with modern challenges and issues characteristic of the modern world. The article provides historical justification for the researched issues, touching upon aspects of cultural heritage that may be useful in conducting this research. Overall, the article calls for the study and preservation of the country's cultural heritage, as well as the development of modern philosophical concepts that address contemporary challenges.

Ethics-Based Information Security System Law: Immanuel Kant's Transcendental Paradigm

An ethics-based information security system based on Immanuel Kant's transcendental legal paradigm can give a strong foundation for tackling moral quandaries in AI, hacking, and information systems. Lavanya Singh highlights the necessity of instinctive ethics based on philosophical literature and presents a Kantian ethics application that adheres to the philosophical tradition. Meanwhile, Sanchita Saha et al. address ethical hacking as a method of disclosing vulnerabilities in information systems for the benefit of society, emphasizing ethical concerns in cybersecurity operations. Furthermore, Flávia Maria Santoro and Rosa Maria Esteves Moreira da Costa underline the significance of examining information systems via an ethical lens in order to negotiate conceptual conflicts and make informed judgments in delicate situations, which is consistent with Kant's moral philosophy. Using doctrinal research methodologies with legal material sources derived from literature studies and qualitative descriptive analysis. This study discovered that by incorporating Kant's concepts into information security systems, the transcendental legal paradigm may guide ethical decision making and promote responsible technological advancement. The Ethics-Based Information Security Systems Act, modeled after Immanuel Kant's Transcendental Paradigm, would prioritize universal ethical principles, respect for human autonomy, duty-bound behaviors, transparency, accountability, and a structured regulatory framework. The law will guarantee that information security is maintained not just through technological means, but also via a solid ethical foundation that respects the dignity and rights of all those concerned.

Absattar Haji Derbisali and the Importance of His Works for the Development of Islamic Studies in Kazakhstan

Religion is an essential element in the existence of society and the culture of the people. It embodies universal human values and principles for the realisation of public relations. From the beginning of Kazakhstan’s independence to the present day, the issue of the spread of different religions in Kazakhstan, including Islam, remains relevant. The research aims to study the activity and creativity of Absattar Haji Derbisali in the context of the development of Islamic studies in Kazakh society. General scientific methods, the method of analysis and synthesis, as well as special historical methods: ideographic, historical-genetic, problem-chronological and comparative-historical, were used. As a result, it was possible to describe the main stages in the biography of the scholar Absattar Haji Derbisali. The significance of his works and achievements in the field of Islamic studies and its dissemination in Kazakhstan were described. The study established that it was Absattar Haji Derbisali who was the founder of the Kazakh School of Arabic Studies. This indicates that the spread of Islam in the territory of Kazakhstan took place based on the approaches and methods of this scholar. It has been established that Islamology was little explored and did not develop in Kazakh society. Based on this it was proved that the role of Absattar Haji Derbisali in the development of Islamic studies was extremely high, which had a positive impact on the development of the independent state. It has been established that his approaches to the management and organization of society are a priority since they provide for the interests of various religious cells. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used in the development of training programmes for Islamic studies or in the deepening of knowledge about the peculiarities of the development of Islam in the culture of Kazakhstan.

신이 아닌 부동의 제일원동자에 관한 성찰: 토마스 아퀴나스의 입장

This paper explores Thomas Aquinas's perspective on the prime mover of celestial spheres. In Latin medieval cosmology, all movements in the natural world are reduced to the rotational motion of celestial bodies. In traditional Aristotelian natural philosophy, the prime mover of celestial bodies is regarded as God-substance that thinks itself. However, Christian theologians also acknowledge the existence of immaterial angels besides both God and the material world. Ancient Christian thinkers attributed the cause of movement of celestial bodies to angels. Thomas synthesizes the positions of theological authorities, Aristotelian natural philosophy, and the universal principles of causality outlined in the Arabic “Book of Causes” to deduce the various substantial attributes of the prime mover of celestial bodies. The cause of all motions must be a self-moving principle, meaning it must possess a soul in the sense of the principle of life. However, the celestial soul exists as pure intellectual activity without sense-perception. If the soul of celestial bodies were characterized solely by its intellectual nature, it would not be distinguishable from another intellectual being, i.e. angels. They are distinguished only by the relative distance of participation in the First Cause, or in other words, by the difference in the grade of perfection of existence. Thomas acknowledges that the celestial soul is substantially similar to the lower angels confessed in Christianity but he doesn't argue for the complete exclusion of the term “soul.” Perhaps he wanted to preserve the concept of the soul as a purely philosophical concept corresponding with angels.

Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Haji Dari Hadis Nabi dalam Konteks Globalisasi

The purpose of this research was to understand how the values of Hajj, as contained in the hadiths of the Prophet, were applied in the context of globalization. The research method used was a type of library research or literature study, which involved collecting, reading, noting, and processing data from various literary sources such as books, magazines, and others. The results of the research indicated that the application of Hajj values from the Prophet's hadiths in the context of globalization required awareness and a collective commitment from Muslims and all humanity. By using the values of Hajj as a foundation in human interactions and in building a more just, harmonious, and sustainable global society, we could create a better world for future generations. The Hajj values derived from the hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) taught universal principles that were highly relevant in the context of globalization. Equality, brotherhood, peace, togetherness, solidarity, obedience, devotion, patience, sacrifice, sincerity, and honesty were values that could help humanity overcome global challenges and create a more just, peaceful, and sustainable world.

INSTITUTE OF ENSURING THE RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE FIELD OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS (MONITORING THE LEGISLATION OF THE CIS COUNTRIES)Kairat Eslyamkalievich Ismagulov

The authors examined the issues of ensuring the rights and interests of individuals in the field of criminal proceedings both in the Republic of Kazakhstan and in other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter referred to as the CIS). The protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms is a universal principle, since these values are subject to priority protection in all spheres of public and state life. Man, his rights and freedoms occupy a central place and dominate over all other humanitarian values. The protection of human rights and freedoms acquires particular socio-political importance in the field of criminal proceedings, that is, where law enforcement agencies have the capabilities of state coercion, allowing them to invade the sphere of personal interests and significantly limit them. The legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan has already solved a number of important tasks to improve criminal procedural legislation. Since 2015, a new Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Criminal Procedure) has been in force, which has introduced many innovations to simplify, speed up, reduce investigative and judicial procedures, streamline and differentiate the procedural powers of persons conducting criminal proceedings, strengthen the status of the defense party, as well as ensure the rights and legitimate interests of all persons participating in criminal proceedings. In addition, new legal institutions, proceedings and norms have been introduced that bring the criminal process closer to successfully tested models for the investigation of criminal offenses and the administration of justice. Along with this, most legislative decisions, when tested by law enforcement practice, showed their weak (insufficient) effectiveness, inconsistency with the established provisions of the theory of criminal procedure law, the absence in law enforcement practice and in the theory of criminal proceedings of unified conceptual approaches to the volume, form, mechanisms and the limits of implementation of the constitutional principle of competition in regulating various legal relations in the area under consideration.

Competing Claims of Caliphal Legitimacy: Al-Tamaghrouti’s Rihla and the Moroccan-Ottoman Early Modern Diplomatic Landscape

This article explores al-Tamaghrouti’s Rihla, Al-Nafhah al-Miskia fi al-Sifarah al-Turkiyah [The Fragrant Breeze in the Turkish Embassy], to illuminate his engagement with the spiritual and temporal legitimacy of caliphal claims in the early modern Islamicate Mediterranean. It argues that Moroccan embassies to the Sublime Porte were arenas where claims to temporal and spiritual superiority played themselves out in the form of competing caliphal symbolism. When situated within Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur’s caliphal vision, Al-Tamaghrouti’s account reveals a discursive landscape marked by contrasting claims to the superiority of the Moroccan normative order. His Rihla vividly captures the double-bind challenges faced by al-Mansur’s Morocco in the sixteenth century: Iberian imperialism and Ottoman expansionism. I resituate the insight that dynamic interactions among various Muslim-Christian universalistic principles maintained a paradoxical longevity of peaceful relations (Windler 2018) within the rubric of Muslim-Muslim relations to explore how different universalistic ideologies interact within inter-imperial/religious Muslim relations, particularly in the context of diplomatic engagements and political interactions. Al-Tamaghrouti drew on various spiritual and temporal motifs to construe a space of hermeneutic ambiguity whereby Sultan al-Mansur’s claims to universal caliphal leadership not only fulfills Mahdist qualities but transcends them, construing a discursive field in which al-Mansur emerges as a leader who transcends prophetic norms. By analyzing the interplay of power, religion, and diplomacy in al-Tamaghrouti’s travelogue, we gain a deeper understanding of the intricacies of statecraft and the ongoing pursuit of legitimacy in the Islamic world.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПАРАДИГМЫ ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ РФ В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ТУРБУЛЕНТНОСТИ

The scientific article is devoted to the study of the formation of a green economy model in Russia in the context of global economic and political turbulence. The formation of the green economy paradigm in Russia is currently facing multiple contradictions of geopolitical and economic nature, so it is not possible to determine an unambiguous course of action. Taking into account the national peculiarities of the green economy paradigm (the exclusive role of government participation in the formation of a green economy; the lack of proposals for the development of some universal principles of responsible market behavior, compiled by the business community itself; the fears of the political leadership in terms of the embargo on the supply of energy assets to the European market), the author has identified the following scenarios for the development of the green economy: freezing of work on the formation of a green economy; environmental compromise.

The Globalization of Law and The Dialogue of Judges

The globalization of law has led to a convergence of national laws and jurisprudence, allowing for the recognition of universal principles. This research investigates how national judges can influence transnational legal systems and push national legislators to adopt them. Comparing legal systems from politically distant countries and jurisprudence from similar groups, such as the European Union and the USA, the study found that these transformations sometimes give judges authority that exceeds legislator authority.