Mammalian hematopoietic cells arise from mesodermal progenitors in a close developmental relationship with endothelium and along three distinct cell lineages known as primitive, prodefinitive, and definitive hematopoiesis. However, the developmental hierarchies between early mesodermal progenitors, endothelium, and blood cell lineages are incompletely understood. Here, fate-mapping, cloning, and genetic experiments identified a population of KDR+CXCR4+ prodefinitive angio-hematopoietic progenitors (PDAPs) in murine primitive streak stage mesoderm and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cultures. PDAPs gave rise to yolk sac (YS) and rostral (cephalic) endothelial cells and RUNX1-dependent prodefinitive hematopoietic cells, including erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) and tissue macrophages, via NOTCH1-independent hemogenic endothelial cells. Notably, PDAPs did not give rise to primitive erythropoiesis or to caudal endothelium and definitive hematopoiesis. These results identify a previously unrecognized layer of lineage segregation in early mammalian mesoderm that characterizes the prodefinitive angio-hematopoietic lineage and the origin of tissue macrophages and rostral blood vessels that may be of interest for pathophysiology and cell-based therapy efforts.

Gummy stem blight (GSB) is an emerging and serious disease affecting cucurbitaceous crops. It is caused by three closely related fungal pathogens: Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, S. citruli and S. caricae. GSB has a wide host range among the cucurbitaceous family across the world. About 50-80 % yield losses were reported where the continuous cultivation of cucurbits is undertaken. Symptoms include water-soaked lesions on young leaves, chlorosis, splitting of cortical stem tissues and dark brown discoloration in mature fruits. The pathogen also forms chlamydospores-brown, unicellular and spherical in shape. Molecular techniques involving microsatellite markers and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were used for molecular characterization of Stagonosporopsis spp. Management of GSB is still in a primitive stage; even when integrated methods are followed, they are still ineffective, specifically during rainy seasons. So, development of genetic resistance in the plants can be a good approach for minimal incidence. This review will provide insights on diversity, host range, life cycle and spread of Stagonosporopsis spp.; it also gives an emphasis on development of resistant cultivars. Genomic and molecular approaches (i.e., marker-assisted selection) will be the quick and accurate ways for selection and improvement of resistant lines.

Naturally occurring, rostrally conjoining chicken twins attempt to make a forebrain.

The utilization of terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy in femtosecond photoexcited spintronic heterostructures has emerged as a versatile tool for investigating ultrafast spin-transport in a non-contact and non-invasive manner. However, the investigation of ultrafast orbital-transport is still in the primitive stage. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the orbital-to-charge current conversion in Co/Zr/Al2O3 heterostructures. Our experimental results indicate a photoinduced orbital current (JL) from Co propagating through Zr layer with a long-distance ballistic transport and a velocity of ~0.27± 0.02nmfs−1. On the one hand, we demonstrate a critical pump fluence required to overcome the collisions in orbital transport, enabling a swifter flow of JL. On the other hand, a critical temperature is observed, below which the orbital transport is impeded. Finally, we observe a nearly 2.95-fold enhancement in the THz emission due to an additional conversion of the spin-to-orbital current conversion from a 1 nm thick W-insertion layer between Co and Zr layers. Our results pave the way for designing promising opto-spin-orbitronic devices and THz emitters.

PurposeDeep learning‐based segmentation of organs‐at‐risk (OAR) is emerging to become mainstream in clinical practice because of the superior performance over atlas and model‐based autocontouring methods. While several commercial deep learning‐based autosegmentation solutions are now available, the implementation of these tools is still at such a primitive stage that acceptance criteria are underdeveloped due to a lack of knowledge about the systems’ segmentation tendencies and failure modes. As the starting point of the iterative process of clinical implementation, this study focuses on the outlier analysis of four commercial autocontouring tools for the abdominal OARs.Materials and methodsThe autosegmentation software, developed by Limbus AI, MIM Contour ProtégéAI, Radformation AutoContour, and Siemens syngo.via, were used to segment 111 patient cases. Geometric segmentation accuracy was quantitatively compared with clinical contours using the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD95). The outliers from quantitative evaluations of each software were analyzed for the liver, stomach, and kidneys with the possible causes of outliers summarized into six categories: (1) difference in contouring style or guideline, (2) image acquisition and quality, (3) abnormal anatomy of the OAR, (4) abnormal anatomy of abutting organs/tissues, (5) external/internal devices, and (6) other causes.ResultsFor the liver segmentation, the most prominent cause of discrepancies for Limbus, which occurred in four of its six outliers, was the existence of biliary stent or internal/external biliary drain as well as the resulting pneumobilia. Siemens included the abutting organs that shared CT numbers similar to those of the liver in 5/8 outliers. 12 of 13 Radformation's liver segmentation outliers included the heart and/or stomach while MIM not only included the stomach in the presence of barium in 5/11 outliers, but also produced fragmented contours in 5/11 other cases. Only Limbus and Radformation provided stomach segmentation, and imaging with barium contrast directly caused incomplete stomach delineation in 10/12 Limbus outliers and 21/25 Radformation outliers. As for the kidneys, Radformation and Siemens consistently followed the RTOG contouring guidelines, whereas the institutional contours excluded the renal pelvis in some cases, resulting in 19/25 Radformation outliers and 18/23 Siemens outliers. By contrast, Limbus contours appeared to follow different contouring guidelines that exclude the renal pelvis. Fragmented kidney contours were found in 10/15 Limbus outliers and 25/26 MIM outliers. The ones in MIM were directly linked to the use of IV contrast in imaging, but there was not enough evidence to identify the origin of Limbus's fragmented contours.ConclusionThe causes of the segmentation outliers of the four commercial deep learning‐based autocontouring solutions were summarized for each OAR. This work can help the vendors improve their autosegmentation software and also inform the users of potential modes of failure when using the tools.

Recent experimental findings indicate that cancer stem cells originate from transformed very small embryonic-like stem cells. This finding represents an essential advancement in uncovering the processes that drive the onset and progression of cancer. In continuously growing cell lines, for the first time, our team's follow-up research on leukemia, lung cancer, and healthy embryonic kidney cells revealed stages that resembles very small precursor stem cells. This review explores the origin of leukemic stem-like cells from very small leukemic stem-like cells establish from transformed very small embryonic-like stem cells. We explore theoretical model of acute myeloid leukemia initiation and progresses through various stages, as well basing the HL60 cell line, present its hierarchical stage development in vitro, highlighting the role of these very small precursor primitive stages. We also discuss the potential implications of further research into these unique cellular stages for advancing leukemia and cancer treatment and prevention.

Agricultural development has gone through a long process, and now enters new stage of Agriculture development. Because primitive agriculture and Level improvement stage cannot produce better and health food and benefit to meet the people’s increasing needs for a better life and healthy food, to solve these questions and promote agriculture healthy development and produce more heathy food, after a couple of years research, the results showed that the whole process of agricultural development can be divided into three stages: Low level development stage or primitive agriculture, Level improvement stage and high-quality development new stage. The agriculture high-quality development, which is to take effective measures or methods, including Internet, smart equipment and intelligent machine to make land produce more quality and health food to meet the people’s increasing needs for a better life and food.

This article argues that Eliza Haywood’s novella Fantomina; or, Love in a Maze (1725) presents a theory of fiction in its diegesis rather than in metafictional reflections. In other words, the protagonist engages in world-building actions—constructing a secret plot with a specific setting and a cast of different personas—that reveal the novella’s form to be evidence for the content of its theory. Resisting the critical tendency to read Fantomina as evidence for its historical context or as characteristic of a primitive stage in the novel’s rise, the author contends that the novella’s episodic, atemporal conception of fiction provides a model after which critics may construct more varied, maze-like, histories of the novel.

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Distinct Hematopoietic Landscapes and Immune Dysregulation in Der(1;7)(q10;p10) Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Abstract This article deals with some aspects of the cultural influences that developed between Arabia and neighboring old-world cradles of civilization, as represented in motherhood figurines found buried with the dead. These reveal the skillfulness of the Arabian artist in shaping the figurines in such a way as to bring out feminine features. The article also demonstrates that the Arabian tribal system passed through two stages: an ancient primitive stage, during which women were socially dominant, as confirmed by the maternal statues; and another stage, prior to the coming of Islam, during which paternal hegemony dominated and maternal statues gradually began to disappear from the scene with the advent of the Nabataeans.

Evolution of the Late Cretaceous orbitoidal foraminifera and implications for the taxonomy and biostratigraphy in the Eastern Neo-Tethys, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan: A biometric approach

The embryonic cell surface is rich in glycosphingolipids (GSLs), which change during differentiation. The reasons for GSL subgroup variation during early embryogenesis remain elusive. By combining genomic approaches, flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and transcriptomic data analysis, we discovered that α1,2-fucosylated GSLs control the differentiation of human pluripotent cells (hPCs) into germ layer tissues. Overexpression of α1,2-fucosylated GSLs disrupts hPC differentiation into mesodermal lineage and reduces differentiation into cardiomyocytes. Conversely, reducing α1,2-fucosylated groups promotes hPC differentiation and mesoderm commitment in response to external signals. We find that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), a mesodermal gene inducer, suppresses α1,2-fucosylated GSL expression. Overexpression of α1,2-fucosylated GSLs impairs SMAD activation despite BMP4 presence, suggesting α-fucosyl end groups as BMP pathway regulators. Additionally, the absence of α1,2-fucosylated GSLs in early/late mesoderm and primitive streak stages in mouse embryos aligns with the hPC results. Thus, α1,2-fucosylated GSLs may regulate early cell-fate decisions and embryo development by modulating cell signaling.

The article discusses the ethnolinguistic aspect of the work of Jan Karłowicz. Karłowicz is known primarily as an editor and author of three dictionaries and editor of the monthly Wisła. Karłowicz’s strictly ethnolinguistic work is Słownik mitologii polskiej [Dictionary of Polish Mythology], discovered in 2017, which belongs to historical ethnolinguistics. The author relies largely on: 1) cultural relics; 2) the belief that rural communities are a more primitive evolutionary stage in the development of a nation than the nobility and bourgeoisie; 3) comparative research aimed at identifying what is ancient in Polish mythology; 4) an understanding of the term mythology that is different from its contemporary meaning. The aim of such research is to show the complexity of the Polish view of the world and of humans against the general Slavic and even much broader background.

Neuronal reprogramming is a promising approach for making major advancement in regenerative medicine. Distinct from the approach of induced pluripotent stem cells, neuronal reprogramming converts non-neuronal cells to neurons without going through a primitive stem cell stage. In vivo neuronal reprogramming brings this approach to a higher level by changing the cell fate of glial cells to neurons in neural tissue through overexpressing reprogramming factors. Despite the ongoing debate over the validation and interpretation of newly generated neurons, in vivo neuronal reprogramming is still a feasible approach and has the potential to become clinical treatment with further optimization and refinement. Here, we discuss the major neuronal reprogramming factors (mostly pro-neurogenic transcription factors during development), especially the significance of their expression levels during neurogenesis and the reprogramming process focusing on NeuroD1. In the developing central nervous system, these pro-neurogenic transcription factors usually elicit distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns that are critical to their function in generating mature neurons. We argue that these dynamic expression patterns may be similarly needed in the process of reprogramming adult cells into neurons and further into mature neurons with subtype identities. We also summarize the existing approaches and propose new ones that control gene expression levels for a successful reprogramming outcome.

Neuromorphic computing (NC) is considered a potential solution for energy-efficient artificial intelligence applications. The development of reliable neural network (NN) hardware with low energy and area footprints plays a crucial role in realizing NC. Even though neurons and synapses have already been investigated using a variety of spintronic devices, the research is still in the primitive stages. Particularly, there is not much experimental research on the self-reset (and leaky) aspect(s) of domain wall (DW) device-based neurons. Here, we have demonstrated an energy-efficient NN using a spintronic DW device-based neuron with self-reset (leaky) and integrate-and-fire functions. An “anisotropy field gradient” provides the self-resetting behavior of auto-leaky, integrate, and fire neurons. The leaky property of the neuron was experimentally demonstrated using a voltage-assisted modification of the anisotropy field. A synapse with a meander wire configuration was used to achieve multiple-resistance states corresponding to the DW position and controlled pinning of the DW. The NN showed an energy efficiency of 0.189 nJ/image/epoch while achieving an accuracy of 92.4%. This study provides a fresh path for developing more energy-efficient DW-based NN systems.

Myth is the form of expression of humanity in its primitive stage and of the deficiency of language in relation to thought. It is situated in the dream and in the unconscious, mainly collective (archetypes), showing conflicts of the human soul, sometimes transmitted phylogenetically. The psychoanalyst starts from a myth that is individualized, and above all, hidden, and the shaman starts from the collective myth, already known and consecrated by the culture. If ancient man followed the course of some myth, modern man follows his own myth. Man would be the son of gods and demons, a struggle between Eros and Thanate, and would therefore have a divine and a demonic part. A single and widespread family of languages, which must have originated from a single source, includes, in addition to Sanskrit and Pali (the language of the Buddhist scriptures), most of the languages of northern India, as well as Sinhalese (the language of Ceylon), Persian, Armenian, Albanian, Bulgarian, Polish, Russian, and the other Slavic languages. As well as Greek, Latin, and all the languages of Europe, with the exception of Estonian, Finnish, Sámi, Hungarian, and Basque. In this way, an ongoing series from Ireland to India was revealed. Not only could languages be easily compared, but also the civilizations and religions, mythologies, literary forms, and modes of thought of the peoples in question, such as the Vedic pantheon of ancient India, that of the Edas of medieval Iceland, and the Olympus of the Greeks. It is no wonder, then, that such discoveries caused such astonishment among the leading scholars and philosophers of the century. Man is, mythically speaking, created by the spirit. However, man is distinguished from all other forms of life by the fact that he is the being made conscious: he is intellectualized and individualized.

Fission Fragment Spectroscopy (FFS) technique has been utilized to make simultaneous measurements of both the relative charge and mass yield distributions of even-even fission fragments produced from the fission of 236U at two different excitation energies, Eex. The necessary analysis has been carried out on the measured yield distributions by employing the Multimodal Random Neck Rupture Model (MM-RNRM). The relative contribution of two different types of asymmetric mode of fission – Standard I and Standard II has been extracted at Eex = 6.5 and 21.5 MeV. An attempt has been made to study the evolution of these two asymmetric fission modes with respect to the values of Eex of the concerned fissioning system at low-excitation regime. The probable evidence, although at the primitive stage, for an oscillatory behavior of the relative contributions of different low-energy fission modes with increasing values of Eex has been presented.

Transcriptional factor RFX6 is known to be a causal gene of Mitchell-Riley syndrome (MRS), an autosomal recessive neonatal diabetes associated with pancreatic hypoplasia and intestinal atresia/malformation. The morphological defects are limited to posterior foregut and mid-hindgut endodermal lineages and do not occur in the anterior foregut lineage; the mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we generated RFX6+/eGFP heterozygous knockin and RFX6eGFP/eGFP homozygous knockin/knockout human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines and performed in vitro endoderm differentiation to clarify the role of RFX6 in early endoderm development. RFX6 expression was found to surge at the primitive gut tube (PGT) stage in comparison with that in the undifferentiated or definitive endoderm stage. At the PGT stage, the expression of PDX1 and CDX2, posterior foregut and mid-hindgut master regulators, respectively, was decreased by the RFX6 deficit. PDX1+ and CDX2+ cells were mostly green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ in RFX6+/eGFP hiPSCs, but their cell number was markedly decreased in RFX6eGFP/eGFP hiPSCs. The expression of SOX2, an anterior foregut marker, was not affected by the RFX6 deficit. In addition, we found a putative RFX6-binding X-box motif using cap analysis of gene expression-seq and the motif-containing sequences in the enhancer regions of PDX1 and CDX2 bound to RFX6 in vitro. Thus, RFX6 regulates the ParaHox genes PDX1 and CDX2 but does not affect SOX2 in early endodermal differentiation, suggesting that defects in early stage endoderm patterning account for the morphological pathology of MRS.

Dental education is unique, with clinical/practical learning much different from other professionals. In dentistry, students are exposed much earlier in their curriculum to patients, performing procedures under direct/indirect supervision. Hence, the present review attempted to assess the standing position of dentistry in blended learning worldwide. E-learning modality was at its primitive stage as food for thought among educational task force committees, with only a handful of developed and developing countries equipped with it. During this pandemic, "WhatsApp" became a savior, as it was a widely used educational device among dental teachers and students. Furthermore, it was easily applicable in places where there was difficulty in obtaining regular internet bandwidth, especially in remote/rural areas. It is noteworthy that blended learning/e-learning, when complemented with the conventional teaching method, upskill critical thinking and problem-solving capabilities. Blended learning or virtual reality education should be made feasible without disparity, worldwide. Mind training, both students and staff in hybrid e-learning, is the need of the hour not only to keep pace with digitalized dentistry but to prepare the students to face real-world situations. The sustainability of dental education should be rethought by dental schools with "Complimented Digital learning" wherever feasible, not only to cope with current trends but also to face unforeseen future challenges.

THz generation from femtosecond photoexcited spintronic heterostructures has become a versatile tool for investigating ultrafast spin-transport and transient charge-current in a non-contact and non-invasive manner. The equivalent effect from the orbital degree of freedom is still in the primitive stage. Here, we experimentally demonstrate orbital-to-charge current conversion in metallic heterostructures, consisting of a ferromagnetic layer adjacent to either a light or a heavy metal layer, through detection of the emitted THz pulses. Our temperature-dependent experiments help to disentangle the orbital and spin components that are manifested in the respective Hall-conductivities, contributing to THz emission. NiFe/Nb shows the strongest inverse orbital Hall effect with an experimentally extracted value of effective intrinsic Hall-conductivity, (σSOHint)eff~195Ω−1cm−1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${({\\sigma }_{{SOH}}^{{{{{\\mathrm{int}}}}}})}^{{eff}} \\sim 195{\\varOmega }^{-1}{{cm}}^{-1}$$\\end{document}, while CoFeB/Pt shows maximum contribution from the inverse spin Hall effect. In addition, we observe a nearly ten-fold enhancement in the THz emission due to pronounced orbital-transport in W-insertion heavy metal layer in CoFeB/W/Ta heterostructure as compared to CoFeB/Ta bilayer counterpart.