Prime Elements Research Articles

Sets of prime power order generators of finite groups

A subset \(X\) of prime power order elements of a finite group \(G\) is called pp-independent if there is no proper subset \(Y\) of \(X\) such that \(\langle Y,\Phi(G) \rangle = \langle X,\Phi(G) \rangle\), where \(\Phi(G)\) is the Frattini subgroup of \(G\). A group \(G\) has property \(\mathcal{B}_{pp}\) if all pp-independent generating sets of \(G\) have the same size. \(G\) has the pp-basis exchange property if for any pp-independent generating sets \(B_1, B_2\) of \(G\) and \(x\in B_1\) there exists \(y\in B_2\) such that \((B_1\setminus \{x\})\cup \{y\}\) is a pp-independent generating set of \(G\). In this paper we describe all finite solvable groups with property \(\mathcal{B}_{pp}\) and all finite solvable groups with the pp-basis exchange property.

Semiautomated Device for Plucking of Flower Buds

Indians are celebrating more number of festivals than any other country. In festival celebrations, flowers are used as a prime element. Without flowers we will not celebrate even single festival. Most popular flowers in south India is Nerium oleander, jasmine, rose, etc. These flowers are demanded high among the flowers due to its fragrance. Another added advantage is its less cost. Though it has many advantages, certain drawbacks limit the business. One major problem is plucking flower at the right time. It is very difficult task because the workers must pluck the flowers before its blossom. So, they have to pluck early morning around 4’o clock under weak light condition. At weak light condition workers may not able to identify the insects and snakes. Because of this workers efficiency is reduced as well as some of them died. To overcome this problem, we proposed a device for plucking and packing of flower buds. The proposed device can able to move forward, backward and rotate. Camera with light is used to capture the image of the flower bud. Image processing technique is used to match the image of the bud. Robot arm is used to pluck the bud. Container is used to pack the buds. The proposed device is a waterproof device.

Semiautomated Device for Plucking of Flower Buds

Indians are celebrating more number of festivals than any other country. In festival celebrations, flowers are used as a prime element. Without flowers we will not celebrate even single festival. Most popular flowers in south India is Nerium oleander, jasmine, rose, etc. These flowers are demanded high among the flowers due to its fragrance. Another added advantage is its less cost. Though it has many advantages, certain drawbacks limit the business. One major problem is plucking flower at the right time. It is very difficult task because the workers must pluck the flowers before its blossom. So, they have to pluck early morning around 4’o clock under weak light condition. At weak light condition workers may not able to identify the insects and snakes. Because of this workers efficiency is reduced as well as some of them died. To overcome this problem, we proposed a device for plucking and packing of flower buds. The proposed device can able to move forward, backward and rotate. Camera with light is used to capture the image of the flower bud. Image processing technique is used to match the image of the bud. Robot arm is used to pluck the bud. Container is used to pack the buds. The proposed device is a waterproof device.

Heterogeneous LPWAN Communication for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

Many countries worldwide are set to include Electric Vehicles (EV) as a prime element in transportation policy owing to political polarization to combat climate changes. Circumstances are conducive to a sustainable mobility paradigm and have accelerated the adoption of EVs. The situation demands the deployment of charging infrastructure at a faster pace. Smart Grid provides the pervasive support for the deployment of charge stations. But the charging infrastructure should scale beyond the frontiers of metropolitan geography. The paper proposes a heterogeneous network to support mobility to EV users utilizing the paradigm of the Internet of Things (IoT). A heterogeneous ad-hoc network of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) and mobile data communication is proposed to support mobility and scalability of the infrastructure. The proposed ad-hoc communication infrastructure utilizes LoRaWAN, a promising LPWAN technology characterized by a long-range at a narrow bandwidth. LoRaWAN employs Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) in its physical layer. The paper peeps into standards and protocols supporting Smart Grid and EV charge infrastructure. An SNR characteristic of LoRaWAN is simulated for suitability and Hardware for communication node is proposed.

Amenable and Locally Amenable Algebraic Frames

We say a prime element of an algebraic frame is amenable if it comparable to every compact element. If every prime element of an algebraic frame L is amenable, we say L is an amenable frame. If the localization of L at every prime element is amenable, we say L is locally amenable. These concepts are motivated by notions of divided and locally divided commutative rings. We show that an algebraic frame is (i) amenable precisely when its prime elements form a chain, and (ii) locally amenable precisely when its prime elements form a tree. Given any prime element p of L, we construct a certain pullback in the category of algebraic frames with the finite intersection property on compact elements, and characterize (in terms of the localization Lp and the quotient ↑p of L) when this pullback is amenable and when it is locally amenable.

Design of Low Power, High Gain Fully Differential Folded Cascode Operational Amplifier for Front End Read Out Circuits

The Front end read out circuits are major block in the implementation of Capacitive MEMS accelerometer. Front end read-out circuits comprises of preamplifier block containing folded cascode fully differential operational amplifier which are required for the signal conditioning of the signals received from the MEMS sensors. The op-amps are prime elements in design and implementation of mixed signal integrated circuits. The high gain and low power of the designed circuits helps in the designing of high precision IC’s for numerous application. Amongst the available topologies folded cascode topology plays vital role in the design and development of low power, high gain read out circuits. This paper illustrates the design and analysis of low power, high gain fully differential Folded Cascode Operational Amplifier for front end read out circuits. The designed op-amp exhibits a power consumption or dissipation of 92.14 μW and relatively higher open loop DC gain value with a value calculated at 81.33 dB by employing folded cascode topology. The UGB and Phase Margin for the selected design are 35 MHz and 83.60 respectively. The design operates at 5V power supply with the bias current of 12.11 μA. The circuit design and simulations have been implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS technology.

Pixelwise improvised blend of predictors in HEVC lossless mode

The commendable work by the two video coding pioneers ISO/IEC and ITU-T, to handle the next-generation of multimedia services has led to the evolution of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard. The lossless mode of HEVC is essential when no loss in fidelity is desired to aide most of the real-world applications like video analytics, web collaboration, remote desktop sharing, etc. The proposed work intends to improvise the HEVC intra prediction scheme through the application of the heuristic history-based blend of predefined sub-predictors, while in lossless mode. The prime element of the locally adaptive mechanism is the derivation of the penalizing factors that are imposed on the sub-predictors, based on the neighborhood residuals. The experimental analysis highlights that the proposed method outperforms the lossless mode of HEVC anchor and the prevalent state-of-the-art prediction techniques in terms of savings in bit-rate which is achieved without any increase in run-time.

Travel back to school: use of humour in intertwining of objective authenticity and staged experiences

From living museums to heritage escape rooms, edutainment is becoming a norm in interpretation of heritage, yet not much is known, of the specific role humour plays in the creation and performance of such educational products. This paper explores concepts of authenticity, functions of humour and experience design dimensions on an in-depth case study of a tourism product. The product “Smart Head Primary School” is a re-enactment of teaching as it occurred in the 1950’s in Slovenia. It gained a high extent of popularity primarily due to its extensive inclusion of humour. The product uses the role of a strict teacher to interpret to the “pupils” (visitors) the prime elements of the regions’ heritage. To analyse the intertwining of humour with heritage interpretation, the authors combine two research methods: (a) the in-depth analysis of a transcribed video-recording of a sample performance including the self-analysis and the reflections by one of the “teachers” and (b) a survey distributed to the visitors of the product. The results show that with the use of humour, visitors are able to perceive and recognize the difference between objective and constructive authenticity more effectively.

Derek Mahon’s Geopoetic Horizons

Derek Mahon’s poetical œuvre can be read as a critical reflection on man’s relation to Earth. This paper first examines how the basic elements of familiar landscapes (land, soil, earth, sea) interact, thus defining a poetic territory viewed from the sea as the prime element to which one inevitably returns. Then the poet’s ecological perspective is re-interpreted in wider geopoetic terms. Thirdly an analysis highlighting the vulnerability of an endangered earth yet able to draw out of its depths the energy to ceaselessly renew itself is carried out, focusing on the topos of the beach as a no man’s land of indeterminacy through which renewal is made possible and “rejectamenta” may access new horizons.

Minimally Invasive Subscapularis Release: A Novel Technique and Results.

Shoulder imbalance secondary to residual brachial plexus birth palsy requires release of internal rotation contracture and tendon transfer. Subscapularis is considered as the prime element of internal rotation contracture and various methods have been described for subscapularis lengthening. It includes open subscapularis slide or lengthening and arthroscopic release. We hypothesized that subscapularis can be released through minimally invasive approach from the medial border of scapula and thus avoiding formal open procedures and risk of weakening the internal rotation strength. Safety zones to avoid injury to important neurovascular structures while performing minimally invasive subscapularis release (MISR) were determined through cadaveric dissection. Between 2014 and 2016, 45 patients underwent MISR. A concomitant conjoined Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major transfer was performed. Twenty patients with minimum 2-year follow-up were included in this study. Average age of patients was 6.4 years. A 5-point modified Mallet Score, degrees of active and passive rotations and abduction were used as outcome measures. Axial MRI imaging were available to classify the gleno-humeral deformity. Mean improvement in passive external rotation was 80 degrees and in active external rotation was 43 degrees (P <0.001) at 3 months, which was maintained at final follow-up. Average shoulder abduction improved from preoperative-101 degrees to postoperative-142 degrees. Aggregate 5-point Mallet Score improved from 12.8 points (range, 11 to 16) preoperatively to 18.5 points (range, 16 to 21) postoperatively. None of the patients developed external rotation contracture. The results were comparable with other existing techniques of subscapularis release with conjoint tendon transfer. MISR with conjoined tendon transfer is an effective way of treating internal rotation contracture in children with congruent glenohumeral joints. This procedure has shown beneficial outcomes even in patients with noncongruous glenohumeral joints, when performed in children younger than 4 years. Advantages of MISR include less risk to neurovascular structures, minimal soft tissue trauma, directly addressing the medial tight subscapularis fibers, significantly less surgical time and minimum learning curve. Level III-retrospective comparative study.

Combinatorial properties of power graphs of finite groups of prime order elements

For a finite group G, the power graph P(G) represents the graph with elements of G as and if and only if one of u or v is a power of the other. In this paper, some combinatorial properties of power graph of a group G having all nonidentity elements of prime order are investigated. The necessary and sufficient conditions for P(G) to be power graph of such group are obtained. Further, unicylic, bicyclic and cacti power graphs of finite groups are characterized. Moreover, the eigenspectra of power graphs of these groups are also computed.

Does the Homogeneous City Belong to the Past?

As the case of Paris embodies, a whole culture of the European city has built its identity and organized the collective life of its inhabitants on the idea of homogeneity. The homogeneous city has thus significantly contributed to the collective self-representation through housing architecture. The strong degree of homogeneity of the nineteenth-century European city undoubtedly represents one of the most vivid examples of an architectural self-celebrating collective moment. This singular urban coherence is one of the few attributes of the traditional city spared by the Avant-gardes in the early twentieth century, for its ability to absorb a large number of variations without compromising the expression of continuity. A careful reading of their three main housing models—the Siedlung, the Hof and the Garden City—could confirm such a perspective, as do Existenzminimum standards. This long-standing tradition now seems to have been broken, since the homogeneous city is no longer considered as a current operating principle for urban planning. In order to understand—and perhaps overcome—the reasons for such resistance to one of the prime elements of European urban history, this article proposes to review its evolution over the last two centuries, focusing on the importance given to housing in the establishment, and the criticism and potential renegotiation of homogeneity as a malleable and latent principle.

An Application of le-semigroup Techniques to Semigroups, Γ-semigroups and to Hypersemigroups

An $le$-semigroup, is a semigroup $S$ at the same time a lattice with a greatest element $e$ ($e\ge a$ for every $a\in S$) such that $a(b\vee c)=ab\vee ac$ and $(a\vee b)c=ac\vee bc$ for all $a,b,c\in S$. If $S$ is not a lattice but only an upper semilattice ($\vee$-semilattice), then is called $\vee e$-semigroup. A $poe$-semigroup is a semigroup $S$ at the same time an ordered set with a greatest element $e$ such that $a\le b$ implies $ac\le bc$ and $ca\le cb$ for all $c\in S$. Every $\vee e$-semigroup is a $poe$-semigroup. If $S$ is a semigroup or a $\Gamma$-semigroup, then the set ${\cal P}(S)$ of all subsets of $S$ is an $le$-semigroup. If $S$ is an hypersemigroup, then the set ${\cal P^*}(S)$ of all nonempty subsets of $S$ is an $le$-semigroup. So all the results of $le$-semigroups, $\vee e$-semigroups and $poe$-semigroups based on ideal elements, automatically hold for semigroups, $\Gamma$-semigroups and hypersemigroups. This is not the case for ordered $\Gamma$-semigroups or ordered hypersemigroups; however the main idea, even in these cases, comes from the $le$ ($\vee e$)-semigroups. As an example, we study the weakly prime ideal elements of a $\vee e$-semigroup and their role to the different type of semigroups mentioned above.

ON THE CLASSICAL PRIME SPECTRUM OF LATTICE MODULES

Let $M$ be a lattice module over a $C$-lattice $L$. A proper element $P$ of $M$ is said to be classical prime if for $a ,b\in L$ and $X\in M, abX\leq P$ implies that $aX\leq P$ or $bX\leq P$. The set of all classical prime elements of $M$, $Spec^{cp}(M)$ is called as classical prime spectrum. In this article, we introduce and study a topology on $Spec^{cp}(M)$, called as Zariski-like topology of $M$. We investigate this topological space from the point of view of spectral spaces. We show that if $M$ has ascending chain condition on classical prime radical elements, then $Spec^{cp}(M)$ with the Zariski-like topology is a spectral space.

SAFE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AS GUARANTEE OF EXERCISING THE RIGHT TO HEALTH

The right to health is one of the most important human rights and its proper exercising allows for the exercise of other rights. One of the guarantees of this right is the safe natural environment, which, on the one hand, allows to maintain the health at the proper level without worsening it, and, on the other hand, to improve and prevent negative consequences concerning it. The proper state of the natural environment is reflected through the relevant qualitative characteristics of each of the natural resources that are included in it, and in aggregate, reflected in the corresponding natural interactions between them. The study is aimed at inquiring into the right to health and importance of the safe natural environment in order to provide it. Statutory regulation and scientific positions of scholars in the field of the above-mentioned issue are studied in this article. The study analyzes generalized information from scientific journals by means of scientific methods from a medical and legal point of view. This article is based on dialectical, comparative, analytic, synthetic and comprehensive research methods. Within the framework of the systematic approach, as well as analysis and synthesis, the concept of the right to health and its place in the provision of the safe natural environment is researched. The right to health is regarded as a person’s awareness of the existence of appropriate ways, means and conditions that enable them to take care of their physical and psychological state by carrying out appropriate actions or refraining from doing so, thereby preventing or eliminating negative consequences that may threaten or do threaten their proper state of health. Along with others, the safe natural environment is a prerequisite that allows their full enjoyment of the right to health. The right to health is regarded as a person’s awareness of the existence of appropriate ways, means and conditions that enable them to take care of their physical and psychological state by carrying out appropriate actions or refraining from doing so, thereby preventing or eliminating negative consequences that may threaten or do threaten their proper state of health. Along with others, the safe natural environment is a prerequisite that allows their full enjoyment of the right to health.

Unified theory of direct or indirect band-gap nature of conventional semiconductors

Although the direct or indirect nature of the bandgap transition is an essential parameter of semiconductors for optoelectronic applications, the understanding why some of the conventional semiconductors have direct or indirect bandgaps remains ambiguous. In this Letter, we revealed that the existence of the occupied cation d bands is a prime element in determining the directness of the bandgap of semiconductors through the s-d and p-d couplings, which push the conduction band energy levels at the X- and L-valley up, but leaves the {\Gamma}-valley conduction state unchanged. This unified theory unambiguously explains why Diamond, Si, Ge, and Al-containing group III-V semiconductors, which do not have active occupied d bands, have indirect bandgaps and remaining common semiconductors, except GaP, have direct bandgaps. Besides s-d and p-d couplings, bond length and electronegativity of anions are two remaining factors regulating the energy ordering of the {\Gamma}-, X-, and L-valley of the conduction band, and are responsible for the anomalous bandgap behaviors in GaN, GaP, and GaAs that have direct, indirect, and direct bandgaps, respectively, despite the fact that N, P, and As are in ascending order of the atomic number. This understanding will shed light on the design of new direct bandgap light-emitting materials.

Classical Zariski Topology on Prime Spectrum of Lattice Modules

Let $M$ be a lattice module over a $C$-lattice $L$. Let $Spec^{p}(M)$ be the collection of all prime elements of $M$. In this article, we consider a topology on $Spec^{p}(M)$, called the classical Zariski topology and investigate the topological properties of $Spec^{p}(M)$ and the algebraic properties of $M$. We investigate this topological space from the point of view of spectral spaces. By Hochster's characterization of a spectral space, we show that for each lattice module $M$ with finite spectrum, $Spec^{p}(M)$ is a spectral space. Also we introduce finer patch topology on $Spec^{p}(M)$ and we show that $Spec^{p}(M)$ with finer patch topology is a compact space and every irreducible closed subset of $Spec^{p}(M)$ (with classical Zariski topology) has a generic point and $Spec^{p}(M)$ is a spectral space, for a lattice module $M$ which has ascending chain condition on prime radical elements.

Weakly factorial property of a generalized Rees ring $D[X,d/X

Let $D$ be an integral domain, $X$ an indeterminate over $D$, $d \in D$, and $R = D[X, {d}/{X}]$ a subring of $D[X,{1}/{X}]$. In this paper, we show that $R$ is a weakly factorial domain if and only if $D$ is a weakly factorial GCD-domain and $d=0$, $d$ is a unit of $D$ or $d$ is a prime element of $D$. We also show that, if $D$ is a weakly factorial GCD-domain, $p$ is a prime element of $D$, and $n \geq 2$ is an integer, then $D[X, {p^n}/{X}]$ is an almost weakly factorial domain with $Cl(D[X, {p^n}/{X}]) = \mathbb {Z}_n$.

Finite groups with the pp-embedding property

A subset X of a finite group G is called g\nbdash independent if there is no proper subset Y of X such that \langle Y,\Phi(G) \rangle = \langle X,\Phi(G) \rangle. The group G has the embedding property if every g\nbdash independent subset of G can be embedded in a minimal generating set of G .If X is a set of prime power order elements, then we say that G has the pp-embedding property. In this note we classify all finite solvable groups with the pp-embedding property. Moreover we prove that this class is equal to the class of finite solvable groups with the embedding property.

Factorizations of polynomials with integral non-negative coefficients

We study the structure of the commutative multiplicative monoid $$\mathbb {N}_0[x]^*$$ of all the non-zero polynomials in $$\mathbb {Z}[x]$$ with non-negative coefficients. The monoid $$\mathbb {N}_0[x]^*$$ is not half-factorial and is not a Krull monoid, but has a structure very similar to that of Krull monoids, replacing valuations into $$\mathbb {N}_0$$ with derivations into $$\mathbb {N}_0$$ . We study ideals, chain of ideals, prime ideals and prime elements of $$\mathbb {N}_0[x]^*$$ . Our monoid $$\mathbb {N}_0[x]^*$$ is a submonoid of the multiplicative monoid of the ring $$\mathbb {Z}[x]$$ , which is a left module over the Weyl algebra $$A_1(\mathbb {Z})$$ .